基于BP神经网络的核素快速识别算法

研究了基于NaI便携式γ谱仪的核素识别算法,包括能谱光滑去噪、峰位识别、峰边界确定、基于特征峰的核素定性识别。将BP神经网络引入核素识别当中,分别采用全谱识别法和特征向量识别法对核素进行识别。全谱识别法以γ能谱每道计数作为神经网络的输入值,能充分利用能谱数据,提高结果的准确性。特征向量识别法是对能谱进行小波包分解得到频域的若干个特征值,作为神经网络的样本,大大降低了输入维数,提高了训练速度。     

稀疏表示法提取γ能谱特征

针对γ能谱分析中重峰及强噪声背景下弱峰存在时特征提取困难的问题,提出了基于稀疏表示的γ能谱特征提取方法。采用匹配追踪算法提取能谱特征,获取能谱稀疏分解系数,然后使用所获特征训练模糊决策树,最后利用测试样本在所训练决策树中的识别准确率来验证特征提取效果。实验结果表明:该方法避免了传统的预处理过程,能有效地对γ能谱进行特征提取。     

基于深度神经网络的放射性废物桶γ能谱解析方法

在核电厂放射性废物桶测量中,为了解决传统γ能谱解析方法存在的核素误识别和峰面积计算精度较差的问题,提出了基于深度神经网络的γ能谱解析方法.深度神经网络以γ能谱全谱数据作为分析对象,无需传统方法的谱线平滑、寻峰等工作.利用蒙特卡罗模拟得到的γ谱线作为神经网络的数据集,在秦山核电一期200 L钢桶的三种不同介质内置5种γ源...     

基于支持向量机的复杂核素能谱识别

针对传统γ能谱识别方法对高本底、低分辨率的复杂γ谱解析效果不明显、准确率低等问题,提出了一种基于支持向量机的核素识别方法。通过能谱预处理方法,获取能谱特征信息,将核素库的建立与分类器的构造相结合,使用实际能谱进行验证。通过谱仪对3种核素的不同组合进行能谱实测,实验结果表明,通过支持向量机的分类方法,对实测混合核素的识别准确率达到94%以上。     

固定阈值脉宽法识别常见核素

介绍了采用固定阈值脉宽法识别常见核素的方法。该方法基于放大器输出的脉冲信号相对固定阈值的脉宽与信号幅度存在的对数对应关系,应用时间数字转换装置,测量核辐射脉冲信号固定阈值脉宽值并累积,得到能量经对数压缩过的能谱,并可由此能谱中的特征峰识别常见核素。利用NaI(T1)闪烁体探测器测试²⁴¹Am、¹³¹I、¹³⁷ Cs、⁶⁰Co等γ源,测试结果表明:相对于常见的基于ADC的能谱测量,固定阈值脉宽法具有电路简单、灵活、能量响应范围宽的优点。     

基于Windows CE的便携式核素识别仪的设计

为满足便携测量γ能谱并识别核素的功能要求,设计了一种基于Windows CE的手持便携式γ能谱核素识别仪。为了达到快速、准确识别核素的目的,根据Windows CE系统的轻便、性能稳定及功能丰富的特点,采用了基于RISC微处理器(Advanced RISC Machine Cortex-A8,ARM)的S5PV210嵌入式核心板作为主控板,定制底板、外扩通讯接口等,使得仪器轻巧便携、操作方便以及低功耗。在整机平台测试中,对处理程序中运用萨维茨基第一类滤波器的谱线光滑,对称零面积法寻峰以及核素识别等效果进行了评估。实验结果表明:仪器能快速、准确识别基本核素。     

FL-PFS法快速识别γ谱中低计数率核素

探讨了一种基于模糊逻辑与概率因子迭加算法识别γ谱中低计数率核素的分析方法。对²⁴¹Am、¹³³Ba、¹³⁷Cs、⁶⁰Co、¹⁵²Eu五种核素不同测试时长的多核素实测谱进行测试。结果表明,本算法随着迭加次数的增加,核素识别率迅速上升。概率因子迭加次数达到15次以上时,核素识别准确率增长趋势变缓,对不同测试样本的识别率均在98%以上。该算法比传统算法具有更高的识别率,尤其在对多核素混合的复杂核素谱识别方面表现出较强的优势。     

中子诱发TNT中轻核素反应的混合γ能谱模拟

用MCNP模拟了Am-Be中子源诱发土壤环境中爆炸物各组成核素形成的瞬发γ射线在Nal(T1)和BGO探测器中的能谱,得到H、C、N、O核素特征峰计数随爆炸物质量的变化关系,研究了土壤湿度对γ能谱的影响.通过对中子诱发爆炸物的瞬发γ能谱分析,发现N、C核素特征γ射线全能峰计数之比能较好识别含水环境下的爆炸物.     

OLAM网络对环境样品γ能谱核素活度的计算

基于OLAM网络学习机制及解谱原理,构造了能分析γ能谱中核素活度的网络.为获取单质核素能谱用于网络训练,采用解谱软件所提供的刻度方程模拟核素的特征能谱,并用其训练网络.用训练好的网络计算环境土壤样品中238U、226Ra、232Th、40K、137Cs等核素的活度,并将计算结果与SPAS-G解谱软件计算结果相比较.结果显示,两者的平均相对偏差绝对值为2.24%,表明网络的构造及特征能谱的模拟是成功的.     

核素识别仪中的自适应变换宽度SNIP算法开发

研究了一种应用于γ散射本底扣除的改进型非线性迭代剥峰算法(Statistics-sensitive Nonlinear Iterative Peak-clipping,SNIP)方法,该方法拟合了峰宽与能量的关系,并通过该关系实时获取峰宽,实现了变换宽度自适应,改善了固定峰宽无法对全谱的散射本底进行准确扣除的缺陷。实验结果表明:本文提出的自适应变换峰宽SNIP算法结构简单,动态效果好,与传统和其他改进的SNIP算法相比,γ能谱的散射本底扣除效果得到了进一步改善,并可以达到优化核素识别的效果,为核素识别方法提供了更多的选择。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.