内冷可转位精铣球头铣刀的研制

模具多种复杂立体曲面的仿形加工,多采用硬质合金整体铣刀或高精度可转位精铣球头铣刀。本文通过对已有精铣球头铣刀结构的改造,在刀具内部形成了内冷通道,成功研制出带内冷功能的可转位精铣球头铣刀。切削实验研究表明,运用此带内冷功能的可转位精铣球头铣刀切削模具材料,在刀具正常磨损范围内,工件表面质量可稳定保持在R_a1.0μm以下,较不带内冷刀具,可以大幅提高加工表面质量,满足生产工艺要求。本研究成果具有生产成本低,适用性强的特点,可广泛应用于模具行业的曲面加工。     

外壳型芯的工艺优化及数控加工

为提高外壳凸模的加工质量和生产效率,在分析零件特点的基础上,通过精细划分切削区域,采用不同的加工方式高效的切削工件,减少加工时间;在精加工先加工底面后加工侧面的基础上,提出了底-侧面结合处增加0.01~0.02mm让刀设置,使刀具底刃和侧刃不同时参与切削,在提高零件表面质量的同时还能保护刀具。最后以UG NX9.0为软件平台,合理设置各项加工参数,生成了外壳凸模刀具路径,利用仿真加工,检验刀轨的可靠性,实践结果表明:通过此种工艺加工的零件,其表面质量和加工效率得到有效提高。为工程中同类零件的数控加工提供借鉴。     

3C产品铝合金外壳精饰表面切削加工技术研究

3C产品对精饰铝合金外壳切削加工表面质量有很高要求,主要量化指标就是表面粗糙度。采用PCD铣刀切削加工3C产品铝合金外壳精饰表面,对刀具刃口质量、几何参数和切削参数进行优化,尤其是严格控制刃口质量,可加工出表面质量高的3C产品铝合金外壳。     

新型Ta-C涂层铣刀切削性能研究

目的研究Ta-C涂层刀具与普通类金刚石涂层刀具切削2A50铝合金时的性能对比。方法通过实验比较两刃、四刃Ta-C涂层铣刀和两刃、四刃普通类金刚石涂层铣刀,在干式切削条件下切削2A50铝合金的性能。通过相同切削条件下刀具切削距离的长短,比较刀具的使用寿命,并在显微镜下观察切屑的表面形貌,用表面粗糙度仪检测铝合金表面的粗糙度。结果两刃Ta-C涂层铣刀干式切削铝合金时的使用寿命最长,切削距离为116 m。Ta-C涂层铣刀与普通类金刚石涂层铣刀加工工件的表面粗糙度总体呈上升趋势,两刃Ta-C涂层铣刀加工出来的工件表面质量较好,工件表面粗糙度均值为0.692μm。结论相同刀刃数量且结合力良好的涂层铣刀相比较,Ta-C涂层铣刀较普通类金刚石涂层铣刀加工出来的工件表面粗糙度平均值低,同种涂层加工得到的切屑表面微观形貌无明显差别。Ta-C涂层铣刀与普通类金刚石涂层铣刀切削铝合金时,抑制粘刀效果都十分明显,但Ta-C涂层铣刀效果更优。     

高速切削摩擦学研究

高速切削过程中的摩擦直接影响刀具失效(磨损和破损),刀具使用寿命、工件的加工精度以及已加工表面质量。文章综述了高速切削摩擦学研究进展,重点介绍了高速切削中刀-屑之间和刀-工之间的摩擦学特性,阐述了刀具前刀面与后刀面的磨损形态和磨损机理,以及高切削过程中的冷却/润滑条件和不同的切削环境对刀具和工件的影响。展望了高速切削摩擦学的发展方向。     

组合铣刀的离子渗硫

组合铣刀是广泛应用于加工齿轮的刀具,一般由高速钢制成。其硬度高,切削效率高,适合于大切削量的加工。在切削加工中,铁屑熔融易与刀头粘结,形成刀瘤,影响刀具的正常使用。同时,切削瞬时温度很高,刀头也易钝化,以致降低刀具的使用寿命和被加工工件的表面质量。组...     

