天津夏季O3和NO2浓度垂直分布与气象条件的关系分析

本文研究利用天津气象塔2007年8月11─24日连续观测的φ（O3）和φ（NO2）（体积浓度）梯度资料和每层同步观测的气象资料,对比分析不同高度各污染物浓度日变化特征及其和气象条件的关系。结果表明：近地层日变化明显,昼夜差异较显著;φ（NO2）日变化多为双峰型;φ（O3）与温度之间存在明显的正相关关系;φ（O3）与RH呈明显的负相关关系;风速和φ（O3）几乎在同一时段出现峰值,而φ（NO2）和风速呈负相关。     

南京地区碳气溶胶的数值模拟研究

根据常规的SO2排放源资料以及NOx和HC交通源排放资料,建立了一种估算城市地区黑碳(BC)、有机碳(OC)源排放清单的方法,并利用此方法建立了南京地区碳气溶胶的源排放清单。同时运用NJU-CAQPS模式系统及二次有机气溶胶模式模拟分析了南京地区一次碳气溶胶(BC)、一次有机碳(POC)和二次有机气溶胶(SOC)的浓度分布特征。结果表明:在南京地区,机动车直接排放对城区一次碳气溶胶贡献率达到67.5%,机动车污染已成为主要来源;大气中的碳气溶胶浓度受到交通源(日变化)和气象条件(太阳辐射、温度、大气层结等)的共同影响;OC与BC的质量比冬季高于夏季,平均为2.62;SOC与OC的质量比夏季高于冬季,平均为19.8%。     

奥运会期间北京NO_2浓度时空分布特征分析

通过5个有代表性站点2008年7月10日—8月31日的NO2浓度的地面实测数据,分析了北京城市区域NO2浓度的时空特征,讨论了奥运会期间相关政策措施对不同污染源的控制效果。结果表明:NO2化学性质活跃、寿命短、反应速率快,其自身独特的化学性质制约了NO2在时空上的积累,因此在低层大气中浓度分布很不均匀,其随测点地理位置不同有较大的差异,有显著地时空分布特征,受不同性质不同形式的排放源排放条件的影响,局地变化性强。相关的空气质量保障措施的实施与控制力度大小对NO2排放产生不同程度的影响:奥运会举行期间,一系列空气污染管理决策和措施的实施行之有效,源控制效果较好。各站点间NO2浓度变化在空间上具有相对独立性。在1d的时间轴上,各测站NO2浓度变化均表现为相似的双峰型日变化,即NO2平均日变化各站点同时刻呈现城市区域尺度的同步性空间结构特征,各测站间NO2浓度变化的差异主要表现为两方面:局地排放源影响效应,反映不同测点局地污染影响特征差异;城市热岛效应,反应城郊热力差异。     

保定市区2013年环境空气质量状况及污染原因分析

对保定市6个环境监测国控点2013年的SO2、NO2、PM10、PM2.5监测数据,按时间段进行了统计分析,结果表明:4种空气污染物季节性污染特征明显,月均浓度在采暖期比非采暖期有显著增加;由于受到燃煤及不利气象条件影响,SO2、NO2月浓度变化曲线呈现冬季高、夏季低的"U"字型分布,采暖期SO2浓度约为非采暖期的3倍。PM10、PM2.5浓度全年波动比较频繁,较大浓度值出现在冬季采暖期。沙尘、扬尘天气和秸秆焚烧对春秋季PM10、PM2.5浓度有贡献。     

HY-2卫星激光观测精密定轨技术

2011年8月16日发射的海洋二号(HY-2)卫星是中国第一颗海洋动力环境卫星,配备的卫星激光测距跟踪系统即作为HY-2卫星定轨基准系统,同时又是HY-2卫星定轨系统之一。本文较为详细地介绍了HY-2卫星激光观测、轨道预报和激光跟踪系统(SLR)定轨技术,并对SLR定轨结果进行了初步检验。     

南京市东郊大气颗粒物污染特征

为了研究南京东郊大气颗粒物污染特征,利用安德森8级粒度分布采样器采样,并结合大气监测数据,综合分析2013—2014年间南京东郊大气颗粒物的粒度分布特征和大气污染物的污染水平及其相互关系。结果表明:南京市大气污染主要由粒径为0.43~2.10μm的大气颗粒物引起,其中12月份污染最严重,且首要污染物为细颗粒物PM2.5;温度、降雨量、风速等气象因素对颗粒物呈负相关性影响;灰霾天时颗粒物浓度受SO2、NO2的正相关性影响比非灰霾天时大,且NO2浓度对颗粒物浓度的影响比SO2浓度的影响大。     

