提升管内密相颗粒团的运动行为

引　言对提升管中的微观流动结构及气固微观流动行为的研究将有助于对提升管反应器特性的认识 ,并可为新型、高效流化床反应器的设计提供思路 .提升管反应器中颗粒存在严重的聚集现象 ,研究者发现[1～ 4 ] ,提升管中局部位置上固含率概率密度分布呈现双峰形式 ,双峰分别对应于低固含的稀相与颗粒密集的颗粒团 ,提升管中的微观相结构为稀相与密相颗粒团共存 .文献 [5 ]中对稀相中的颗粒的运动行为进行了定量的、详细的研究 ,作者通过对颗粒速度瞬时信号的分析 ,获得了颗粒速度概率密度分布 .提升管局部位置上颗粒速度的概率密度分布也呈现双…     

提升管-下行床耦合反应器内颗粒混合行为

引　言循环流化床中气固两相的流动有两种不同的方式 :提升管中为气固并流上行的逆重力场运动 ,下行床中为气固并流下行的顺重力场运动 .其差异表现为提升管内颗粒浓度、速度以及气体速度在径向上严重的不均匀 ,颗粒浓度概率密度分布以及速度的瞬时信号都表明了颗粒团 -空穴两相结构的存在[1] ,一些研究[2 ,3] 还发现提升管中颗粒的停留时间分布 (ＲＴＤ)曲线存在较大的拖尾甚至出现双峰 ,研究者认为提升管内存在弥散颗粒和颗粒团两种不同的混合机理 ;下行床则比提升管大大改善 ,气固速度、颗粒浓度沿径向分布要均匀得多 ,颗粒的ＲＴＤ曲线…     

用于四氯化钛生产的复合式气力输送反应器的一维模拟—I. 数学模型

复合式气力输送反应器是一种将提升管和多颗粒气力输送床串联使用的新型反应器,其中多颗粒气力输送床是由循环床叠加在密相湍床上形成的,适合于所需单程反应时间较长且需颗粒间、气固间作用力较大-防粘结、提高传质效率等的气固反应体系. 本工作用一维流化床反应器模型研究了用于四氯化钛生产的复合式气力输送反应器的反应性质,其中气体成分在泡相和乳相间的扩散速率通过气泡聚并模型进行计算并用粒子数平衡模型(Population balance)模拟颗粒沿轴向的粒径分布变化. 该模型可以同时获得反应温度、床内颗粒组成、气体成分、颗粒扬析量、反应效率等对生产非常重要的指标参数.     

用于四氯化钛生产的复合式气力输送反应器的一维模拟—I. 数学模型

复合式气力输送反应器是一种将提升管和多颗粒气力输送床串联使用的新型反应器，其中多颗粒气力输送床是由循环床叠加在密相湍床上形成的，适合于所需单程反应时间较长且需颗粒间、气固间作用力较大-防粘结、提高传质效率等的气固反应体系. 本工作用一维流化床反应器模型研究了用于四氯化钛生产的复合式气力输送反应器的反应性质，其中气体成分在泡相和乳相间的扩散速率通过气泡聚并模型进行计算并用粒子数平衡模型(Population balance)模拟颗粒沿轴向的粒径分布变化. 该模型可以同时获得反应温度、床内颗粒组成、气体成分、颗粒扬析量、反应效率等对生产非常重要的指标参数.     

密相提升管内颗粒速度与颗粒浓度分布及发展特性

为研究高密度提升管气固流动结构分布规律及其发展特性,在自建的18 m高循环流化床提升管系统中测定了不同气速和固体循环速率下的颗粒浓度分布.结果表明,在低颗粒循环速率(Gs)下颗粒浓度由底部浓相区单调降低并趋于稳定;在高Gs下颗粒浓度在底部浓相区内先增加后降低,沿提升管向上趋于稳定的发展趋势.径向上颗粒浓度分布呈现"中心...     

