对抗病毒 中医有道

病毒是无处不在的,稍有机会它们就会传播,引起各种疾病。 由病毒引起的人类疾病种类繁多,已经确定的有伤风、流感、水痘等一般性疾病,以及天花、艾滋病、SARS和禽流感等严重疾病。还有一些疾病可能是以病毒为致病因子。有数据显示,约有60%的流行性传染病、84%的癌症具有肯定的病毒感染原因。     

对抗病毒 中医有道

<正>病毒是无处不在的,稍有机会它们就会传播,引起各种疾病。由病毒引起的人类疾病种类繁多,已经确定的有伤风、流感、水痘等一般性疾病,以及天花、艾滋病、SARS和禽流感等严重疾病。还有一些疾病可能是以病毒为致病因子。有数据显示,约有60%的流行性传染病、84%的癌症具有肯定的病毒感染原因。     

用人MHC转基因小鼠模型鉴定高致病禽流感病毒核蛋白CTL表位

目的:筛选高致病禽流感病毒核蛋白(NP)中可用于高致病禽流感病毒感染检测或疫苗设计的CTL表位,为评价疫苗接种效果和开发新型疫苗奠定基础。方法:根据NCBI公布的NP的核苷酸序列设计特异性引物,以2006年深圳株高致病禽流感H5N1病人分离的病毒cDNA为模板扩增NP全长基因(1500 bp)并测序。通过生物信息学方法,预测NP氨基酸序列中潜在的HLA-A觹0201限制性表位。构建重组pJW4303-NP核酸疫苗并肌肉免疫HLA-A2/DP4转基因小鼠,利用ELISPOT法筛选特异性CTL表位。结果:克隆了2006年深圳株高致病禽流感NP基因,构建的重组pJW4303-NP核酸疫苗能在体外COS-7细胞中表达,免疫小鼠后能引起小鼠产生特异性的体液免疫和细胞免疫。结论:生物信息学和转基因小鼠模型筛选相结合的方法,能用于高致病性禽流感核蛋白CTL表位的筛选。     

病毒病诊断发展概况

病毒病种类繁多,累及人类全身各个系统。一种病毒感染症候群可由多种不同的病毒感染造成;反之,一种病毒感染可以表现为多种临床症状。就由微生物致病因子所引起疾病总数而言,年发病率和病死率总数的50％以上是病毒造成。所以,病毒病特异性诊断十分重要,其意义在于:(1)明确感染病因,以便临床及时对症治疗,避免滥用抗生素,减少医院内交叉感染,防止疾病扩散。     

禽流感病毒最新研究进展

本文针对2004年爆发的禽流感疫病,回顾了2004年至2005年期间禽流感病毒的研究进展。逆转录聚合酶链式反应技术为禽流感病毒的分型提供了一种快速、可靠、准确的方法。对H5N1禽流感病毒致病机制的研究发现,其强致病性在于它可以躲避人类抗病毒细胞因子的作用,NS1基因编码蛋白的92位谷氨酸在其中发挥了关键作用。由于禽流感疾病多引起结膜炎,并与病毒细胞受体的研究结果相结合,有科学家认为眼部特异性是禽流感病毒的一个总体特征。社会普遍关注禽流感疫苗的研制,人类和禽类流感A型病毒M2蛋白胞外区域的序列比对工作为疫苗研制提供了一条新的思路,依据神经氨酸酶抑制剂抑制病毒的出芽繁殖原理的疫苗正在研制过程中,而利用siRNA预防和治疗禽流感也是很有潜力的一种方法。禽流感病毒研究的另一个热点是病毒基因节段的重配问题。     

丙型肝炎病毒感染中的T细胞衰竭

本文简要综述丙型肝炎病毒感染中T细胞衰竭的形成机制,提出在急性和慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染时T细胞衰竭的事实,并就丙型肝炎病毒感染时的T细胞功能与其他持续性病毒感染进行比较,从而探讨急性和慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染中T细胞衰竭的机制,解释病毒持续性形成的原因,在了解病毒的致病机制和设计有效疫苗上具有实际意义.     