双端差分吸收激光雷达系统

研究和设计了一实验性双端差分吸收激光雷达系统。其光源为一台双波长双脉冲可调谐Cr:LiSAF激光器,利用BBO晶体腔内倍频和腔内调Q技术,实现了二次和三次谐波输出;激光系统的合作目标为远处一平面镜,光源发射光脉冲和信号采集由微机系统控制。该系统用于测量大气中的NO2和SO2的浓度分布。     

卫星推进系统仿真平台架构设计与实现

针对卫星推进系统设计周期长、成本高、故障复现难度大等特点,文章利用数值仿真的方法构建了一种推进系统仿真平台。该仿真平台由卫星模拟系统、环境动力学模拟系统、数据处理系统和仿真时间管理系统四部分组成,四个模拟系统完成对卫星、空间环境、以及地面遥测遥控的模拟。在该平台下对推进系统进行了总体仿真。该仿真平台能够为推进系统故障复现与诊断提供支持。     

卫星电源动态参数测试系统设计

针对目前卫星电源系统动态参数的测试具有自动化水平低、准确度低、数据记录和分析能力差等缺点,设计了一套电源动态参数测试系统,该系统利用太阳能电池模拟器、电子负载模拟卫星在轨运行时太阳帆板的输出和载荷的功耗变化,配合高速采集卡研制动态特性测量单元等模块,组建卫星电源系统及动态参数测试系统并对其进行了测试,母线电压测量及纹波测量结果的相对不确定度均小于0.1％。     

用于低浓度NO2精确测量的傅里叶变换红外光谱系统研究

建立了一套可精确测量低浓度NO2的傅里叶变换红外光谱系统(Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, FTIR)。运用该系统测量动态稀释法得到的不同浓度的标准气体中的NO2的浓度,显示出该系统具有良好的线性响应, 并以此建立了该系统的校准方程。比对试验证明了该系统的测量结果准确可靠; 稳定性研究则显示该系统具有良好的长期稳定性。     

Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NO by wet scrubbing using aqueous chlorine dioxide solution

The present study attempts to generate chlorine dioxide (ClO(2)) gas continuously by chlorate-chloride process and to utilize it further to clean up SO(2) and NO(x) gases simultaneously from the flue gas in the lab-scale bubbling reactor. Experiments were carried out to examine the effect of various operating parameters like input SO(2) concentration, input NO concentration, pH of the reaction medium, and ClO(2) feeding rate on the SO(2) and NO(x) removal efficiencies at 45 degrees C. Complete oxidation of NO into NO(2) occurred on passing sufficient ClO(2) gas into the scrubbing solution. SO(2) removal efficiency of about 100% and NO(x) removal efficiency of 66-72% were achieved under optimized conditions. NO(x) removal efficiency decreased slightly with increasing pH and NO concentration. Input SO(2) concentration had marginal catalytic effect on NO(2) absorption. No improvement in the NO(x) removal efficiency was observed on passing excess of chlorine dioxide in the scrubbing solution.     

Detection of NO and NO(2) by (2 + 2) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization and photoacoustic spectroscopy near 454 nm

Trace concentrations of NO and NO(2) are detected with a dye laser operating near 454 nm. NO is detected by a (2 + 2) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization process by means of NO A(2)Σ+-X(2)Π(0, 0) transitions with miniature electrodes, and NO(2) is detected by a one-photon absorption photoacoustic process by means of NO(2)Aˉ' (2)B(1)(0, 8, 0)- Xˉ (2)A(1)(0, 0, 0) transitions with a miniature microphone. Rotationally resolved excitation spectra show that the spectral resolution is sufficiently high to identify these species at 1 atm. The technique's analytical merits are evaluated as functions of concentration, pressure, and laser intensities. Low laser intensities favor NO(2) photoacoustic detection whereas high laser intensities favor NO ionization. Limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio 3) of 160 parts in 10(9) for NO and 400 parts in 10(9) for NO(2) are determined at 1 atm for a 10-s integration time. Signal response and noise analyses show that three decades of NO/NO(2) mixtures can be measured with a computational relative error in concentration that is three times the relative error in measuring the NO and NO(2) signals.     

