滑车上神经及滑车上动脉主干坐标定位的解剖学观测

目的 观测滑车上神经和滑车上动脉主干的解剖定位,为临床手术去除眉间皱纹时防止滑车上神经、动脉的损伤提供解剖学依据。方法 选取10%甲醛固定的成人尸头标本20例(40侧),测量滑车上切迹至额前正中线、眶上切迹、皱眉肌起点的距离。在尸头标本上以经过两侧眉弓的最高点的水平线作为横坐标(X轴),经过额前正中线作X轴的垂直线作为纵坐标(Y轴),二者的交点为原点(即O点),制作滑车上神经、动脉主干的走行范围轨迹。结果 20例(40侧)标本中,12例(24侧)见滑车上切迹,出现率为60.0%。滑车上切迹至额前正中线的距离为(15.85±2.52)mm,其中左侧(16.56±3.08)mm、右侧(15.04±1.51)mm;滑车上切迹位于眶上切迹的内侧,距离为(9.42±3.51)mm,其中左侧(8.78±3.24)mm、右侧(10.16±3.91)mm。滑车上切迹至皱眉肌起点的距离为(10.73±2.41)mm,其中左侧(10.91±2.82)mm、右侧(10.35±1.57)mm。滑车上神经和滑车上动脉主干的走行范围轨迹显示:眉弓上32.5mm至眉弓下20mm的范围内,在额前正中线左侧(坐标轴右侧)由(7.18±3.82) mm～(13.90±1.60)mm、右侧(坐标轴左侧)由(-7.27±4.06)mm~(-13.28±2.76)mm是滑车上神经主干"危险区";而眉弓上20mm至眉弓下20mm的范围内,在额前正中线左侧(坐标轴右侧)由(8.67±2.46) mm~(16.92±2.36)mm、右侧(坐标轴左侧)由(-9.43±3.07)mm～(-15.48±1.62)mm是滑车上动脉主干“危险区”。结论 在额眉部有易损伤滑车上神经和滑车上动脉的“危险区”,额眉部手术时应谨慎操作,减小对神经、动脉的损伤。     

除皱术中防止眶上神经损伤的解剖学基础

目的:为除皱术中防止眶上神经损伤提供解剖学依据。方法:10例防腐固定标本和5例新鲜标本,解剖观察眶上神经的走行、分布及毗邻,分析其分布特点及预防损伤的手术方法。结果:①按分布区域和解剖层次,眶上神经可分为外侧支(深支)、内侧支(浅支);②外侧支包含眶上神经主干和多数分支,以2-3支从眶上孔发出,或以单一束支从眶上孔发出,在走行过程中逐渐发出2-3支。67.7％的内侧支为细小分支,22.3％为单一束支;③眶上神经外侧支的外侧边界可走行在上颞线上,外侧支主干分布在上颞线及其内侧(1.6±0.2)cm范围内。结论:(1)眶上神经位于眶上孔与同侧额结节、上颞线连线间的区域内;(2)在额部除皱术中,合理设计切口,避免在上述区域内的腱膜下疏松结缔组织层分离可预防眶上神经损伤。     

跨血管区反流耳颞部皮瓣应用解剖学

目的:明确耳颞部颞浅动脉系统与额部及眼眶区周围血管系统之间的交通吻合情况,为临床跨血管区反流耳颞部岛状皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础.方法:15具福尔马林保存的成人尸体头面部进行肉眼解剖;5具新鲜成人头部标本制作血管铸型,观察颞浅动脉额支与眶上及滑车上动脉的相互交通吻合状况以及颞浅动脉分支与眼轮匝肌营养血管之间的吻合情况.结果:眶上及滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域为上界距眶上缘(4.9±0.4)cm,下界为眶上缘水平,上界内侧距离前正中线(1.0±0.2)cm,外侧距离前正中线(4.5±0.4)cm;下界内侧距离前正中线(1.4±0.2)cm,外侧(2.3±0.5)cm;颞浅动脉分支—颧眶动脉以3种分支类型与面动脉的终末支—内眦动脉在眼轮匝肌内形成稳定的交通吻合.结论:颞浅动脉额支与滑车上动脉存在吻合支集中区域;眶上动脉与颞浅动脉额支在眉外侧存在位置恒定吻合点.以眼轮匝肌为蒂的颞区皮瓣实际上是以颧眶动脉远端和眼睑动脉弓为蒂的跨区反流轴型皮瓣.     

