吉林省双阳盆地油气地质条件研究

野外地质调查、地震剖面解释及双参1井钻探资料分析表明:吉林省双阳盆地下白垩统长安组湖相暗色泥岩分布广且厚度稳定,有机质丰度高,有机质类型以Ⅱ1型干酪根为主,有机质演化处于成熟阶段,生烃潜力好,是盆内好-最好烃源岩的有利烃源岩层位;此外,分布广泛的盆地基底中二叠统范家屯组暗色泥岩也有一定的生气能力。其与长安组发育的扇三角洲非常规致密储集层砂体及具有一定储集性能的安民组、金家屯组中酸性火山建造,形成了自生自储、上生下储、下生上储等有利生储盖组合;并与盆地中部的次级隆起共同构架了较为有利的中部油气聚集区带,具有一定的勘探前景。     

敦化盆地烃源岩特征与油气资源潜力

敦化盆地为一中新生代断坳叠合型裂谷盆地,油气勘探程度较低,为查明其烃源岩发育状况及油气资源潜力,在对煤田钻孔和露头样品系统化验分析与地震地质综合研究的基础上,分析了盆地发育的下白垩统、古近系、新近系3套湖相烃源岩的分布特征、有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质成熟度,用烃产率法估算出盆地的总生烃量为31.02×108t,总资源量为1.24×108t,下白垩统和古近系湖相泥岩为盆地的成熟优质主力烃源岩,说明该区具有形成中小型油气田的物质条件.     

中西非裂谷盆地白垩系两类优质烃源岩发育模式

中西非裂谷系位于非洲中部,主要为沿中非剪切断裂带分布的被动裂谷盆地,进一步划分为中非裂谷系和西非裂谷系。针对国内外对勘探程度极低的中西非裂谷盆地白垩系优质烃源岩展布、发育机理及油气成藏模式认识薄弱的现状,笔者在开展大量中西非裂谷盆地上、下白垩统两类烃源岩样品的主微量元素等地球化学分析的基础上,从含油气盆地构造、烃源岩发育古环境、古气候、古生产力和有机质保存条件等分析出发,剖析了不同类型含油气盆地优质烃源岩发育主控因素,分别建立了中、西非裂谷系低勘探程度含油气盆地下白垩统、上白垩统优质烃源岩的发育模式：中非裂谷盆地(Bongor、Muglad、Melut盆地)下白垩统裂陷期快速沉降、温暖湿润气候条件下,勃发的水生有机质(藻类)控制的深水湖相优质烃源岩“生产力”单因素发育模式;西非裂谷盆地(Termit盆地)上白垩统拗陷期海侵、炎热潮湿气候条件下,陆源有机质输入为主,优越的保存条件(偏咸水体)优质海相烃源岩 “生产力+保存条件”双因素控制的发育模式。从而进一步锁定富油气凹陷和主力成藏组合,有效指导含油气盆地内选区选带,助推油气规模储量发现。     

通化盆地下白垩统烃源岩石油地质特征及生烃潜力研究

通化盆地是松辽盆地东部外围的油气远景区之一,烃源岩发育特征和生烃潜力等问题未知,制约着盆地基础油气资源研究和后续油气资源勘探部署工作。为揭示通化盆地下白垩统烃源岩生烃潜力和页岩油气的赋存状态,在盆地内部署通地1井,对岩芯样品进行系统取样,完成了暗色泥岩有机质丰度、类型和成熟度的测试工作。实验结果表明,通化盆地下白垩统亨通山组暗色泥岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型为主,局部含有Ⅲ型,镜质组反射率分布范围为0.972%~1.127%,已进入大量生烃的成熟阶段;下桦皮甸子组暗色泥岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型以Ⅰ型为主,局部含有Ⅱ和Ⅲ型,镜质组反射率在0.986%~1.399%之间,已进入大量生烃的成熟阶段。其地球化学特征和世界上许多页岩油气田的烃源岩有相似之处,综合研究表明通化盆地下白垩统具有较好的常规油气和页岩气生成潜力。     

东尼日尔盆地Tenere坳陷上白垩统海相烃源岩评价及勘探潜力

东尼日尔盆地是中西非裂谷系中典型的中—新生代裂谷盆地。Tenere坳陷位于盆地西北部,包括西部凹陷、东Ⅰ凹陷和东Ⅱ凹陷。对Saha-1井上白垩统岩屑样品的分析揭示,干酪根显微组分以不发荧光或弱荧光的无定形体为主,岩石抽提物中C29甾烷优势明显,说明该井上白垩统泥岩有机质输入以陆源植物为主。岩石热解分析表明上白垩统Yogou组泥岩大多数为中等—好烃源岩,有机质以Ⅱ2-Ⅲ型为主,Donga组泥岩大部分为差—中等烃源岩,以Ⅲ型为主;岩石热解峰温指示烃源岩成熟门限深度为2300 m左右。生烃史模拟显示,Saha-1井Yogou组泥岩尚未开始生烃,Donga组在白垩纪末期开始生烃,下部已进入生气阶段。综合研究认为Tenere坳陷的西部凹陷勘探潜力较大,而东Ⅰ凹陷和东Ⅱ凹陷潜力有限。     