提升管-流化床耦合反应器颗粒约束返混区的流动特性及约束作用分析

针对催化汽油辅助反应器改质降烯烃工艺,在一套提升管-流化床耦合反应器大型冷态实验装置上,系统研究了提升管出口段的颗粒流动特性,通过定义约束指数R_i（R_i为颗粒约束返混区实际截面平均固含率与理论截面平均固含率之比）定量反映提升管出口分布器及流化床层的约束作用。结果表明,与常规提升管相比,耦合反应器提升管出口存在一个颗粒约束返混区,其长度主要受表观气速、颗粒循环强度及上部流化床内颗粒静床高度影响;由于出口设置了倒锥形分布器,使得颗粒约束返混区靠近提升管出口区域在表观气速较低和颗粒循环强度较大时,局部固含率最大值出现在量纲 1半径Φ＝0.7处;颗粒约束返混区的约束指数在靠近出口的过程中逐渐增大,气固流动受到分布器及上部流化床层的约束作用亦逐渐增强。     

循环流化床脱硫器气固两相流动的数值模拟

以双流体模型为基础,结合颗粒动力学理论,对下部装有文丘里气体分布器的新型循环流化床脱硫反应器内气固两相流动特性进行了数值模拟.为全面描述气固两相的相互作用以及固相的出现对气相湍流作用的影响,模型中引入了物理意义上更加合理的源项公式,并与实验值进行了比较,模拟计算值与实验值吻合良好,验证了双流体模型方程的适用性.计算结果表明:由于文丘里管特殊结构的影响,流化床提升管内颗粒浓度分布非常不均匀,颗粒速度沿提升管高度发生强烈变化,流动非常复杂,研究结果为进一步优化循环流化床脱硫反应器入口结构打下了基础.     

新型循环流化床反应器研究进展

开发新型循环流化床反应器始终是流态化领域研究的热点。本文首先简介了循环流态化的基本原理以及床层内部流体动力学特性,然后从装置构型、操作工况、流动特性以及应用前景等方面综述了近年来新型循环流化床反应器技术的研究进展,并对其进行了系统分类:高密度循环流化床和循环湍动流化床在实现提升管增浓的基础上,极大地改善了流化床体系中明显的不均匀时空流动结构,但是各有弊端,例如高密度循环流化床(HDCFB)中颗粒沿径向混合有很大的梯度,循环湍动流化床(CTFB)中存在强烈的轴向返混以及颗粒停留时间较长,且两者整体偏低的颗粒浓度进一步限制了其在两段提升管催化裂解多产丙烯(TMP)等生产低碳烯烃工艺的应用;变径提升管反应器、内循环型提升管反应器以及多流型提升管反应器等新型反应器将提升管高效的气力输送特性与密相床内较高的颗粒浓度、高效的热质传递等优点相互耦合,在提升管内既能实现高密度输送又能形成均匀的流动结构,消除反应环境对产品分布的影响。最后指出,新型循环流化床的研究应从改善流动结构、发展优化组合技术以及建立统一流动模型3个方面着手。     

流化床-提升管耦合反应器内沥青颗粒的流动特性

针对重油残渣(沥青颗粒)气化制氢工艺,在流化床-提升管耦合反应器大型冷模实验装置上,考察了不同操作条件下沥青颗粒体系在耦合反应器内截面平均密度的轴向分布. 结果表明,对单组分沥青颗粒体系,耦合反应器适宜的操作条件为：提升管表观气速ug,r=0.70~1.76 m/s;与A类颗粒相比,沥青颗粒在耦合反应器内的流动特性呈现不同的特点,整个反应器沿轴向可分为底部流化床密相区、提升管底部低密度区、提升管颗粒密度重整区、提升管加速区、充分发展区和出口约束区6个区域;反应器内截面平均密度随颗粒质量流率增大而增大,随表观气速增大而减小;确定了耦合反应器内提升管区域截面平均固含率的影响参数为ep', Fr及H/Dr,并利用实验数据回归了平均固含率的轴向分布经验模型,其计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

气固错流移动床高温煤气脱硫过程模拟

在合理假设的基础上，考虑过程的传质和传热，建立了气固错流移动床反应器的数学模型，并采用数值模拟计算方法分析了过程的操作特点．结果表明，由于气固错流接触的特点，气固反应区沿颗粒移动方向逐渐向气体出口侧偏移，在竖直截面上气体浓度存在较大的差异，固体颗粒出口处脱硫剂转化率呈一定的分布．能量衡算表明，反应区温度变化不大，即使考虑到脱硫剂颗粒温度变化，也不会对反应造成太大的影响．在保证高脱硫率的基础上，减小出口脱硫剂转化率分布，提高脱硫剂利用率是反应器优化的关键．     

内构件存在时提升管内流动及颗粒混合行为研究

he hydrodynamics and solids mixing behavior in a riser with blunt internals are studied. A uniform radial distribution for solids fraction and particle velocity achieves near the internals. The turbulent velocity of particles near the wall increases with the addition of the internals, with the lateral solids mixing enhanced significantly. Probability density distribution of particle velocity is bimodal in the riser with internals, which is similar to that in the conventional riser, indicating that no significant difference in the micro flow structure exists between the riser with internals and the conventional riser. At the same time, the axial solids mixing behavior changes insignificantly with the addition of internals. These results indicate that the micro flow structure in the riser is very stable, which changes insignificantly with the change of the bed structure.     