眶上动脉蒂反流轴型耳颞皮瓣的应用解剖

目的：明确额部各供血血管系统之间的吻合情况,为临床各型额部皮瓣特别是跨血管系统反流轴型皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础。方法：成人尸体头面部肉眼解剖,观察眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支的口径、走行和吻合状况等；成人头部标本制作血管铸型。结果：眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域上距眶上缘(4．9±0．4)cm,下为眶上缘水平,内侧距离前正中线1．0～1．4cm,外侧距离前正中线4．5～2．3cm。结论：额部有眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支供血,吻合支丰富且吻合区域较恒定,故可制成多种类型的跨血管的反流式皮瓣。     

上颌动脉第2、3段交界处主要分支的应用解剖

目的研究上颌动脉第2、3段交界处主要分支的走行及规律,为该部位的动脉结扎、肿瘤切除和颅面外科手术提供解剖学资料。方法采用颞下入路解剖28具成人尸头,观测上颌动脉第2、3段交界处主要分支的起始、走行、外径、长度和毗邻关系。结果上颌动脉第2、3段交界处主要分支有颞深前动脉、上牙槽后动脉和眶下动脉,主干及分支起始、走行变异常见。上颌动脉第2段走行于翼外肌浅面的有52侧(92.86%),走行于深面的有4侧(7.14%),外径为(2.46±0.42)mm;颞深前动脉共干外径为(1.47±0.42)mm,长度为(7.67±2.62)mm,单干外径为(1.16±0.34)mm,颞深前-上牙槽后动脉起始处间距为(7.01±2.65)mm;上牙槽后动脉共干外径为(1.93±0.32)mm,长度为(4.81±2.44)mm,单干外径为(1.75±0.42)mm,长度为(8.40±3.29)mm;眶下动脉外径为(1.52±0.30)mm,长度为(8.46±2.29)mm,眶下-上牙槽后动脉起始处间距为(7.20±3.88)mm。结论熟悉上颌动脉第2、3段交界处主要分支的解剖学资料对指导该部位手术,降低术后并发症具有重要意义。     

颧面部缩小术中耳颞部辅助切口设计的应用解剖学

目的:研究颞浅动脉额支、面神经额支的行程和颞下颌关节的位置,探讨三者的解剖学关系,为颧面部缩小手术中设计耳颞部辅助切口提供解剖学依据。方法:对14例防腐成人尸体(28侧)和2例新鲜成人尸体(4侧)头部标本进行解剖,建立坐标系观察并测量颞浅动脉额支、面神经颞支的走向和颞下颌关节位置,并分析三者关系。结果:①在耳屏点X轴和眉外端B作X轴平行线之间,颞浅动脉额支总走行在面神经额支后上方,面神经额支走向角度与颞浅动脉额支基本一致。在耳屏点与眉外端上方30m m处(TE)连线的区域以下为面神经额支分布区域,在该连线的垂直方向上可获得面神经额支最上支与颞浅动脉之间最远距离为(22.32±9.16)m m,分布范围在耳上基点前(32.68±7.53)m m;②颞下颌关节盘前缘距关节结节止点距离为(3.40±0.75)m m,在耳屏点前(18.60±3.60)m m。结论:在TE连线后上方,无血管搏动的发际内作平行TE连线的切口,可有效避免神经血管损伤;在关节结节止点前至少5 m m的距离外(约耳屏前25 m m处)截骨,避免进入颞下颌关节腔内损伤关节盘。     

面神经额支的体表平面定位

目的：通过体表标志线对面神经额支进行平面区域定位，为相关手术预防额支损伤提供解剖学基础。方法：对16具防腐成人尸体显微解剖，观测跨经耳屏水平线、耳屏点-外木眦连线、耳上基点—眉外端连线的面神经额支数和位置。结果：额支在三条标志线上的分支数及最后支至最前支的位置分别为：经耳屏水平线2.7支，耳屏前21.2—30.1mm：耳屏点-外毗连线6.0支，耳屏点前24.5—39.9mm:耳上基点-耳外端连线5.5支，耳上基点前40.1mm.结论：面神经额支的颞部行程可通过体表标志线进行平面区域定位，并可针对手术解剖划分为“危险区”和“相对危险区”。     