基于Workbench的微织构刀具对铝合金切屑影响

针对6061铝合金切削过程中加工表面质量较差、切屑缠绕的实际情况,以仿生摩擦学理论为基础,利用ANSYS Workbench仿真软件,重点研究了刀-屑之间摩擦应力状况;同时,借助微织构硬质合金(WC-Co,YG8)刀具进行铝合金切削实验,研究不同尺寸和结构特征的微织构对铝合金切屑形貌的影响。研究结果表明:梯状微织构刀具尺寸为直径d=65μm、深度h=15μm时,刀屑之间最大摩擦应力下降21.8%,锯齿状切屑控制良好,齿高降幅52.5%,剪切角降幅31.6%,锯齿角降幅9.5%;存在细长型和粗壮型两种树杈状切屑,并得到良好控制,细长型切屑降幅达到95%,粗壮型切屑降幅87.5%,抑制效果明显。同时研究发现:微织构刀具下,切屑形貌严重影响加工表面质量,良好的切屑形貌,能够降低刀-屑之间镶嵌粘焊概率,减小加工过程中振幅和频率,使加工更加流畅,得到良好的加工表面质量。     

球头铣刀铣削斜面的三维有限元仿真研究

在能源动力、汽车、航空航天、模具制造等关键零部件的加工过程中,球头铣刀因其特有的刀具几何结构,常作为零件加工的最终成型刀具。考虑到在球头铣刀立铣加工中不同的刀具与工件相对姿态会对切削过程产生不同的影响,本文研究切屑形成和不同走刀方式下切削过程中各物理量(切削力、切削温度等)的变化情况,结合有限元仿真技术在切削加工中的应用,建立硬质合金球头铣刀铣削斜面的有限元模型,模拟相同切削参数下,八种不同走刀方式的球头铣削过程,分析刀具切入切出工件时切屑的形成过程,探究切削力和切削温度的变化规律。仿真结果表明:不同的走刀方式,平均切削合力各不相同,同时切屑和工件的最大切削温度也出现较大差异,而斜坡上坡逆铣的走刀方式所对应的平均切削合力和最大切削温度均最优。     

碳纤维/树脂基复合材料铣削表面粗糙度及表面形貌研究

目的研究了CFRP材料铣削加工过程中,部分主要工艺对CFRP材料加工表面质量的影响规律,为工艺参数优化,提高此类零件的表面质量提供依据。方法设计了CFRP材料铣削中的切削参数、刀具结构、加工方法与加工表面粗糙度及表面形貌之间的单因素试验。通过单调改变一个切削参数而其余切削参数不变,得到了工件表面粗糙度和表面形貌随切削参数、刀具结构、加工方法的变化规律。结果当铣削速度增大时,工件的表面粗糙度变化不大,表面微坑缺陷的数量却有所增加,但变小、变浅。当进给速度增大时,工件表面粗糙度呈上升趋势,表面缺陷也随之增加。无涂层多齿刀具铣削后的工件表面粗糙度最大,其次是金刚石涂层多齿刀具铣削的工件,最小的是金刚石涂层交错齿刀具铣削的工件。多齿刀具加工后的表面有较多的微坑缺陷,但普遍深度较浅且面积较小。交错齿刀具对分层缺陷的抑制作用最明显,但在左旋和右旋刀齿交错处容易出现较严重的加工缺陷。与普通机械加工方法相比,超声振动加工方法得到的工件表面质量较好,可以有效减少表面微坑缺陷,改善CFRP铣削加工表面质量。结论 CFRP材料铣削加工时,为了获得较好的加工表面质量,切削参数应选用较高的切削速度和较低的进给速度,切削刀具宜选用多齿带涂层刀具。和普通机械加工方法相比,超声振动铣削加工方法更为有利于获得好的表面质量。     