Comparative Evaluation of Intestinal Nitric Oxide in Embryonic Zebrafish Exposed to Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle (NP) exposure may induce oxidative stress through generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which can lead to cellular and tissue damage. The digestive system is one of the initial organs affected by NP exposure. Here, it is demonstrated that exposure to metal oxide NPs induces differential changes in zebrafish intestinal NO concentrations. Intestinal NO concentrations are quantified electrochemically with a carbon fiber microelectrode inserted in the intestine of live embryos. Specificity of the electrochemical signals is demonstrated by NO‐specific pharmacological manipulations and the results are correlated with the 4,5‐diaminofluorescein‐diacetate (DAF‐FM‐DA). NPs are demonstrated to either induce or reduce physiological NO levels depending on their redox reactivity, type and dose. NO level is altered following exposure of zebrafish embryos to CuO and CeO₂ NPs at various stages and concentrations. CuO NPs increase NO concentration, suggesting an intestinal oxidative damage. In contrast, low CeO₂ NP concentration exposure significantly reduces NO levels, suggesting NO scavenging activity. However, high concentration exposure results in increased NO. Alterations in NO concentration suggest changes in intestinal physiology and oxidative stress, which will ultimately correspond to NPs toxicity. This work also demonstrates the use of electrochemistry to monitor in vivo changes of NO within zebrafish organs.     

Effects of ethylene on NO conversion and product distributions in an rf discharge reactor

In the previous study, high concentration of NO in N(2)/O(2) mixtures could be converted mainly into N(2) via a radio-frequency discharge approach at a low pressure (4 kPa). To enhance the efficiency of NO removal, C(2)H(4) was added to elevate significantly the NO conversion in this study. The results showed that at inlet C(2)H(4)/NO molar ratio of 1 and 120 W in the C(2)H(4)/NO (1%)/O(2) (6%)/N(2) mixtures, the NO conversion reached 93.7% with a C(2)H(4) conversion of 100%, to much higher than without C(2)H(4) condition (NO conversion=77.6%). Moreover, as high as 99.8% of the fraction of total N atoms converted from NO into N(2) was achieved. In addition, the relationship between the major active species observed in the optical emission spectra at different inlet C(2)H(4) concentration and the important reactions for NO removal and N(2) formation were discussed.     

Kinetics of gas-liquid reaction between NO and Co(NH3)6(2+)

Wet ammonia desulphurization process can be retrofitted for combined removal of SO2 and NO from the flue gas by adding soluble cobalt(II) salts into the aqueous ammonia solutions. The Co(NH3)6(2+) formed by ammonia binding with Co2+ is the active constituent of scrubbing NO from the flue gas streams. A stirred vessel with a plane gas-liquid interface was used to measure the chemical absorption rates of nitric oxide into the Co(NH3)6(2+) solution under anaerobic and aerobic conditions separately. The experiments manifest that the nitric oxide absorption reaction can be regarded as instantaneous when nitric oxide concentration levels are parts per million ranges. The gas-liquid reaction becomes gas film controlling as Co(NH3)6(2+) concentration exceeds 0.02 mol/l. The NO absorption rate is proportional to the nitric oxide inlet concentration. Oxygen in the gas phase is favorable to the absorption of nitric oxide. But it is of little significance to increase the oxygen concentration above 5.2%. The NO absorption rate decreases with temperature. The kinetic equation of NO absorption into the Co(NH3)6(2+) solution under aerobic condition can be written as.     

Reducing nitric oxide into nitrogen via a radio-frequency discharge

NO/N(2)/O(2)/H(2)O mixtures are usually converted into HNO(3) and/or NO(2) using different discharge approaches. In this study, a radio-frequency discharge was successfully used to reduce NO mainly into N(2) at a low pressure (4kPa). The influences of experimental parameters, including carrier gas, inlet concentration of NO, O(2), steam, and applied power, are discussed. At least 95.7% of the total N atoms converted from NO into N(2). Other traces of byproducts were N(2)O and HNO(2), but neither HNO(3) nor NO(2) were detected. In addition, conversion of NO apparently increased with elevated applied power or decreased inlet concentration of O(2), reaching 92.8% and 74.2% for the NO/N(2)/O(2) (2%) and NO/N(2)/O(2) (6%)/H(2)O (10%) mixtures, respectively, at 120W. In addition, from the optical emission spectra, a large amount of N(2) (first positive band and second positive band) and NO (gamma system) were observed, and the important reactions for NO removal and N(2) formation are proposed.     