眶上动脉蒂反流轴型耳颞皮瓣的应用解剖

目的:为临床各型额部皮瓣特别是跨血管系统反流轴型皮瓣的应用提供解剖学基础。方法:15具福尔马林保存的成人尸体头面部进行肉眼解剖,观察眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支的位置、口径、走行和相互吻合状况及其与周围组织的关系;5具新鲜成人头部标本制作血管铸型。结果:眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支走行基本恒定,且三者存在众多吻合,吻合支集中区域为上界距眶上缘(4.9±0.4)cm,下界为眶上缘水平,上界内侧距离前正中线(1.0±0.2)cm,外侧距离前正中线(4.5±0.4)cm;下界内侧距离前正中线(1.4±0.2)cm,外侧(2.3±0.5)cm。结论:额部有眶上动脉、滑车上动脉和颞浅动脉额支供血,吻合支丰富且吻合区域较恒定,故可制成多种类型的跨血管的反流式皮瓣,增大血管蒂旋转的角度和长度以及灵活性。     

额神经末支解剖特点及其在前额除皱术中的意义

目的：为了前额除皱术切口位置和分离平面的选择提供解剖学依据。方法：对18例成人头部标本进行大体和显微解剖研究以及组织切片观察。结果：（1）眶上神经绕过眶上缘后分为溶，浅二支，浅支位额肌深面并穿过该肌分布于额部皮肤，深支行于额肌，帽状腱膜与骨膜之间直达人字缝；（2）滑车上神经在皱眉肌外侧和穿经皱眉肌后穿过额肌到达头皮，结论：（1）前额除皱术中冠状切口应尽量靠近人字缝，并在骨膜下剥离皮瓣，以避免损伤眶上神经，（2）切断皱眉肌时宜在直 下仔细操作以减少对滑车上神经的损伤。     

眶内眼神经的断层解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为影像检查和眶内手术提供断层解剖学资料。方法：应用50侧成人头颅湿标本制成0．5mm的火棉胶连续切片，对额神经、鼻睫神经、泪腺神经的位置、走行和毗邻进行观测。结果：眼神经的分支额神经、鼻睫神经和泪腺神经均经眶上裂人眶。额神经发出滑车上神经和眶上神经内外支，鼻睫神经与眼动脉伴行，泪腺神经在外直肌上方前行。结论：火棉胶连续切片能够准确显示眶内眼神经的分支、走行，对影像诊断和避免手术损伤均有重要参考价值。     

The Localization of the Supraorbital Notch or Foramen is Crucial for Headache and Supraorbital Neuralgia Avoiding and Treatment

The aim of this study was to provide the morphological and morphometric data of the supraorbital foramina or notches related to sex, side, and the climatic conditions where the population lived. It was hypothesized that the distribution of the occurrence and location of these openings depends on climatic conditions in which the population lived. Orbits from 866 dried skulls obtained from three climatic regions: warm, temperate, and cold were examined. The examination concentrated on the configuration (notch/foramen) and on the distances to the reference points: nasion, frontomalare orbitale, infraorbital foramen and the superior orbital rim. In 14.3% of cases a smooth supraorbital rim was observed while different variants of the structures were observed in 85.7% of the cases. In cold climatic conditions, supraorbital foramina were found in the highest frequency (35.4%). In warm and temperate climates, the observed frequencies of supraorbital foramen were the lowest (18.8% and 19.9%, respectively). Frequency of supraorbital notches was the lowest of those skulls from a cold climate (44.0%) and the highest in those from a warm climate (59.0%). These results support the hypothesis that the occurrence of the supraorbital notches is greater in populations from warm compared with cold regions. This would provide a greater exit route for the neurovascular bundle and this may be related to the thermoregulatory processes in the supraorbital region. Furthermore, knowledge of precise locations of supraorbital structures is important when a supraorbital nerve block is given, for example, in the treatment of migraine headaches. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