虎源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染小鼠模型的建立

为研究H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的病原特性、致病机理及对其疫苗与救治药物效果评价提供平台,利用本室分离鉴定的虎源A/Tiger/Harbin/01/2002株(简称HAB/01)H5N1亚型禽流感病毒进行连续10倍稀释后,对4～6周龄雄性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定其MLD50,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14d。结果感染小鼠呈现出规律的以肺炎为主的临床症状、病理变化及病死率;测得该病毒对小鼠的MLD50为10-7.1/0.05mL。成功建立了虎源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染BALB/c小鼠的实验模型。     

人细小病毒B19生物学特性研究进展

细小病毒B19是目前细小病毒家族中除人博卡病毒(HBoV)和新型细小病毒PARV4(Humanparvovirus 4)以外唯一可以引起人类疾病的病毒。它可能是多种疾病的致病因子,感染儿童可引起传染性红斑,感染成人可引起多发性关节病综合征,而对一些有免疫病,血液病的患者,B19感染可以引起严重的疾病,如慢性红细胞贫血,暂时性再障危象。病毒感染后对细胞的毒性是引起暂时性障碍危象和纯红细胞再障的直接原因。血液病患者中,B19病毒感染是引起暂时性障碍危象的主要病因,持续B19病毒感染会导致免疫缺损患者     

虎源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染小鼠模型的建立

为研究H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的病原特性、致病机理及对其疫苗与救治药物效果评价提供平台,利用本室分离鉴定的虎源A/Tiger/Harbin/01/2002株(简称HAB/01)H5N1亚型禽流感病毒进行连续10倍稀释后,对4～6周龄 雄性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定其MLD50,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14d.结果感染小鼠呈现出规律的以肺炎为主的临床症状、病理变化及病死率;测得该病毒对小鼠的MLD50为10-7.1/0.05mL.成功建立了虎源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染BALB/c小鼠的实验模型.     

人核仁磷酸化蛋白1(NOLC1)影响禽流感病毒感染过程研究进展

禽流感是由A型流感病毒引起的家禽类传染病,能够引发从呼吸系统病变到全身性败血症等多种症状。禽流感病毒的传播给养殖业带来巨大经济损失,同时对人类健康也造成威胁。研究表明,禽流感病毒非结构蛋白NS1通过与宿主细胞内多种蛋白相互作用影响了病毒的感染进程,人核仁磷酸化蛋白即是其中之一,该蛋白参与核仁组装、细胞生长发育及肿瘤发生等过程,还能与禽流感病毒的非结构蛋白NS1发生相互作用,影响禽流感病毒感染过程。本文对NOLC1蛋白的结构、功能及如何影响禽流感病毒的感染等相关研究进展进行综述。     

全身大面积挫伤伴多根肋骨骨折、闭合性气胸并多系统器官衰竭死亡的法医学鉴定

目的:对一例全身大面积机械性损伤致死及由之所致的多系统器官衰竭死亡病例的相关问题进行讨论分析。方法:回顾性分析该病例的临床资料并对其行详细认真的尸体检验与死因鉴定。结果:本案尸检、临床所见及相关实验室检查已证实伤者因钝性暴力作用于全身软组织致使大面积软组织挫伤,多发性肋骨骨折并因多系统器官功能衰竭死亡。讨论:在整个病程中多器官系统的功能衰竭并非各自独立分别发生,而是互相影响,互相作用甚至互为因果恶性循环的结果,这在本例的临床病历资料中已充分体现。因此,在进行机械性损伤致死的法医学鉴定中,应注意区分多系统器官功能衰竭和挤压综合症的鉴别问题。     

Investigation of Avian Influenza Infections in Wild Birds,Poultry and Humans in Eastern Dongting Lake,China

We investigated avian influenza infections in wild birds, poultry, and humans at Eastern Dongting Lake, China. We analyzed 6,621 environmental samples, including fresh fecal and water samples, from wild birds and domestic ducks that were collected from the Eastern Dongting Lake area from November 2011 to April 2012. We also conducted two cross-sectional serological studies in November 2011 and April 2012, with 1,050 serum samples collected from people exposed to wild birds and/or domestic ducks. Environmental samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza virus (AIV) using quantitative PCR assays and virus isolation techniques. Hemagglutination inhibition assays were used to detect antibodies against AIV H5N1, and microneutralization assays were used to confirm these results. Among the environmental samples from wild birds and domestic ducks, AIV prevalence was 5.19 and 5.32%, respectively. We isolated 39 and 5 AIVs from the fecal samples of wild birds and domestic ducks, respectively. Our analysis indicated 12 subtypes of AIV were present, suggesting that wild birds in the Eastern Dongting Lake area carried a diverse array of AIVs with low pathogenicity. We were unable to detect any antibodies against AIV H5N1 in humans, suggesting that human infection with H5N1 was rare in this region.     

