Robust non-blind color video watermarking using QR decomposition and entropy analysis

Issues such as content identification, document and image security, audience measurement, ownership and copyright among others can be settled by the use of digital watermarking. Many recent video watermarking methods show drops in visual quality of the sequences. The present work addresses the aforementioned issue by introducing a robust and imperceptible non-blind color video frame watermarking algorithm. The method divides frames into moving and non-moving parts. The non-moving part of each color channel is processed separately using a block-based watermarking scheme. Blocks with an entropy lower than the average entropy of all blocks are subject to a further process for embedding the watermark image. Finally a watermarked frame is generated by adding moving parts to it. Several signal processing attacks are applied to each watermarked frame in order to perform experiments and are compared with some recent algorithms. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is imperceptible and robust against common signal processing attacks.     

A unique watermark for every image

We address image security issues by proposing a scheme for watermarking images or video at the camera. Each watermark is unique and identifies the owner, camera, and frame number. Application areas include the security industry (for proof of tampering) and commercial photography (for copyright protection)     

Multiresolution scene-based video watermarking using perceptualmodels

We present a watermarking procedure to embed copyright protection into digital video. Our watermarking procedure is scene-based and video dependent. It directly exploits spatial masking, frequency masking, and temporal properties to embed an invisible and robust watermark. The watermark consists of static and dynamic temporal components that are generated from a temporal wavelet transform of the video scenes. The resulting wavelet coefficient frames are modified by a perceptually shaped pseudorandom sequence representing the author. The noise-like watermark is statistically undetectable to thwart unauthorized removal. Furthermore, the author representation resolves the deadlock problem. The multiresolution watermark may be detected on single frames without knowledge of the location of the frames in the video scene. We demonstrate the robustness of the watermarking procedure to several video degradations and distortions     

一种新颖的基于非压缩数字视频的水印盲检测算法

数字水印是一种嵌入到多媒体数据中用来进行版权标识的工具。在众多的宿主媒体中，数字视频因具有隐藏容量大、透明性好、鲁棒性强等诸多优点而受到日益广泛的关注。但是很多文献中提到的视频水印都是从数据流中提取单帧图像进行处理，这类算法与静态图像的水印方法如出一辙，没有充分利用视频文件的各种特性。而且对帧平均、视频压缩等常见的运动图像攻击方法十分敏感。针对这些问题，本文以非压缩视频文件为实验对象，结合人类视觉模型和彩色图像场景分割的方法，提出并实现了一种基于视频时间轴的数字水印盲检测算法。实验结果表明算法有效实用。     

A Video Watermarking DRM Metho d Based on H.264 Compressed Domain with Low Bit-Rate Increasement

It gets more and more important for video copyright protection, it is necessary to provide e?cient H.264 compression domain watermarking for video Digital rights management(DRM). A new watermarking method based on H.264 compressed domain is proposed for video DRM, in which the embedding and extracting procedure are performed using the syntactic elements of the com-pressed bit stream. In this way, complete decoding is un-necessary in both embedding and extracting processes. Based on the analysis of the time and space, some appro-priate sub-blocks are selected for embedding watermarks, increasing watermark robustness while reducing the dec-lination of the visual quality. In order to avoid bit-rate increasing and strengthen the security of the proposed video watermarking scheme, only a set of nonzero coe?-cients quantized in different parts of macroblocks is chosen for inserting watermark. The experiment results show the proposed scheme can achieve excellent robustness against some common attacks, the proposed scheme is secure and e?cient for video content DRM protection.     

A blind scene-based watermarking for video copyright protection

Due to the replicable nature of video many illegal copies of the original video can be made. So it demands to deliver methods for preventing illegal copying. This paper identifies a new digital watermarking approach for copyright protection of video based on wavelet transformation. First, the motion part of color video is detected by scene change analysis, and then by applying 3D wavelet transformation over detected motion part, 10 sub-bands of wavelet coefficients are obtained. In order to insert the watermark, 3D coefficients of HL, LH and HH with their third level are selected. After all, by using a spread spectrum technique, the watermark is embedded into the selected wavelet coefficients. In extraction step, the original video is not needed, namely, blind detection. So, the resultant watermarking scheme can be used for public watermarking applications, where the original video is not available for watermark extraction. The experimental results show a good performance of the proposed method for transparency and robustness. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed method against various kinds of attacks such as median filtering, Gaussian noise, frame dropping, frame averaging, frame swapping and lots of lossy compression including MPEG-4, MPEG-2, and H.264 shows the fidelity of our claim.     

A blind watermarking algorithm based on fractional Fourier transform and visual cryptography

This paper presents a robust copyright protection scheme based on fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) and visual cryptography (VC). Unlike the traditional schemes, in our scheme, the original image is not modified by embedding the watermark into the original image. We use the visual secret sharing scheme to construct two shares, namely, master share and ownership share. Features of the original image are extracted using SVD, and are used to generate the master share. Ownership share is generated with the help of secret image (watermark) and the master share, using VC technique. The two shares separately give no information about the secret image, but for ownership identification, the secret image can be revealed by stacking the master share and the ownership share. In order to achieve the robustness and security, the properties of VC, FrFT and SVD are used in our scheme. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is strong enough to resist various signal processing operations.     

