一株产纤维素酶菌株的分离、鉴定及产酶特性

【目的】筛选并鉴定一株产纤维素酶的菌株,初步探究该菌的产酶特性,为综合利用纤维素筛选菌源。【方法】在常温条件下,采用滤纸培养基对菌种富集,采用CMC-Na初筛纤维素降解菌,采用LB培养基分离纯化菌株,经形态学、生理生化特征试验、16S r RNA基因序列测定等分析筛选菌株的系统分类地位。单因素试验确定培养时间、培养温度、初始p H及Na Cl浓度对筛选菌株产酶活力的影响。【结果】从腐烂的玉米秸秆中分离出一株在常温下产纤维素酶细菌KZ-2,根据菌落形态特征、生理生化特征鉴定以及16S r RNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定KZ-2为肠杆菌(Enterobacter sp.),为潜在新种。产酶条件实验显示:该菌使用产酶发酵培养基120 h产酶量达到最大值,在25–35°C、初始p H 4.5–5.5、Na Cl浓度1.0%–2.0%范围内为最佳产酶条件,在最适条件下酶活可达80.93 U/m L。该菌株所产纤维素酶最适反应p H为7.0,最适反应温度为50°C。【结论】KZ-2是一株具有降解纤维素能力的细菌,在常温下即可分泌纤维素酶,并且该菌株为潜在新种,具有潜在的开发价值。     

高产纤维素酶枯草芽胞杆菌S-16的筛选及其发酵工艺优化

利用刚果红鉴别培养基及基础液体筛选培养基进行菌种筛选,从新疆盐碱地分离得到的16株菌株中筛选获得一株产纤维素酶活力较高的菌株S-16,对该菌株进行16SrDNA鉴定,确定该菌为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。对S-16发酵产纤维素酶的主要影响因素进行研究,分别考察了碳源、氮源、培养基初始pH和接种量等因素对发酵产纤维素酶的影响。结合单因素影响实验得到优化后的培养基配方为:羧甲基纤维素钠1.5%,酵母粉1%,NaCl 1%,MgSO_4·7H_2O 2‰,KH_2PO_4·3H_2_O 1‰。优化后的发酵条件为:初始pH为8,接种量1%,种龄8h,培养时间48h。经过发酵工艺优化,S-16产生的羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCase)和滤纸酶活(FPase)分别达到4.64IU/mL和0.46IU/mL,与初始培养条件下的酶活相比分别提高了3.14倍和1.30倍。本研究得到的枯草芽胞杆菌S-16及其优化发酵工艺为秸秆的快速腐熟和高产纤维素酶的应用奠定了基础。     

绿色木霉在啤酒糟基质上产纤维素酶条件的优化

对绿色木霉接种到啤酒糟固态发酵产纤维素酶的培养基和培养条件进行优化,考察发酵物料起始含水量、发酵时间、起始pH值等发酵条件,以及啤酒糟培养基中添加麸皮、氮源种类对产酶的影响。结果表明,以啤酒糟为发酵基质接种绿色木霉生产纤维素酶是可行的。经单因素和正交试验获得最适固态发酵的培养条件为:起始pH 5~6,培养温度28~30℃,发酵4 d;最佳发酵培养基组合为:麸皮比例30%,培养基起始含水量50%,(NH₄)₂SO₄添加量为2.0%~2.5%。     

家蚕肠道纤维素酶菌株的筛选及产酶条件的优化研究

从5龄家蚕肠道分离筛选得到一株产纤维素酶菌株BMC-2,以羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)比活力为响应值,通过Plackett-Burman试验设计、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken试验设计对菌株BMC-2产纤维素酶发酵条件进行优化,结果表明,发酵时间、发酵温度、培养基初始pH和转速对CMCase比活力具有显著影响,其影响程度由大到小依次为发酵时间、培养基初始pH、发酵温度、转速.确定菌株BMC-2产纤维素酶最优发酵条件为:发酵时间94.35 h,发酵温度30.3℃,培养基初始pH 7.01,转速179 r/min.在此条件下, CMCase比活力理论值为25.801 U/mg,验证值为25.526 U/mg,较产酶条件优化前提高了1倍,预测模型可靠性高,可应用于菌株BMC-2产纤维素酶条件的优化.     