Is the occurrence of avian influenza virus in Charadriiformes species and location dependent?

Birds in the order Charadriiformes were sampled at multiple sites in the eastern half of the continental USA, as well as at Argentina, Chile, and Bermuda, during 1999-2005, and tested for avian influenza virus (AIV). Of more than 9,400 birds sampled, AIV virus was isolated from 290 birds. Although Ruddy Turnstones (Arenaria interpres) comprised just 25% of birds sampled, they accounted for 87% of isolates. Only eight AIV isolations were made from birds at four locations outside of the Delaware Bay, USA, region; six of these were from gulls (Laridae). At Delaware Bay, AIV isolations were predominated by hemagglutinin (HA) subtype H10, but subtype diversity varied each year. These results suggest that AIV infection among shorebirds (Scolopacidae) may be localized, species specific, and highly variable in relation to AIV subtype diversity.     

Avian influenza viruses infect primary human bronchial epithelial cells unconstrained by sialic acid α2,3 residues

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are an important emerging threat to public health. It is thought that sialic acid (sia) receptors are barriers in cross-species transmission where the binding preferences of AIV and human influenza viruses are sias α2,3 versus α2,6, respectively. In this study, we show that a normal fully differentiated, primary human bronchial epithelial cell model is readily infected by low pathogenic H5N1, H5N2 and H5N3 AIV, which primarily bind to sia α2,3 moieties, and replicate in these cells independent of specific sias on the cell surface. NHBE cells treated with neuraminidase prior to infection are infected by AIV despite removal of sia α2,3 moieties. Following AIV infection, higher levels of IP-10 and RANTES are secreted compared to human influenza virus infection, indicating differential chemokine expression patterns, a feature that may contribute to differences in disease pathogenesis between avian and human influenza virus infections in humans.     

小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠和沙鼠对禽流感病毒致病敏感性的比较初报

目的比较不同物种和品系的哺乳类实验动物对H5N1禽流感病毒(AIV)致病的敏感性。方法对不同动物经鼻腔接毒,然后通过体温、体重、临床症状、病理变化、病毒分离和抗体测定进行比较分析。结果在实验的4个不同物种共7个品系的哺乳动物中,小鼠对AIV较豚鼠、沙鼠和大鼠敏感。结论ICR和NIH小鼠适宜用来制作AIV感染的动物模型。     

Comparative Pathogenesis of an Avian H5N2 and a Swine H1N1 Influenza Virus in Pigs

Pigs are considered intermediate hosts for the transmission of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) to humans but the basic organ pathogenesis of AIVs in pigs has been barely studied. We have used 42 four-week-old influenza naive pigs and two different inoculation routes (intranasal and intratracheal) to compare the pathogenesis of a low pathogenic (LP) H5N2 AIV with that of an H1N1 swine influenza virus. The respiratory tract and selected extra-respiratory tissues were examined for virus replication by titration, immunofluorescence and RT-PCR throughout the course of infection. Both viruses caused a productive infection of the entire respiratory tract and epithelial cells in the lungs were the major target. Compared to the swine virus, the AIV produced lower virus titers and fewer antigen positive cells at all levels of the respiratory tract. The respiratory part of the nasal mucosa in particular showed only rare AIV positive cells and this was associated with reduced nasal shedding of the avian compared to the swine virus. The titers and distribution of the AIV varied extremely between individual pigs and were strongly affected by the route of inoculation. Gross lung lesions and clinical signs were milder with the avian than with the swine virus, corresponding with lower viral loads in the lungs. The brainstem was the single extra-respiratory tissue found positive for virus and viral RNA with both viruses. Our data do not reject the theory of the pig as an intermediate host for AIVs, but they suggest that AIVs need to undergo genetic changes to establish full replication potential in pigs. From a biomedical perspective, experimental LP H5 AIV infection of pigs may be useful to examine heterologous protection provided by H5 vaccines or other immunization strategies, as well as for further studies on the molecular pathogenesis and neurotropism of AIVs in mammals.     