纳米金刚石涂层刀具高速铣削7075铝合金的工艺参数优化

采用热丝CVD法制备纳米金刚石薄膜涂层刀具,利用场发射扫描电子显微镜表征薄膜的表面形貌,并用已制备的CVD金刚石涂层刀具,在无润滑干切条件下高速铣削7075铝合金工件,对其精铣工艺参数进行单因素及正交试验,探索精铣后工件的表面粗糙度变化规律并进行工艺参数优化。结果表明:随着主轴转速n从5000 r/min提高到8000 r/min, 工件平均表面粗糙度在逐级缓慢降低;当进给速度v_f在1000～7000 mm/min范围内,随着v_f提高工件平均表面粗糙度快速增大,在v_f为7000 mm/min时,其值达1.790 μm;当轴向切削深度a_p在0.1～0.4 mm范围内,随着a_p提高,工件平均表面粗糙度逐步增大,但a_p在0.2 mm之后其增大趋势变缓。对7075铝合金工件精铣表面粗糙度影响最大的是v_f,其次为n,a_p的影响最弱;其精铣的最优参数组合是a_p=0.2 mm、v_f=1 000 mm/min、n=8 000 r/min,精铣后的表面粗糙度平均值为0.516 μm。选用纳米金刚石薄膜涂层刀具精铣7075铝合金时,为得到较低的表面粗糙度,应选择高主轴转速、低进给速度、合适的轴向切削深度。      

数控铣削加工刀具运动轨迹的实验研究

在加工复杂曲面时,利用数控铣削能获得比较高的表面质量,因此其应用非常广泛。不同的刀具运动轨迹与加工工件的表面质量和加工效率密切相关。通过实验比较不同的刀具运动轨迹和运动轨迹相同但步长和深度不同时对加工质量、加工效率等的影响。通过实验所得结论可为现场加工提供数据参考。     

切削刃数量对球墨铸铁铣削性能及表面形貌特征的影响

目的 提高球墨铸铁铣削表面质量和刀具寿命。方法 通过刀具轨迹计算和切削试验,研究球墨铸铁平面铣削过程中切削刃数量对切削性能、刀具磨损和表面形貌特征的影响,并用分形维数和表面粗糙度共同表征表面形貌。结果 刀具轨迹分析表明,由于铣削过程中,刀具切削方向和进给方向间的夹角不断变化,铣削表面不同位置和方向的表面形貌存在差异,进而导致表面粗糙度存在较明显的差异。通过铣削试验研究切削刃数量对铣削表面不同位置和方向的几何特征的影响规律发现,随着切削刃数量的成倍增加,切削力显著增加,同时刀具磨损量降低了36.5%,表面粗糙度值降低了39.2%,表面轮廓分形维数值增加了4.8%。结论 增加切削刃数量可以使每齿切削力和刀具磨损均显著减小,刀具寿命显著增加,同时表面粗糙度减小,分形维数增大,即切削刃数量的增加使表面质量更好,表面轮廓结构更复杂。     

Cutting force prediction in ball end milling of sculptured surface with Z-level contouring tool path

This paper presents an approach to predict cutting force in 3-axis ball end milling of sculptured surface with Z-level contouring tool path. The variable feed turning angle is proposed to denote the angular position of feed direction within tool axis perpendicular plane. In order to precisely describe the variation of feed turning angle and cutter engagement, the whole process of sculptured surface milling is discretized at intervals of feed per tooth along tool path. Each segmented process is considered as a small steady-state cutting. For each segmented cutting, the feed turning angle is determined according to the position of its start/end points, and the cutter engagement is obtained using a new efficient Z-map method. Both the chip thickness model and cutting force model for steady-state machining are improved for involving the effect of varying feed turning angle and cutter engagement in sculptured surface machining. In validation experiment, a practical 3-axis ball end milling of sculptured surface with Z-level contouring tool path is operated. Comparisons of the predicted cutting forces and the measurements show the reliability of the proposed approach.     