银-额盆地侏罗、白垩系油气超系统特征及其勘探方向

银－额盆地位于四大板块交汇拼合地带，发育于中生代板内拉分裂陷演化阶段，由一系列彼此分割相对独立的侏罗－白垩纪断陷湖盆群组成，发育典型的中生代侏罗，白垩系油气超系统。研究表明侏罗系油气超系统（主要为中下侏罗统）分布局限，煤系烃源岩发育较差，热演化程度高，自身储盖组合欠佳，因其与上覆下白垩统油气超系统的叠合，使得该油气超系统具有一定的含油气勘探远景。白垩系（主要为下白垩统）油气超系统分布广泛，湖相烃源岩发育，储盖组合良好，成藏配置较佳，尤以上白垩统－－第三系与下白垩统叠合的凹陷油气勘探前景最为乐观，下白垩统油气超系统中最有利的勘探方向位于多期叠合，埋藏较深的单断箕状凹陷的斜坡区。     

酒泉盆地青西凹陷油气地质特征及下步勘探方向

酒泉盆地油气勘探始于20世纪20年代,先后发现了老君庙、鸭儿峡、单北、白杨河等油田。盆地在中、新生代经历了早白垩世断陷盆地演化阶段和新生代前陆盆地演化阶段,为断拗叠置型盆地。断陷期的酒泉盆地下白垩统赤金堡组和下沟组为一套纹层状泥质白云岩和白云质泥岩,藻纹层比较发育,是优质的烃源岩。拗陷期盆地的快速沉降导致烃源岩快速成熟、高效生烃,为油气运移提供了动力,同时挤压逆冲对构造圈闭、油气运移通道的形成和储层物性的改善起着关键的作用,形成的窟窿山等多个正向构造带是油气富集的有利区带。青西凹陷存在低成熟、成熟、高成熟3类原油,低成熟原油仅分布于青西凹陷的下沟组上段至中沟组,成熟原油发生了大规模的运移,形成了柳沟庄、鸭儿峡—老君庙—石油沟油田,而深层高成熟原油没有大规模向中浅层运移,青西凹陷具有寻找高成熟原油的资源潜力。希望该研究成果可为青西凹陷下白垩统油气勘探提供经验与思路。     

东南沿海地区下白垩统烃源岩特征及油气潜力分析

通过对东南沿海地区下白垩统野外剖面的实际观测,结合对其有机质丰度、类型和成熟度的地球化学分析,研究了烃源岩特征,讨论了油气潜力.结果表明,中国东南沿海地区下白垩统发育有早晚两期泥页岩类烃源岩,早期可以福建地区的坂头组暗色泥岩为代表,晚期可以浙江地区的馆头组暗色泥岩和暗色钙质泥岩为代表;烃源岩的有机质丰度总体达到中等-好质量烃源岩标准,并且早期优于晚期;有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主,见Ⅱ型及Ⅰ型,晚期烃源岩好于早期;有机质热演化总体大部分进入高过成熟演化阶段,部分受火山作用影响较小的有机质尚处于成熟演化阶段;因此,综合评价认为,对于早期烃源岩,粤北地区成烃潜力较大,对于晚期烃源岩,浙江沿海和闽西地区的潜力较大.这一研究可能揭示了区域油气勘探的新领域.     

准噶尔盆地四棵树凹陷侏罗系烃源岩特征及油源分析

侏罗系是四棵树凹陷油气勘探的重要目的层,进一步查明侏罗系油气来源,落实生烃中心,对今后勘探选区选带十分重要。本文在对侏罗系烃源岩有机质丰度、类型、成熟度以及埋藏史和生烃潜力分析的基础上,开展了原油分类、油源对比及油气运移分析研究。结果表明,下侏罗统八道湾组主要发育湖相泥岩和河沼—三角洲相煤系两类烃源岩,有机质类型较好,丰度较高,主体处于低成熟—成熟阶段,局部演化程度高,生气潜力大;八道湾组具晚期快速埋藏生烃特点,四棵树凹陷主体以生油为主;生物标志化合物特征及其指纹对比发现,中侏罗统头屯河组含A、B两类原油,A类原油主要源自八道湾组中段湖相泥岩,生油母质以低等水生生物为主,B类原油的生油母质主要为高等植物,应主要来自八道湾组上、下段煤系地层;据三环萜烷/五环三萜烷和重排甾烷/规则甾烷反映出的运移效应推断,卡因迪克构造带以南至西湖构造之间存在八道湾组烃源岩的生油中心,是卡6井区和西湖1井头屯河组原油的主要供烃区,该区域是今后侏罗系勘探的有利区带。     

乍得Doseo盆地烃源岩评价与油源分析

中非裂谷系Doseo盆地是中石油海外重点勘探区块之一,目前油气勘探程度极低.本文基于Ximenia-1井和Kapok-1井131件岩屑和8件原油样品的系统有机地球化学分析,明确了研究区烃源岩生烃潜力和油气来源.由于受中非构造剪切带活动的影响,在Doseo盆地下白垩统Doba组、Kedeni组和Mangara组发育了半深湖—深湖相的优质烃源岩,其累计厚度可达500 m,烃源岩有机质丰度高(TOC＞3％),有机质类型好(Ⅱ1～Ⅰ型),但有机质成熟度整体偏低(钻遇烃源岩R.介于0.4％～0.8％之间),仅局部达到生排烃高峰阶段.分子标志化合物对比分析表明:原油成熟度普遍高于钻遇烃源岩成熟度,现有油气发现主要源自凹陷中Kedeni组下部或Mangara组上部成熟优质烃源岩,Doba组烃源岩未成熟,油气贡献有限.该研究成果有助于指导下一步油气勘探,助推油气规模储量发现.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.