一株纤维素降解菌的分离、鉴定及对 玉米秸秆的降解特性

[目的]获得高产纤维素酶细菌菌株,探讨以氨化预处理玉米秸秆为底物时的纤维素酶产酶特性及底物降解特性,探讨纤维素酶作用机理,提高玉米秸秆利用率.[方法]用LB培养基分离并纯化菌株,羧甲基纤维素钠培养基培养、刚果红染色进行初步筛选.考察氨化预处理对底物降解率、产酶能力的影响.通过形态特征观察及16S rRNA、Biolog鉴定菌株.[结果]分离到一株高效纤维素降解菌NH11,经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis). 30℃、发酵5d时,预处理前后玉米秸秆降解率分别为14.24％和24.73％.30℃、pH 7.2时,处理组CMC酶活力峰值处为153.84 U/mL,FPA酶活力为197.24 U/mL,比未处理组分别高出11.45％和10.59％.[结论]NH11具有较高的纤维素酶产酶能力,氨化预处理能够提高菌株对玉米秸秆的降解率.该菌株在秸秆堆肥、制作食用菌培养基和制取反刍动物粗饲料方面具有很高的应用价值.     

一株产木聚糖酶的黑曲霉固态发酵产酶性质的研究

目的：选育产木聚糖酶活力高的黑曲霉菌株,对其产酶条件进行优化,并研究其酶学性质。方法：通过木聚糖酶解木聚糖产生透明圈的方法,筛选产木聚糖酶菌株,测定固体发酵培养基中玉米芯与麸皮的比例、培养温度、培养时间、添加氮源对产酶的影响。进行了作用温度、pH值、金属离子对酶活力的影响试验,以及酶不同温度下的热稳定性的试验。结果：从自然界筛选得到一株产木聚糖酶的黑曲霉菌株,通过对固态发酵培养条件优化,最终产酶水平达到了5500u／g固体干曲。酶的最适作用温度是45℃、最适作用pH值4．8,是一种偏酸性酶。该酶在45℃以上的温度保存会使酶活力迅速丧失,Mg^2＋、Zn^2＋对该酶有激活作用,而Mn^2＋、Cu^2＋、Hg^2＋则完全抑制酶的活性。结论：选育的黑曲霉菌株产木聚糖酶活力较高,培养条件简单。     

产植酸酶菌株的分离筛选研究

研究了产植酸酶菌株分离筛选的方法 ,筛选得到分别适宜液态发酵和固态发酵的酶活力较高的黑曲霉XH和黑曲霉PA两菌株。在液态发酵KH2 PO4 对植酸酶产生有促进作用 ,其最佳用量为 8mg %;在固态发酵KH2 PO4 的添加对植酸酶的产生无明显促进作用。 2菌株所产植酸酶具有相似的酶学性质 ,最适作用温度为 5 5℃ ,当底物 pH为 3～ 5具有较高的酶活力。     

真空微波诱变结合化学诱变选育酸性纤维素酶高产菌株

以酸性纤维素酶产生菌绿色木霉（Trichoderma viride）WL0512作为原始出发菌株,首先经自然分离筛选出一株产酶较稳定的菌株TVN-18,其羧甲基纤维素酶活（CMC酶活）达2765．8U／g,滤纸酶活（FPA酶活）达48．5U／g。再经真空微波和甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）逐级诱变处理,获得了一株高产、稳产酸性纤维素酶的E6—1菌株,其CMC酶活达4396．6U／g,FPA酶活达126．0U／g,分别是菌株TVN-18的1．59倍和2．60倍。通过对固态发酵培养基麸皮和稻草比例、料水比以及初始pH值的优化,突变株的产酶能力进一步得到提高,其产的CIVIC酶活和FPA酶活分别提高了22．3％和22．4％。     