眶上锁孔入路治疗垂体瘤的临床解剖学研究

目的 :探讨内窥镜辅助眶上锁孔入路治疗垂体瘤的可行性。方法 :2 1例福尔马林固定尸体头部标本用于鞍区各解剖结构 ,特别是垂体柄、视神经、视交叉及其供血动脉特点的观察 ,总结手术可利用的间隙、应保护的结构 ;在 9例新鲜尸头上模拟进行内窥镜辅助眶上锁孔入路手术 ,进一步验证其可行性及优势。结果 :颈内动脉床突上段长度 (14 .5± 1.3 )mm(8.1～ 18.5mm ) ,发向垂体柄、视神经或视交叉的穿支动脉的支数分别为 :大脑前或前交通动脉 3 .0支 (2～ 6支 ) ,颈内动脉 2 .1支 (1～ 5支 ) ,后交通动脉 3 .2支 (3～ 6支 ) ,基底动脉 1.4支 (1～ 3支 )。视神经颅内段长度为 (11.4± 2 .7)mm (6.1～ 17.6mm ) ,第 1间隙面积为 (4 4 .8± 3 .4)mm2 (7.0～ 10 0 .8mm2 ) ,手术可通过第 1间隙或 /和第 2间隙进行。结论 :通过眶上锁孔入路治疗向鞍上发展的垂体瘤有充足的操作空间 ,具有视神经、视交叉减压充分 ,利于保护其供血动脉的优点。     

Localization of important facial foramina encountered in maxillo-facial surgery

Knowledge of the location of foramina in the maxillo-facial region is necessary in clinical situations requiring regional nerve blocks and in open as well as endoscopic surgical procedures to avoid injury to corresponding nerves. In this study, measurements were taken on 79 adult dried human skulls to determine the position of the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina. Supraorbital foramina were found to be approximately 25 mm lateral to the midline, 30 mm medial to the temporal crest of the frontal bone, and 2-3 mm superior to the supraorbital rim. Additional exits for branches of the supraorbital nerve were present in 14% of skulls. The intersection of the zygomatico-maxillary suture with the inferior orbital rim was a readily palpable landmark for locating the infraorbital foramen. This foramen was approximately 7 mm inferior to the inferior orbital rim and 28.5-mm lateral to the midline. Mental foramina were on average, 25.8-mm lateral to the midline and about 13-mm superior to the inferior mandibular margin. Both the infraorbital and mental foramina were most often on a vertical line with the second premolar (Position 3). The distances of the foramina from the midline were similar on both sides demonstrating facial symmetry. In about 80% of skulls, the supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina/notches were along the same vertical line. These measurements may be of value to clinicians in localizing and safeguarding these nerves and providing effective nerve blocks.     

眶尖结构的临床应用解剖研究

目的：为眶尖部病变的诊断与治疗提供解剖参数。方法：应用18例无肉眼可见病变的成人头颅湿性标本，先行CT扫描，后制成0．5mm厚的切片，在放大16倍的手术显微镜下，对眶尖部进行显微解剖，观察和测量，结果：比较分别用CT和体视学法测量视神经管和视神经的体积，以及视神经管内侧壁的厚度，结果无统计学差异；体视学法测得的眶上裂面积和穿经神经的面积之比；穿经神经与眶上裂上壁，内侧壁的距离以及各神经间的距离；穿经眶上裂中央区的神经与视神经管的最短距离。结论：体视学法对眶尖部不规则形结构的测量有其独到之处；熟悉该部位的显微解剖，有助于临床诊断与治疗。     

眼神经与上颌神经夹角的探讨

目的　比较胎儿和成人的眼神经与上颌神经的夹角 ,为婴幼儿上睑手术局部麻醉的进针提供解剖学依据。方法通过对 1 5例胎儿和 1 5例成人颅骨的眶上孔 (切迹 )、三叉神经压迹、眶下孔之间的连线的长度的测量 ,根据公式计算出眼神经与上颌神经的夹角。结果胎儿左右侧、成人左右侧的夹角分别为 33 .2± 4 .0°、34 .1± 3 .0°、32 .9± 2 .6°、32 .6± 1 .7°。结论成人左右侧无显著差异 ,胎儿左右侧无显著差异 ,成人与胎儿比较左右侧无显著差异 ,因此 ,婴幼儿眶上切迹麻醉可参照成人的操作     

