颗粒增强铝合金基泡沫铝材料压缩性能的研究

利用熔体发泡法制备了颗粒增强铝合金基闭孔泡沫铝,进行了准静态压缩和动态压缩实验,并且与铝合金基泡沫铝的相关性能进行了比较.研究了不同相对密度的泡沫铝准静态压缩和动态压缩性能.添加颗粒能增强基体合金性能,改善泡沫压缩效果.结果表明,在动态压缩和准静态压缩中,随着密度增加,颗粒增强基泡沫铝的平台应力和弹性模量逐渐增大;动态情形下的能量吸收能力要高于准静态情形下的能量吸收能力.向熔体中添加适当比例的粉煤灰颗粒可产生显著的基体增强效果,有效提高泡沫铝的压缩性能.     

双马来酰亚胺泡沫的微观形貌与结构控制研究

以偶氮二甲酰胺(AC)为发泡剂制备了改性双马来酰亚胺(BMI)泡沫,用扫描电镜(SEM)对泡沫的微观形貌进行观察,研究泡沫的发泡过程及不同条件下泡沫的泡孔结构,包括密度、孔径、单位体积的泡孔数目、发泡倍率等。结果表明:改性的BMI泡沫是一种闭孔结构泡沫,其构型为排泄型十二面体。可通过发泡体系的黏度、温度和发泡剂含量控制BMI泡沫的结构,随发泡体系黏度的增加,泡沫密度,成核密度N0和单位体积的泡孔数目Nf增加,泡孔直径减小,均匀性变好。泡沫密度随发泡剂AC含量提高而降低,当AC含量超过7%(质量分数)时,泡沫密度反而上升。随发泡温度提高,泡沫密度降低,孔径增大,泡沫成型稳定性变差。     

闭孔EVA泡沫类静态缓冲性能的研究

目的 研究密度与应变率对闭孔EVA泡沫材料类静态缓冲性能的影响规律。方法 基于包装用缓冲材料静态压缩试验法和能量吸收图法,对密度为80、95、106、124和180kg/m³的闭孔EVA泡沫试样在不同应变率下进行类静态压缩试验,得到应力-应变曲线,基于此进一步处理得到相应的单位体积能量吸收、能量吸收效率、缓冲系数和最大比吸能等曲线,同时绘制试样类静态压缩过程中的能量吸收图。结果 闭孔EVA泡沫材料的密度越高,密实化应变越小,最大单位体积能量吸收越大;在压缩应变相同时,应变率越大,应力、单位体积能量吸收、能量吸收效率、最大比吸能越大;得到了5种密度闭孔EVA泡沫材料的本构方程和闭孔EVA泡沫材料的能量吸收图及其斜率与应变率的关系式;通过分析密实化应变与相对密度的关系,得到相关拟合公式。结论 密度与应变率对闭孔EVA泡沫材料的缓冲性能有着非常大的影响,在一定的应力水平下会有一个最佳的密度使得刚好能吸收完能量,并保护产品不破损,该最佳密度受应变率的影响,因此可以通过能量吸收图进行相关的缓冲包装优化设计。     

闭孔泡沫铝在动态加载下的压缩力学行为研究

为研究闭孔泡沫铝的动态压缩力学响应过程,基于典型泡沫铝试样的孔型和分布情况构建了Voronoi模型,根据实验结果验证了模型的准确性。基于LS-DYNA分析了目前泡沫铝常用的Kelvin模型和Voronoi模型之间的差异性,研究了加载速度、基体应变率效应和压缩惯性效应对闭孔泡沫铝变形模式和应力水平的影响规律。研究结果表明:Voronoi模型应力-应变水平和变形模式与实验结果拟合较好,内部结构比单胞阵列的Kelvin模型更趋真实合理;在低速压缩下,泡沫铝惯性效应基本上可以被忽略,而高速压缩下,受压缩惯性效应影响,泡沫铝平台应力随着加载速度的增大而增大;当考虑泡沫铝基体应变率效应时,泡沫铝平台应力水平会得到有效的改善,且泡沫铝整体呈现应变率效应。     

泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板面外压缩性能实验研究EI北大核心CSCD

对泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板的面外压缩性能及其影响规律进行了试验研究。将不同密度的聚氨酯泡沫以不同填充方式填充入不同边长的蜂窝胞元中,以不同的压缩速率对上述泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板进行准静态压缩试验,结果发现:蜂窝胞元边长显著影响泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板的面外压缩性能,初始峰值应力和平台应力均随着胞元边长的增大而减小;当使用低密度(高发泡倍率)的泡沫填充蜂窝纸板时,初始峰值应力和平台应力均优于高密度(低发泡倍率)泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板;部分填充和完全填充的泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板相对于未填充的蜂窝纸板的平台应力和吸能性能均有大幅提升,不但降低了初始峰值应力,还提高了平台应力,对面外压缩性能和缓冲性能改善明显;在2 mm/min^50 mm/min的压缩速率区间内,泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板面外压缩性能受压缩速率的影响不显著。本文的研究成果可为蜂窝纸板的合理使用及多目标优化提供依据。     

泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板面外压缩性能实验研究

对泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板的面外压缩性能及其影响规律进行了试验研究。将不同密度的聚氨酯泡沫以不同填充方式填充入不同边长的蜂窝胞元中,以不同的压缩速率对上述泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板进行准静态压缩试验,结果发现:蜂窝胞元边长显著影响泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板的面外压缩性能,初始峰值应力和平台应力均随着胞元边长的增大而减小;当使用低密度(高发泡倍率)的泡沫填充蜂窝纸板时,初始峰值应力和平台应力均优于高密度(低发泡倍率)泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板;部分填充和完全填充的泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板相对于未填充的蜂窝纸板的平台应力和吸能性能均有大幅提升,不但降低了初始峰值应力,还提高了平台应力,对面外压缩性能和缓冲性能改善明显;在2 mm/min~50 mm/min的压缩速率区间内,泡沫填充型蜂窝纸板面外压缩性能受压缩速率的影响不显著。本文的研究成果可为蜂窝纸板的合理使用及多目标优化提供依据。     

高温处理后闭孔泡沫铝压缩性能及变形机理

目的 探究温度和孔隙率对闭孔泡沫铝材料压缩力学性能和变形机理的影响。方法 将孔隙率为84.3%～87.3%的泡沫铝试件在温度25～700 ℃内进行加热处理,对处理后的试样开展准静态压缩实验。结果 在准静态压缩条件下,闭孔泡沫铝材料在不同温度加热处理后的压缩应力–应变曲线均经历了3个阶段:弹性阶段、塑性平台阶段和密实阶段。孔隙率从87.3%减小到84.3%时,其弹性模量增大了44.4 MPa,屈服强度增大了0.39 MPa,平台应力增大了0.94 MPa。孔隙率为84.3%的泡沫铝,在25 ℃时,其弹性模量为141.4 MPa、屈服强度为4.25 MPa、平台应力为4.75 MPa;当加热温度为500 ℃时,弹性模量减小到了128.0 MPa、屈服强度减小到了4.22 MPa、平台应力减小到了4.51 MPa。结论 泡沫铝的弹性模量、抗压屈服强度和平台应力均随孔隙率的增加而减小;加热温度低于500 ℃以下时,泡沫铝材料力学性能变化很小,但屈服强度和弹性模量均小幅度降低;在压缩载荷下,泡沫铝的变形破坏模式呈现出先从试件铝基体较薄弱部分产生孔壁塑性变形、孔洞坍塌,并逐渐出现断裂压缩带,直至泡沫铝孔洞完全坍塌密实。     

梯度泡沫金属的冲击吸能特性

基于闭孔泡沫铝的显微CT扫描信息,考虑胞孔的不规则形貌及胞孔分布的不均匀性,以及胞孔尺寸和壁厚沿泡沫高度的梯度分布,建立了梯度泡沫金属材料的二维细观有限元模型,分析了梯度泡沫金属材料在动态压缩过程中的变形、塑性波的传播和能量变化特征。对于平均相对密度0.3、平均梯度系数0.4的梯度泡沫铝,低速（10 m/s）加载时,梯度泡沫金属在变形的整个过程中吸收的总能量均低于均匀泡沫金属;高速加载时,梯度泡沫金属沿负梯度方向压缩的早期吸能比均匀泡沫金属有优势,而且速度越高,优势越明显。     