基于小波变换和神经网络的视频水印算法

针对视频版权的保护提出了一种基于三维小波变换和RBF神经网络的视频水印算法。本算法采用二值图像作为水印,对水印图像进行随机置乱预处理以增强其安全性能;对宿主视频进行视频分割,并分别对得到的各序列做三维DWT变换;把水印嵌入到经过三维变换的低频子带中,在水印提取过程中,结合RBF神经网络模型,而不需要原始图像,快速有效提取出水印。实验结果表明,该算法具有较强的不可见性,且针对帧压缩、旋转、滤波和比例缩放等具有良好的鲁棒性。     

Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models

The huge success of the Internet allows for the transmission, wide distribution, and access of electronic data in an effortless manner. Content providers are faced with the challenge of how to protect their electronic data. This problem has generated a flurry of research activity in the area of digital watermarking of electronic content for copyright protection. The challenge here is to introduce a digital watermark that does not alter the perceived quality of the electronic content, while being extremely robust to attack. For instance, in the case of image data, editing the picture or illegal tampering should not destroy or transform the watermark into another valid signature. Equally important, the watermark should not alter the perceived visual quality of the image. From a signal processing perspective, the two basic requirements for an effective watermarking scheme, robustness and transparency, conflict with each other. We propose two watermarking techniques for digital images that are based on utilizing visual models which have been developed in the context of image compression. Specifically, we propose watermarking schemes where visual models are used to determine image dependent upper bounds on watermark insertion. This allows us to provide the maximum strength transparent watermark which, in turn, is extremely robust to common image processing and editing such as JPEG compression, rescaling, and cropping. We propose perceptually based watermarking schemes in two frameworks: the block-based discrete cosine transform and multiresolution wavelet framework and discuss the merits of each one. Our schemes are shown to provide very good results both in terms of image transparency and robustness     

The use of watermarks in the protection of digital multimediaproducts

The watermarking of digital images, audio, video, and multimedia products in general has been proposed for resolving copyright ownership and verifying originality of content. This paper studies the contribution of watermarking for developing protection schemes. A general watermarking framework (GWF) is studied and the fundamental demands are listed. The watermarking algorithms, namely watermark generation, embedding, and detection, are analyzed and necessary conditions for a reliable and efficient protection are stated. Although the GWF satisfies the majority of requirements for copyright protection and content verification, there are unsolved problems inside a pure watermarking framework. Particular solutions, based on product registration and related network services, are suggested to overcome such problems     

关于数字图像的水印技术

随着多媒体技术和网络技术的广泛应用，对图像、音频、视频等多媒体内容的保护成为迫切需要解决的问题。数字水印技术是目前信息安全领域的一个新方向，是一种可以在开放的网络环境下保护版权和认证来源及完整性的新技术。本文在介绍了数字水印的基本要求的同时，给出了系统的框架，以及数字水印的原理和目前主要的应用领域，并探讨了数字水印的特点及其所受到的各种攻击方式，给出了典型算法，研究水印的嵌入、提取和检测并给出了模型，最后给出数字水印的研究方向。     

Watermarking Algorithm based on the DWT

Watermarking is considered as a desirable alternative for copyright protection of digital materials such as images, video and audio. Two kinds of watermarking algorithms are usually used: the watermarking algorithms using pseudorandom patterns and those using visual recognizable patterns. The main advantage of watermarking algorithms embedding a visual recognizable pattern, which can be the owner or provider logotype, is that after the extraction process the pattern can be visually recognized and then identified. In general the visual recognizable patterns has a large impact and less ambiguity during the copyright claim process as compared with the random patterns, however the amount of information required by the visual recognizable pattern is much larger than the amount of information required by the pseudorandom one, and then to achieve imperceptibility and robustness of the watermark is more difficult. This paper proposes a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) based watermark embedding algorithm for visual recognizable pattern which uses the relation between the human visual system and the DWT for embedding the watermark is such way that it becomes imperceptible and robust. Evaluation results show the desirable features of proposed scheme.     

基于LSB数字水印算法的研究与实现

作为信息隐藏技术的一个具体表现形式,数字水印是一种有效的数字产品版权保护和数据安全维护技术,在版权保护、＂指纹＂识别、拷贝保护、广播监视等方面有重要的应用[1]。用LSB算法对水印进行了嵌入和提取,并用Matlab实现了水印算法的仿真。通过仿真结果可以看出,LSB算法不影响原始图像的视觉效果,而且水印提取效果也较好,说明LSB算法具有较好的稳健性和良好的水印不可见性。     

Video scene characteristic detection to improve digital watermarking transparency

A new method of video scene content characteristic detection is proposed. This method can be applied in conjunction with digital watermarking schemes in order to improve the transparency. In addition, new methods of video watermarking are also proposed. Three related original aspects are reported. First, the authors' previous robust image watermarking methods, which consider the block texture are extended into video. In the detection process, watermark extraction with or without the original frame is provided. Secondly, a method is proposed to improve imperceptibility by reducing the flickering effect. Finally, a method is introduced to detect video scene characteristics in order to suit the particular embedding scheme. By doing so, the embedding method can be chosen adaptively in accordance with the video scene. The subjective tests illustrate an imperceptibility improvement and experiments with various attacks show the watermarking robustness.     