一株高产琼胶酶海洋细菌的筛选与鉴定

从广东省南澳岛采集龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis),分离海洋来源的琼胶酶产生菌,并对其进行分类鉴定,为琼胶酶的开发利用奠定基础。利用4种不同的筛选培养基分离产琼胶酶的菌株,通过形态、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对菌株进行鉴定并构建系统发育树,通过DNS法测定琼胶酶活力,研究菌株所产琼胶酶的类型,对菌株的生长曲线及发酵产酶曲线进行初步测定。结果显示,分离得到一株高产琼胶酶的菌株ZQM2017,该菌株为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示该菌株属于弧菌属(Vibrio sp.),结合形态特征和生理生化实验结果鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus);可同时产α-琼胶酶与β-琼胶酶;该菌株在液体培养基中28℃,180 r/min振荡培养时,其对数期出现在3-9 h,发酵5 h即有明显产酶,当发酵至46 h,所产琼胶酶活力达到最高109.87 U/mL发酵液。从南澳岛龙须菜上自主分离筛选得到的海洋细菌ZQM2017,经鉴定命名为Vibrio alginolyticus ZQM2017,可同时分泌α-琼胶酶和β-琼胶酶,所产琼胶酶初始活力高达109.87 U/mL。     

黑曲霉产纤维素酶的研究

从土壤中筛选获得一株产纤维素酶的优良菌株黑曲霉Asp．n－21,采用固体培养产生纤维素酶,产酶活力FPA137U／g干曲、GMCase320～388U／g干曲、β－葡萄糖苷酶84～149U／g干曲,对培养基成份进行优化,并分析其酶系组成,该菌所产酶可作为饲料用酶。     

Production of macerating enzymes of mandarin orange peel by fungal cultures

Summary Thirty-nine fungal cultures belonging to the genera of Aspergillus, Podospora, Sordaria, Cbaetomium, Iodophanus, Scleotinia, Coniella, Pellicularia and others, were examined for the production of enzymes which macerate the mandarin orange peel using a wheat bran as substrate. An isolated strain of Aspergillus niger was an excellent producer of macerating enzymes compared to other organisms tested. The peel of the mandarin orange could be macerated by the crude enzymes produced by isolated A. niger. The maceration of 1 g of peel/24 h yielded 0.57 g of reducing sugars. Expressed differently, 83% of solid peel materials were released from the peel into the water/24 h under the following conditions: a peel concentration of 8 g peel/l, a crude enzyme concentration of 1 g protein/l, a temperature of 40°C, a pH of 5, a 24 h incubation time and 120 rpm reciprocal shaking. The test of the macerating activity of commercially available hydrolases on the orange peel showed that the two samples of pectinase originating from A. niger had about the same activity as isolated A. niger whereas the two samples of cellulase originating from Trichoderma viride had remarkably lower activities than A. niger.     

Cellulolytic enzymes on lignocellulosic substrates in solid state fermentation by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus niger</Emphasis>

The production of cellulolytic enzymes by Aspergillus niger on lignocellulosic substrates groundnut fodder, wheat bran, rice bran and sawdust in solid state fermentation in a laboratory scale was compared. Czapek Dox liquid broth amended with cellulose (0.5%) was used to moisten lignocellulosic solid supports for cultivation of Aspergillus niger. The production of filter paperase, carboxymethyl cellulase and -glucosidase were monitored at daily intervals for 5 days. The peak production of the enzymes occurred within 3 days of incubation. Among solid supports used in the study, wheat bran was the best solid matrix followed by groundnut fodder in production of cellulolytic enzymes in solid state fermentation. Groundnut fodder supported significant production of FPase (2.09 FPU/g), CMCase (1.36 U/g) and -glucosidase activity (0.0117 U/g) in solid state fermentation. Considerable secretion of protein (5.10 mg/g) on groundnut fodder at peak time interval 1st day of incubation was recorded.     