MasterCAM X7高速铣削及其三维编程的实现

高速铣削编程在MasterCAM X7中的使用,使机械零件数控加工的编程方法、加工质量和效率都有很大程度的改进和提高。通过运用这种编程方法,有助于实现机械零件高效精确的加工,同时减少刀具及机床的磨损。在三维零件加工编程中的使用,则可以方便地实现以往多步骤设置编程才能够达到的加工效果;不同加工策略的灵活运用,使复杂曲面的加工编程和刀具路径的生成更加稳定、可靠,加工质量和效率显著提高。     

Tool deflection compensation in peripheral milling of curved geometries

This paper presents compensation of surface error due to cutting force-induced tool deflections in a peripheral milling process. Previous research attempts on this topic deal with error compensation in machining of straight geometries only. This paper is concerned with peripheral milling of variable curvature geometries where the workpiece curvature changes continuously along the path of cut. In the case of curved geometries, both process geometry and the cutting forces have shown to have strong dependence on workpiece curvature and hence variation of surface error along the path of cut. This calls for a different error compensation strategy than the one which is normally used for machining straight geometries. The present work is an attempt to improve accuracy in machining of curved geometries by use of CNC tool path compensation. Mechanistic model for cutting force estimation and cantilever beam model for cutter deflection estimation are used. The results based on machining experiments performed on a variety of geometries show that the dimensional accuracy can be improved significantly in peripheral milling of curved geometries.     

An investigation into surface generation in ultra-precision raster milling

This paper presents a study of the factors that affect surface generation in ultra-precision raster milling. A series of experiments was conducted to study the effect of different factors on surface generation in ultra-precision raster milling. The results indicate that machining parameters, tool geometry, cutting strategy, and tool wear are the critical factors for achieving super mirror finish surfaces, while cutting strategies, tool path generation, and kinematic errors of the slides are vital to the form accuracy of freeform surfaces. The experimental results are useful for the diagnosis of systematic errors in machine tools, and the control of machining errors. Compensation strategies can be devised, and improvement can be made in the optimization of surface generation and hence the surface quality when using ultra-precision raster milling can be improved.     

玻壳屏凸模型面数控加工刀具运动轨迹研究

数控加工刀具运动轨迹是确定数控加工工艺的重要环节,刀具运动轨迹设计质量的好坏,直接影响零件的加工质量及加工成本。为此,进行了基于切削力波动控制的球头刀铣削刀具路径优选实验研究,提出了针对玻壳屏凸模表面及其相似形状特征的模具型面编程策略。     

Dynamic rotating-tool turning of micro lens arrays

Diamond micro milling of high-quality micro lens arrays suffers from low machining efficiency, due to the inevitable milling marks along tangential feed direction and the slow spiral tool path interpolated by multiple linear axes. In this article, an advanced cutting process is proposed, namely dynamic rotating-tool (DRT) turning, in which a U-axis attachment on a rotary stage is developed to enable synchronous cutter rotation and radial feed motions of a diamond turning tool. This method is experimentally verified and compared with milling, with significantly enhanced surface quality and machining efficiency, thus bringing a new perspective into ultra-precision machining.     

Optimum orientation of a torus milling cutter: Method to balance the transversal cutting force

In this paper, a new method for tool positioning in milling on torus cutters with round inserts is presented. A new criterion associated with balancing of the transversal cutting force is used to compute a tool orientation. The considered tool inclination is towards the back of the tool. In this case, all inserts work simultaneously and generate a continuous cutting phenomenon. Each of the inserts produces a transversal cutting force; some being positive while others are negative. A small tool axis inclination angle leads to balancing the transversal cutting force exerted on the tool and then reducing deflection and vibrations in milling operations. Firstly, this approach to the dynamic aspects relating to cutting forces in the milling process is significant for mould and die manufacturing since it allows polishing time to be reduced. In addition, as vibrations are reduced, enhanced surface quality can be obtained directly on free-form surfaces such as aeronautic fittings.