UV resonance raman spectroscopic detection of nitrate and nitrite in wastewater treatment processes

The 204- and 229-nm excited UV resonance Raman spectra of wastewater solutions containing sodium nitrite and nitrate were measured in the concentration range 7 microM to 3.5 mM (0.1-50 ppm nitrogen). The other chemical species present in wastewater do not interfere with Raman measurements of NO2-/NO3- bands. We observe detection limits of < 14 microM (< 200 ppb) for both NO2- and NO3-. UV resonance Raman spectroscopy appears to be an excellent tool for on-line monitoring of NO2-/NO3- in wastewater for the real-time control of water treatment plants.     

Concentration measurement of NO using self-absorption spectroscopy of the γ band system in a pulsed corona discharge

Nitric oxide (NO) concentrations were measured using the γ band system spectrum based on the strong self-absorption effect of NO in pulsed corona discharges. The radiative transitional intensities of the NO γ band were simulated based on the theory of molecular spectroscopy. The intensities of some bands, especially γ(0,0) and γ(1,0), are weakened by the self-absorption. The correlations between the spectral self-absorption intensities and NO concentration were validated using a modified Beer-Lambert law with a combined factor K relating the branching ratio and the NO concentration, and a nonlinear index α that is applicable to the broadband system. Optical emissive spectra in pulsed corona discharges in NO and N2/He mixtures were used to evaluate the two parameters for various conditions. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results verifies the self-absorption behavior seen in the UV spectra of the NO γ bands.     

Development of a photofragmentation laser-induced-fluorescence laser sensor for detection of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene in soil and groundwater

Laser photofragmentation (PF) and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) have been developed to measure the concentration of energetic materials (EM's), such as 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), in soil and other media. Gas-phase EM's photodissociate, releasing NO(2), when exposed to laser radiation near 226 nm. Laser-excited NO(2) predissociates to form NO that gives an intense fluorescence when excited near 226 nm. The EM concentration is inferred from the intensity of the NO fluorescence. A PF-LIF laser-based sensor is being developed to be used with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Waterways Experiment Station's cone penetrometer to measure in situ the concentration of subsurface TNT. Several factors that affect the PF-LIF signal waveforms, such as sample temperature, laser power, and heating time, were investigated. Also, effects on the PF-LIF signal of adding water and fertilizer to the TNT mixtures were studied. Decay times were determined by least-squares fitting of the exponential PF-LIF signal waveforms. The use of PF-LIF waveforms promises to enable diagnostics of the sample's characteristics that would otherwise not be possible in situ.     

Nitritation and denitritation of ammonium-rich wastewater using fluidized-bed biofilm reactors

Fluidized-bed biofilm nitritation and denitritation reactors (FBBNR and FBBDR) were operated to eliminate the high concentrations of nitrogen by nitritation and denitritation process. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was varied from 1.5 to 2.5 g/m(3) at the top of the reactor throughout the experiment. NH(4)-N conversion and NO(2)-N accumulation in the nitritation reactor effluent was over 90 and 65%, respectively. The average NH(4)-N removal efficiency was 99.2 and 90.1% at the NLR of 0.9 and 1.2 kg NH(4)-N/m(3)day, respectively. Increasing the NLR from 1.1 to 1.2 kg NH(4)-N/m(3)day decreased the NH(4)-N elimination approximately two-fold while NH(4)-N conversion to NO(2)-N differences were negligible. The NO(2)-N/NO(x)-N ratios corresponded to 0.74, 0.73, 0.72, and 0.69, respectively, indicating the occurrence of partial nitrification. An average free ammonia concentration in the FBBNR was high enough to inhibit nitrite oxidizers selectively, and it seems to be a determining factor for NO(2)-N accumulation in the process. In the FBBDR, the NO(x)-N (NO(2)-N+NO(3)-N) concentrations supplied were between 227 and 330 mg N/l (NLR was between 0.08 and 0.4 kg/m(3)day) and the influent flow was increased as long as the total nitrogen removal was close to 90%. The NO(2)-N and NO(3)-N concentrations in the effluent were 3.0 and 0.9 mg/l at 0.08 kg/m(3)day loading rate. About 98% removal of NO(x)-N was achieved at the lowest NLR in the FBBDR. The FBBDR exhibited high nitrogen removal up to the NLR of 0.25 kg/m(3)day. The NO(x)-N effluent concentration never exceeded 15 mg/l. The total nitrogen removal efficiency in the FBBRs was higher than 93% at 21+/-1 degrees C.