泡沫材料微结构设计与弹性性能分析

采用球填充算法对两组真实泡沫材料微结构进行模型拟合,分别获得基于Laguerre模型的各向异性开孔泡沫材料与各向同性闭孔泡沫材料的微结构;同时结合Laguerre算法编程与有限元软件ABAQUS,开发了泡沫材料微结构的仿真软件VirtualTPS。最后讨论了低密度范围内,不同胞体体积变异系数与基体相对密度对泡沫结构相对弹性模量的影响,其数值分析结果表明,泡沫材料的相对弹性模量随体积变异系数变化较小,与相对密度呈幂指数关系。     

小孔径泡沫铝研究进展

泡沫铝的性能与孔径有着直接的关系,随着气孔孔径的减小,泡沫铝的弹性模量、屈服强度、能量吸收能力、吸音性能以及电磁屏蔽效能都得到提高.对小孔径泡沫铝的理想模型、性能、制备方法以及影响孔径大小的因素进行了综述,并提出了小孔径泡沫铝制备的一些关键问题.     

闭孔泡沫铝的力学性能和吸能能力

在闭孔泡沫铝准静态压缩试验的基础上,研究了其力学性能、吸能能力。结果表明,闭孔泡沫铝单轴压缩应力-应变曲线呈现线弹性变形、塑性平台阶段、致密化阶段3个阶段;闭孔泡沫铝的压缩强度、吸能能力随着孔隙率的增大而减小,采用Gibson-Ashby模型分析闭孔泡沫铝的压缩屈服强度,吻合良好。并在此基础上,提出可供工程使用的多孔泡沫金属吸能能力公式,为其工程应用提供理论支持。     

Experimental and numerical study of the elastic properties of PMI foams

The elastic properties of polymethacrylimide (PMI) foams were investigated experimentally and numerically. Standard tests were carried to measure the mechanical properties of ROHACELL^? WF and RIST grades foams. The tetrakaidekahedral unit cell was adopted to generate a 3D representative volume element (RVE) for the microstructure of PMI foams. It is assumed that the RVE represents the foam within the framework of elasticity. The RVE models thus created were analyzed with periodic boundary conditions to obtain the elastic properties of PMI foams by using finite element analysis (FEA). The numerical results were compared with the experimental data and the prediction of existing theoretical models, and the proposed model was found to give the best prediction for the effective modulus of PMI foams. Parameter studies were also carried out using the RVE models to investigate the effect of the foam cell size and cell thickness on the effective modulus of PMI foams.     

Prediction of compressive properties of closed-cell aluminum foam using artificial neural network

The design of artificial neural network (ANN) is motivated by analogy of highly complex, non-linear and parallel computing power of the brain. Once a neural network is significantly trained it can predict the output results in the same knowledge domain. In the present work, ANN models are developed for the simulation of compressive properties of closed-cell aluminum foam: plateau stress, Young’s modulus and energy absorption capacity. The input variables for these models are relative density, average pore diameter and cell anisotropy ratio. Database of these properties are the results of the compression tests carried out on aluminum foams at a constant strain rate of 1 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹. The prediction accuracy of all the three models is found to be satisfactory. This work has shown the excellent capability of artificial neural network approach for the simulation of the compressive properties of closed-cell aluminum foam.     

Dynamic crushing behavior of 3D closed-cell foams based on Voronoi random model

Dynamic crushing responses of three-dimensional cellular foams are investigated using the Voronoi tessellation technique and the finite element (FE) method. FE models are constructed for such closed-cell foam structures based on Voronoi diagrams. The plateau stress and the densification strain energy are determined using the FE models. The effects of the cell shape irregularity, impact loading, relative density and strain hardening on the deformation mode and the plateau stress are studied. The results indicate that both the plateau stress and the densification strain energy can be improved by increasing the degree of cell shape irregularity. It is also found that the plastic deformation bands appear firstly in the middle of the model based on tetrakaidecahedron at low impact velocities. However, the crushing bands are seen to be randomly distributed in the model based on Voronoi tessellation. At high impact velocities, the “I” shaped deformation mode is clearly observed in all foam structures. Finally, the capacity of foams absorbing energy can be improved by increasing appropriately the degree of cell shape irregularity.     