Profiles of particle velocity and solids fraction in a high-density riser

Radial profiles of particle velocity and solids fraction in a high density circulating fluidized bed (HDCFB) at average cross-sectional solids fraction up to 0.21 were measured by an improved optical fiber laser doppler velocimeter and an optical fiber density sensor. The axial development of these radial profiles and the influence of operating conditions on the profiles were examined. The results showed that similar radial profiles of solids fraction exist in the HDCFB. The following Boltzman function can correlate well the solids fraction profile: (1 − )/(1 − ) = 2.2 − (2)/(1 + exp(10·r/R −7.665)). The radial profiles of particle velocity in HDCFB can also be described by the Boltzman function, that is, (V_p)/ (U_g) = (2.7)/(1 + exp(10·r/R −10·X_o) − 0.2). The Boltzman profiles of particle velocity in the high density operating regime was different with the parabolic shape operating in dilute phase regime. The local particle fluctuation velocity in the center of the riser increases with average solids concentration, while the fluctuation velocity decreases sharply as the radial position near the wall.     

内构件对高密度提升管内流体力学及径向气体混合的影响

Effect of bluff internals on the hydrodynamics and lateral gas mixing was studied in a 0.186m ID high-density riser. With the bluff internals, the extremely non-uniform radial profiles of solid fraction and particle velocity become flat and the dense downflow layer near the wall disappears, indicating the significant enhancement of solid turbulence introduced by the internals. The fluctuation velocity and solid fraction transient signal analysis indicates a significant increase in fluctuation intensity near the wall region. The length influenced by the internals on the flow structure is about 1 meter. The lateral gas dispersion coefficient increases significantly as the bluff internals exist in the riser.     

高密度液固循环流化床流动特性研究及数值模拟

在φ80 mm×8000 mm的液固循环流化床提升管中,利用实心玻璃珠和常温水,采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法对高密度液固循环流化床的流动特性进行了考察。实验发现,高密度液固提升管中,颗粒固含率和颗粒速度径向分布均为抛物线分布,轴向平均固含率分布总体上为下浓上稀的波动形式分布,颗粒在提升管中的流动表现出加速-减速-再加速直至充分发展的过程。这种分布特征与较高颗粒浓度、较高表观液速和颗粒循环速率及喷管式液体分布器的影响有关。液固提升管中固体颗粒的停留时间分布曲线均为尖而窄、较对称且没有明显拖尾的单峰分布,这表明颗粒基本是以弥散颗粒形式存在,颗粒停留时间分布较为均匀。通过将数值模拟结果与实验结果进行比较发现,模拟值与实验值吻合较好,说明所建立的数学模型较为合理,进一步通过数值模拟实验对颗粒密度和颗粒粒径对流动特性的影响规律进行了考察。     

大型循环流化床流动结构分析

采用双光路光纤密度探头和激光多普勒测速仪测量了内径418mm,高18m的大型循环流化床提升管和下行床中的瞬态颗粒浓度信号和颗粒速度信号.对瞬态颗粒浓度和颗粒速度的概率密度分布分析表明,下行床中存在着和提升管中不同的微观流动结构,在提升管内流动结构存在明显的两相：即颗粒团相和空穴相,两相的固含率分别为接近1-ε_mf和0.01～0.02.而在下行床中,虽然在边壁也存在着颗粒的团聚行为,但不能形成稳定的、固含接近于起始流化状态固含值的颗粒团相.这种流动结构的区别揭示了下行床中气固顺重力场运动和提升管逆重力场运动在流动机制上的差异.     