Saccharification of cassava peels waste for microbial protein enrichment

Cassava waste peels may constitute up to 55% of the original tuber. These waste peels were found to contain 41.8% carbohydrate, 1.1% protein, 12.5% ether extract and 4.9%, 4.9% total ash. and 20.8% crude fibre. Studies were conducted to formulate a fermentation medium to convert the waste peels to reducing sugars and to enrich the peels with microbial protein. Amylase producing microorganisms were isolated from rotten cassava tuber discs buried in the soil at different locations. The microorganisms isolated were Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and a Pseudomonas sp. and A. niger; the level of reducing sugar was 20.5 mg/ml. The lowest was by B. subtilis an isolate from fermenting locust bean. Generally the levels of saccharification were higher when the waste media were supplemented with different nitrogen sourses. The crude protein yield in the cassava peel waste media by different microorganisms varied from 5.6% to 17.5%. The highest protein yield was in the waste medium fermented by A. fumigatus followed by A. niger, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas sp. in decreasing order.     

Formation of cellulases by co-culturing ofTrichoderma reesei andAspergillus niger on cellulosic waste

A cellulase system possessing high hydrolytic and -glucosidase activity was obtained by co-culturingTrichoderma reesei andAspergillus niger by a new approach using semi-solid fermentation of lignocellulosic materials. Various types of pretreatments were used for making the cellulose easily accessible to enzymatic attack. The optimal water content for maximum activity of the mixed fermentation was investigated. A more concentrated enzyme preparation could be obtained by semi-solid state fermentation than by conventional submerged fermentation.     

Bimutation breeding of Aspergillus niger strain for enhancing β-mannanase production by solid-state fermentation

A parent strain Aspergillus niger LW-1 was mutated by the compound mutagenesis of vacuum microwave (VMW) and ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). A mutant strain, designated as A. niger E-30, with high- and stable-yield β-mannanase was obtained through a series of screening. The β-mannanase activity of the mutant strain E-30, cultivated on the basic fermentation medium at 32 °C for 96 h, reached 36,675 U/g dried koji, being 1.98-fold higher than that (18,501 U/g dried koji) of the parent strain LW-1. The purified E-30 β-mannanase, a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 19.6%, had an apparent molecular weight of about 42.0 kDa by SDS–PAGE. Its optimal pH and temperature were 3.5 and 65 °C, respectively. It was highly stable at a pH range of 3.5–7.0 and at a temperature of 60 °C and below. The kinetic parameters K_m and V_max, toward locust bean gum and at pH 4.8 and 50 °C, were 3.68 mg/mL and 1067.5 U/mg, respectively. The β-mannanase activity was not significantly affected by an array of metal ions and EDTA, but strongly inhibited by Ag⁺ and Hg²⁺. In addition, the hydrolytic conditions of konjak glucomannan using the purified E-30 β-mannanase were optimized as follows: konjak gum solution 240 g/L (dissolved in deionized water), hydrolytic temperature 50 °C, β-mannanase dosage 120 U/g konjak gum, and hydrolytic time 8 h.     

Optimization of cellulase production in batch fermentation byTrichoderma reesei

Maximum cellulase production was sought by comparing the activities of the cellulases produced by differentTrichoderma reesei strains andAspergillus niger. Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30 showed higher cellulase activity than otherTrichoderma reesei strains andAspergillus niger that was isolated from soil. By optimizing the cultivation condition during shake flask culture, higher cellulase production could be achieved. The FP (filter paper) activity of 3.7 U/ml and CMCase (Carboxymethylcellulase) activity of 60 U/ml were obtained from shake flask culture. When it was grown in 2.5L fermentor, where pH and DO levels are controlled, the Enzyme activities were 133.35 U/ml (CMCase) and 11.67 U./ml (FP), respectively. Ammonium sulfate precipitation method was used to recover enzymes from fermentation broth. The dried cellulase powder showed 3074.9 U/g of CMCase activity and 166.7 U/g of FP activity with 83.5% CMCase recovery.     