Developmental Osteology of the Parafrontal Bones of the Sphaerodactylidae

Well‐resolved phylogenetic hypotheses and ontogenetic data are often necessary for investigating the evolution of structural novelty. The Sphaerodactylidae comprises 12 genera of predominantly miniaturized geckos. The genera Aristelliger and Teratoscincus are exceptions, with taxa reaching snout‐to‐vent lengths far exceeding those of other sphaerodactylids. These two genera possess enigmatic, supraorbital ossifications—parafrontal bones—which are encountered nowhere else among squamates. At the time of their discovery, these structures were believed to be the result of evolutionary convergence. Although relationships between other sphaerodactylids remain unresolved, recent molecular and morphological data have supported a close relationship between Aristelliger and Teratoscincus. We investigated the ontogeny of parafrontal bones to better understand relationships between sphaerodactylid body size and the presence of parafrontals, and to evaluate whether ontogenetic data support the homology of parafrontals between Aristelliger and Teratoscincus. We hypothesize that the parafrontals of Aristelliger and Teratoscincus are homologous and that there is a threshold body size in sphaerodactylids below which parafrontals do not develop, thus explaining their absence from the miniaturized taxa. The presence of parafrontals was investigated in all sphaerodactylid genera using cleared‐and‐stained, radiographed, and skeletonized specimens. Total surface area of parafrontals was measured for seven species of Aristelliger and six species of Teratoscincus throughout their ontogeny. Histology was used to investigate the cellular composition of the parafrontals throughout their ontogeny. Our data suggest that parafrontals have evolved in parallel from a homologous, parafrontal precursor and that the onset of parafrontal development is not strictly dependent on a threshold body size. Anat Rec, 301:581–606, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Anatomical study of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves: A new classification and application to understanding some migraine headaches

The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic nerve. This nerve gives rise to two terminal branches, the supraorbital (SON) and supratrochlear nerves (STN). To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports describing the detailed proximal course of these nerves while inside the orbit. Therefore, the goal of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the SON and STN inside and at their exit from the orbit. Twenty sides from ten fresh-frozen cadavers were used in this study. Intra and extra orbital dissections were performed to observe the course of the SON and STN. Additionally, measurements of the nerves were made at these locations. The course of the SON and STN inside the orbit was classified into three groups depending on the STN branching pattern from the SON. The group without any branch from the SON and STN inside the orbit was the most common. The exit points of these nerves were via the supraorbital notch, foramen, or neither a notch nor foramen. A distinct fibrous band was consistently found tethering the nerve except in specimens with nerves traversing a bony foramen. The mean diameters of the SON and STN were 1.3 ± 0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. The results of this study further our knowledge of the course and morphology of the SON and STN and might be useful for better understanding and potentially treating some forms of migraine headache due to SON or STN compression/entrapment. Clin. Anat. 33:332–337, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

眶上锁孔入路治疗眼动脉瘤的应用解剖

目的 :为临床应用眶上锁孔入路治疗眼动脉段颈内动脉瘤提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 2 1例福尔马林固定尸体头部标本上观察测量前床突周围的神经血管位置关系 ,分析其对手术可能造成的影响及克服方法 ;在 9例新鲜尸体头部标本上模拟眶上锁孔入路治疗眼动脉段颈内动脉瘤手术 ,验证其可行性及优势。结果 :视交叉前缘至鞍结节距离为 (7.0± 1.8)mm ,视神经颅内段长度 (11.4± 2 .7)mm ,颅口处视神经内侧缘之间距离为 (12 .8± 0 .7)mm ,颈内动脉床突上段长度 (14 .5± 1.3 )mm。两侧前床突根间距 (2 1.2± 0 .8)mm ,两侧前床突尖间距为 (2 6.1± 1.7)mm ,视神经管颅口水平前床突长 (10 .1± 0 .2 )mm ,宽 (11.6± 1.4)mm ,厚 (4 .9± 0 .7)mm。手术时通过磨除前床突、鞍结节 ,切开镰状襞等能松解视神经、颈内动脉 ,形成较宽敞的操作空间 ,良好的控制近端动脉。视野细节显露清楚。结论 :眶上锁孔入路是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的良好手术入路。