The molecular pathogenesis of endotoxic shock and organ failure

Sepsis is still associated with a high mortality rate. Septic shock and sequential multiple organ failure have a strong correlation with poor outcome. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays a pivotal role in the initiation of host responses to Gram-negative infection. A number of mediators, such as cytokines, nitric oxide and eicosanoids, are responsible for most of the manifestations caused by LPS, and circulatory failure, leukocyte-induced tissue injury and coagulation disorder appear to be critical determinants in the development of sequential organ failure. Although several anti-LPS or anti-cytokine clinical trials have been attempted, none of them has so far been successful.     

禽流感病毒跨种属感染人的机制研究进展

禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,简称AIV)不仅引起禽类感染和流行,而且可以打破种属屏障(speciesbarrier)、引起人或其他哺乳动物感染和传播。近年来对人呼吸道抗禽流感病毒感染的非特异屏障机制、禽流感病毒对人感染的机制研究不断取得新的进展。     

Biological heterogeneity, including systemic replication in mice, of H5N1 influenza A virus isolates from humans in Hong Kong

An H5N1 avian influenza A virus was transmitted to humans in Hong Kong in 1997. Although the virus causes systemic infection and is highly lethal in chickens because of the susceptibility of the hemagglutinin to furin and PC6 proteases, it is not known whether it also causes systemic infection in humans. The clinical outcomes of infection in Hong Kong residents ranged widely, from mild respiratory disease to multiple organ failure leading to death. Therefore, to understand the pathogenesis of influenza due to these H5N1 isolates, we investigated their virulence in mice. The results identified two distinct groups of viruses: group 1, for which the dose lethal for 50% of mice (MLD50) was between 0.3 and 11 PFU, and group 2, for which the MLD50 was more than 10(3) PFU. One day after intranasal inoculation of mice with 100 PFU of group 1 viruses, the virus titer in lungs was 10(7) PFU/g or 3 log units higher than that for group 2 viruses. Both types of viruses had replicated to high titers (>10(6) PFU/g) in the lungs by day 3 and maintained these titers through day 6. More importantly, only the group 1 viruses caused systemic infection, replicating in nonrespiratory organs, including the brain. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the replication of a group 1 virus in brain neurons and glial cells and in cardiac myofibers. Phylogenetic analysis of all viral genes showed that both groups of Hong Kong H5N1 viruses had formed a lineage distinct from those of other viruses and that genetic reassortment between H5N1 and H1 or H3 human viruses had not occurred. Since mice and humans harbor both the furin and the PC6 proteases, we suggest that the virulence mechanism responsible for the lethality of influenza viruses in birds also operates in mammalian hosts. The failure of some H5N1 viruses to produce systemic infection in our model indicates that multiple, still-to-be-identified, factors contribute to the severity of H5N1 infection in mammals. In addition, the ability of these viruses to produce systemic infection in mice and the clear differences in pathogenicity among the isolates studied here indicate that this system provides a useful model for studying the pathogenesis of avian influenza virus infection in mammals.     

Knock-in of the duck retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) into the Mx gene in DF-1 cells enables both stable and immune response-dependent RIG-I expression

Waterfowls, such as ducks, are natural hosts of avian influenza virus (AIV) and can genetically limit the pathogenicity. On the other hand, some AIV strains cause severe pathogenicity in chickens. It is suggested that differences in the pathogenicity of AIV infection between waterfowls and chickens are related to the expression of retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a pattern recognition receptor that chickens evolutionally lack. Here, we knocked-in the duck RIG-I bearing the T2A peptide sequence at the 3′ region of the Mx, an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG), in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (DF-1) using the precise integration into target chromosome (PITCh) system to control the duck RIG-I expression in chickens. The expression patterns of the duck RIG-I were then analyzed using qPCR. The knocked-in DF-1 cells expressed RIG-I via the stimulation of IFN-β and poly(I:C) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, poly(I:C) stimulation in the knocked-in DF-1 cells upregulated RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family signaling pathway-related genes IFN-β, OASL, and IRF7. The IFN-β-dependent expression of RIG-I and upregulation of IFN-β in the poly(I:C) stimulation demonstrated a positive-feedback loop via RIG-I, usually evident in ducks. Overall, this novel strategy established RIG-I-dependent immune response in chickens without overexpression of RIG-I and disruption of the host genes.