A High Performance Fermentation Process for Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger NGGCB-101, Using Vermiculite as an Additive in a Stirred Bioreactor

The present study describes the use of vermiculite for enhanced citric acid productivity by a mutant strain of Aspergillus niger NG^GCB-101 in a stirred bioreactor of 15.0 l capacity. The maximum amount of citric acid (96.10 g/l) was obtained with the control 144 h after mycelial inoculation. To enhance citric acid production, varying levels of vermiculite were added as an additive into the fermentation medium. The best results were observed when 0.20 g/l vermiculite was added into the medium 24 h after inoculation resulting in the production of 146.88 g citric acid monohydrate/l. The dry cell mass and residual sugar were 11.75 and 55.90 g/l, respectively. Mixed mycelial pellets (1.08–1.28 mm, dia) were observed in the fermented culture broth. When the culture grown at different vermiculite levels was monitored for Q _p , Q _s and q _p , there was a significant enhancement (P 0.05) in these variables over the control (vermiculite-free). Based on these results, it is concluded that vermiculite might affect mycelial morphology and subsequent TCA cycle performance to improve carbon source utilization by the mould, basic parameters for high performance citric acid fermentation.     

Coffee husk: an inexpensive substrate for production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger in a solid-state fermentation system

Aspergillus niger CFTRI 30 produced 1.3 g citric acid/10 g dry coffee husk in 72 h solid-state fermentation when the substrate was moistened with 0.075 M NaOH solution. Production was increased by 17% by adding a mixture of iron, copper and zinc to the medium but enrichment of the moist solid medium with (NH₄)₂SO₄, sucrose or any of four enzymes did not improve production. The production of about 1.5 g citric acid/10 g dry coffee husk at a conversion of 82% (based on sugar consumed) under standardized conditions demonstrates the commercial potential of using the husk in this way.The authors are with the Department of Microbiology and Bioengineering, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore-570 013, India;     

新一代糖化酶高产菌株的选育及其工业应用

【目的】建立对糖化酶生产菌种黑曲霉随机突变文库进行筛选的方法,以获得糖化酶酶活提高的突变菌株。【方法】以一株可产糖化酶的黑曲霉菌株Aspergillus niger X1为出发菌株,经硫酸二乙酯诱变获得突变文库,采用葡萄糖的结构类似物——2-脱氧葡萄糖进行筛选,并在筛选过程中逐渐提高2-脱氧葡萄糖浓度,定向选育具有2-脱氧葡萄糖抗性、高产糖化酶的突变株。【结果】获得的高产突变菌株DG36摇瓶发酵糖化酶产量比出发菌株A.niger X1提高22.2%–33.8%,经工业水平50 m~3罐发酵测试,突变株DG36发酵128 h糖化酶活可达49094 U/m L,在相同发酵时间内,其酶活较出发菌株A.niger X1提高32.8%,发酵时间缩短16.9%。【结论】本研究开发了一种以2-脱氧葡萄糖为抗性标记选育高产糖化酶突变株的方法,所得突变株DG36遗传性状稳定,与出发菌相比具有菌丝粗壮、产酶期提前、糖化酶活高、发酵时间短、有利于发酵后处理的优点。     

Wachstumskinetik von Aspergillus niger A.n./61 in einem festen Medium

Growth kinetics of Aspergillus niger strain A.n./61 on a solid medium containing beet pulp were examined. Solid state fermentation was carried out in laboratory microfermenter (aerated packed columns). During the experiments the CO₂ evolution, protein biosynthesis, as well as cellulose and sucrose utilization were determined. It was found that CO₂ evolution evidently increased in the logarithmic phase, together with the protein biosynthesis. Between 30–32 h of culture CO₂ evolution and protein content in product were the greatest. Subsequently, CO₂ evolution decreased. During 28 h of culture, cellulose was slightly utilized, the strain using mainly sucrose. Intense utilization of cellulose was paralleled by a drop in CO₂ evolution.