Cell structure and compressive behavior of an aluminum foam

The plastic collapse strength, energy absorption and elastic modulus of a closed cell aluminum foam are studied in relation to cell structures. The density, node size and the cell wall thickness of the aluminum foams decrease with increasing cell size. The failure of the foam cells under compressive load progresses successively from the top or/and bottom to the mid-layer of the compression specimens, and no initial rupture of the foam cells is observed in the mid-height of the foam samples. When foam density increases from 0.11 to 0.22 g/cm ³, the plastic collapse strength rises from 0.20 to 1.29 MPa, while the elastic modulus of the closed cell aluminum foam increases from 0.70 to 1.17 GPa. In contrast, the energy absorption of the foams decreases rapidly with increasing cell size. When cell size increases from 4.7 to 10.1 mm, the energy absorption drops from over unity to 0.3 J/cm ³. The normalized Yong’s modulus of the closed cell aluminum foam is E^*/E_s = 0.208 (ρ^*/ρ_s), while the normalized strength of the foams, σ */σ_s is expressed by σ */σ_s = c ⋅ ρ */ρ_s where c is a density-dependent parameter. Furthermore, the plastic collapse strength and energy absorption ability of the closed cell aluminum foams are significantly improved by reducing cell size of the aluminum foams having the same density.     

具有开孔泡沫骨架的双连续相复合材料弹性模量的理论预测

基于具有开孔泡沫骨架的双连续相复合材料(IPC)的细观结构,提出了一种十四面体弹性地基梁力学模型,结合最小势能原理推导了该IPC的弹性模量预测公式。根据文献给出的实验材料参数进行算例分析,结果表明,理论估算结果与实验值吻合良好,证明了该模型的有效性。在此基础上,进一步讨论了不同骨架材料体积含量和支柱截面形状对IPC弹性模量的影响。本文给出的半经验理论模型为表征具有开孔泡沫骨架的IPC的弹性性能提供了新思路,也为进一步预测IPC的强度性能和热物理性能奠定了基础。     

纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料的力学性能

为研究纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料的力学性能,采用Voronoi随机泡沫模型对闭孔泡沫材料的细观几何结构进行模拟,并将纳米纤维随机分布在泡沫材料的胞壁中,利用改进的自动搜索耦合（ASC）技术将纤维单元与基体单元进行耦合,建立了能够反映纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料细观结构的数值模型。在此基础上,进一步研究了泡沫模型随机度、相对密度以及纳米纤维长径比和质量分数对纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料弹性模量与屈服强度的影响规律。结果表明:由所建立的数值模型得到的纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料的弹性模量和屈服强度与实验值吻合较好;提高泡沫模型的随机度会使复合泡沫材料的弹性模量和屈服强度增加,而当随机度达到0.450以后,材料的弹性模量和屈服强度几乎不再发生变化;当相对密度在0.05~0.30范围内变化时,复合泡沫材料的弹性模量与屈服强度几乎随相对密度的增加呈线性增长;提高纳米纤维长径比和质量分数也会使材料的弹性模量和屈服强度得到提高,但当纤维长径比达到500以后,纤维长径比的增强作用逐渐减弱。所得结论对纳米纤维增强闭孔泡沫材料的制备具有重要意义。      

Nonlinear material behaviour and failure of closed-cell polymer foams

Classical strength criteria, like the von Mises criterion, are used to postulate the failure of ductile materials like steel or brass. It is known that for the application of foams in modern lightweight structures extended criteria are required, since foams are sensitive to hydrostatic stress. This observation on the macroscale can be explained by the deformation mechanisms of one single foam cell. Under hydrostatic stress, the deformation of the cell causes a non-uniform stress state of the cell walls. To understand the mechanism on the microlevel, a finite element model on the basis of a tetrakaidecahedron as unit cell was implemented. Utilising a strain energy-based homogenisation concept, the effective properties of the foam can be obtained. To adapt the geometric properties of the model to the real microstructure of the foam, results of a computer tomography image analysis were used by considering several imperfections in the cell geometry. For the analysis of the stress state on the microlevel, different load cases were applied to the unit cell. By means of these simulations, the geometrically nonlinear stress–strain curves on the macrolevel were deduced. Furthermore, the analysis of the finite element model provides an insight into the deformation mechanism on the microscale and allows the prediction of failure as well. Finally, the predicted failure points are represented in the Burzyński plane and compared with experimental results. The current paper focuses on the hard foam ROHACELL\({^{\circledR}}\) IG-series (industrial grade), which is a closed-cell PMI foam produced by Evonik Industries AG, Germany.