基于混沌的复倒谱域双重音频水印算法

为了增强水印的安全性,采用混沌理论对水印信息进行加密,在无法获知加密密钥的情况下,水印信息不能被完全获取。基于时域能量特点自适应选取嵌入帧,针对音频信号倒谱变换后倒谱系数的特征,利用统计均值调制的方法进行嵌入,提高了水印的不可感知性。并引入了多重水印的思想,在抵抗多重水印攻击的情况下,也给数字音频版权保护带来帮助。实验证明,该算法在随机剪切、抖动攻击等同步攻击下具有良好的鲁棒性。     

一种基于特征空间分解的非对称鲁棒水印方法

针对数字图像的版权保护,提出一种基于特征空间分解的非对称数字水印方法,即对数字图像的特征空间分解,将水印嵌入到最少受图像改变影响的子空间,使嵌入的水印具有鲁棒性.同时,因水印嵌入矩阵(密钥)与提取矩阵(公钥)不同,可公开除密钥外所有其它信息.通过对特征子空间选取限制,算法具有高的检测概率和安全性,低的虚警概率.仿真得到的结果,表明了算法具有好的鲁棒性.     

基于小波变换域的运动目标检测视频水印算法

针对现有视频水印算法稳健性不足的问题,结合人类视觉系统,提出一种基于小波变换域的运动目标检测视频水印算法。该算法首先将原始帧图像进行8×8分块,分别对每一子块进行Daubechies复杂小波分解,采用基于近似中值滤波的帧间差分法,有效地解决阴影、重影、噪声等问题,更加准确地检测运动目标并标记运动区域;然后对水印进行Arnold置乱和混沌加密预处理,来加强水印的安全性;最后将预处理后的水印自适应嵌入在运动区域和高纹理复杂区域中。实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的不可感知性,并对常见的视频攻击具有较好的稳健性。与现有三种算法的性能比较,说明了本算法的优越性。     

A new video watermarking algorithm based on 1D DFT and Radon transform

In this paper, we propose a new video watermarking algorithm based on the 1D DFT (one-dimensional discrete Fourier transform) and Radon transform. The 1D DFT for a video sequence generates an ideal domain, in which the spatial information is still kept and the temporal information is obtained. With detailed analysis and calculation, we choose the frames with highest temporal frequencies to embed the fence-shaped watermark pattern in the Radon transform domain of the selected frames. The adaptive embedding strength for different locations keeps the fidelity of the watermarked video. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by video compression standard H.264 with three different bit rates; geometric attacks such as rotation, translation, and aspect-ratio changes; and other attacks like frame drop, frame swap, spatial filtering, noise addition, lighting change, and histogram equalization. The main contributions of this paper are the introduction of the 1D DFT along temporal direction for watermarking that enables the robustness against video compression, and the Radon transform-based watermark embedding and extraction that produces the robustness against geometric transformations. One of the most important advantages of this video watermarking algorithm is its simplicity and practicality.     

Perceptual watermarks for digital images and video

The growth of new imaging technologies has created a need for techniques that can be used for copyright protection of digital images and video. One approach for copyright protection is to introduce an invisible signal, known as a digital watermark, into an image or video sequence. In this paper, we describe digital watermarking techniques, known as perceptually based watermarks, that are designed to exploit aspects of the the human visual system in order to provide a transparent (invisible), yet robust watermark. In the most general sense, any watermarking technique that attempts to incorporate an invisible mark into an image is perceptually based. However, in order to provide transparency and robustness to attack, two conflicting requirements from a signal processing perspective, more sophisticated use of perceptual information in the watermarking process is required. We describe watermarking techniques ranging from simple schemes which incorporate common-sense rules in using perceptual information in the watermarking process, to more elaborate schemes which adapt to local image characteristics based on more formal perceptual models. This review is not meant to be exhaustive; its aim is to provide the reader with an understanding of how the techniques have been evolving as the requirements and applications become better defined     

一种安全的数字视频水印算法

水印技术已成为国际上的研究热点,视频水印大量应用于版权保护、隐含标识、信息认证和隐蔽通信等。文中主要研究一种安全的数字视频水印系统,该系统基于一种视频帧的水印算法,使用二值图像作为水印信息,采用每帧索引的方法,能够很好地抵抗针对视频水印的攻击。此外,该系统使用NTRU加密,既能利用公钥来检测视频是否是正版产品,又能在遭受公钥攻击后,使用私钥进行版权认证。