CFD SIMULATION OF THE GAS-SOLID FLOW IN THE RISER OF A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED WITH SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

A comprehensive investigation was carried out to study hydrodynamics aspects of secondary air injection in circulating fluidized beds. This article presents modeling and results of computational fluid dynamics simulations of gas-solid flow in the riser section of a laboratory-scale (ID = 0.23 m, height = 7.6 m) circulating fluidized bed with a radial secondary air injector. The gas-solid flow model is based on the two-fluid (Eulerian-Eulerian) approach, where both gas and solids phases are treated as interpenetrating continua. A granular kinetic theory model is used to describe the solids phase stresses. The simulation results are compared with measured pressure drop and axial particle velocity profiles; reasonable agreement is obtained. Qualitatively, excellent agreement is obtained in predicting the increase in solids volume fraction below secondary air ports, the accumulation of solids around the center of the riser due to momentum of secondary air jets, and the absence of the solids down-flow near the wall above the secondary air injection ports, which are the prominent features of secondary air injection observed in the experiments.     

Experimental study of the effect of internals on optimizing gas-solid flow in a circulating fluidized bed

The solids concentration in a circulating fluidized bed of flue gas desulfurization (CFB-FGD) is low, and the gas-solid mixing needs to be strengthened to improve the reaction efficiency. The addition of internals in a square CFB-FGD is studied here. Different sizes of wedge-shaped internals were set in the middle of the riser on opposite sides of the bed, at same height or at different heights. By comparing the concentration distributions, we found that positioning the internals at different heights is more effective in increasing the density of the center region. By observing the radial distribution of the fractal dimension, we found that a strong degree of turbulence can improve the gas-solid mixing. A larger upper/smaller lower arrangement of the internals with a moderate apparent gas velocity provided the best flow field, with increased concentration gradients and improved gas-solid mixing.     

Influence of ring-type internals on axial pressure distribution in circulating fluidized bed

In order to improve non-uniform radial and axial flow structure of a circulating fluidized bed, the influence of ring-type internals on the axial pressure distribution and gas—solids flow structure in a riser of 7.6 cm in diameter and 3 m in height was investigated experimentally. Four different opening areas, 70%, 80%, 90% and 95%, were used and the superficial gas velocity and solids circulation rate were in the ranges of 5 to 10 m/s and 20 to 233 kg/m²·s, respectively. With the presence of internals, the axial pressure gradient distribution shows the formation of a zigzag type profile instead of the regular exponential or S-shape profile and the bottom acceleration region is shortened. The opening ratio of the rings plays an important role in affecting the flow structure. The optimal opening ratio is tightly related to the operating conditions. In the circulation fluidized bed used in this study, 90% open area was found to be most suitable for obtaining a more uniform gas—solids flow structure.     

CFD SIMULATION OF THE GAS-SOLID FLOW IN THE RISER OF A CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED WITH SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

A comprehensive investigation was carried out to study hydrodynamics aspects of secondary air injection in circulating fluidized beds. This article presents modeling and results of computational fluid dynamics simulations of gas-solid flow in the riser section of a laboratory-scale (ID = 0.23 m, height = 7.6 m) circulating fluidized bed with a radial secondary air injector. The gas-solid flow model is based on the two-fluid (Eulerian-Eulerian) approach, where both gas and solids phases are treated as interpenetrating continua. A granular kinetic theory model is used to describe the solids phase stresses. The simulation results are compared with measured pressure drop and axial particle velocity profiles; reasonable agreement is obtained. Qualitatively, excellent agreement is obtained in predicting the increase in solids volume fraction below secondary air ports, the accumulation of solids around the center of the riser due to momentum of secondary air jets, and the absence of the solids down-flow near the wall above the secondary air injection ports, which are the prominent features of secondary air injection observed in the experiments.     

60米高矩形截面循环流化床内物料分布冷态试验

为研究超高提升管内的气固流动特性,依托四川白马电厂600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉现有钢架,将原有60m高的提升管冷模试验台的上部20m改为矩形截面的循环流化床提升管试验台。本文重点研究了提升管流化风速对上部颗粒浓度的轴向/截面分布特性及其影响因素。试验结果表明：颗粒浓度和颗粒粒径的分布特性与流化风速和几何结构密切相关,在一定初始床料高度下,随着风速的增加,提升管上部的空隙率沿轴向先不变然后减少,并最终呈现倒C形分布;截面浓度从均匀分布逐渐变为近短边壁处的颗粒浓度要明显大于近长边壁处的不均匀分布;平均颗粒粒径则随风速的增加而增大,沿截面分布均匀,但是沿提升管高度方向平均颗粒粒径沿轴向会略微减小,且提升管上部近短边壁的颗粒粒径要稍小于近长边壁的。