A comprehensive testing method for global stability analysis of high arch dams

Hydropower projects are rapidly developing in China at present,and a number of high dams and large reservoirs are currently under construction or will soon be built.These large projects are mainly located on the great rivers in West China with complicated topographical and geological conditions.Evaluation of stability and safety of these high dam projects is an important topic.Geomechanical model test is one of the main methods to study the global stability of high dam and foundation.In this paper,a comprehensive testing method that combines overloading and strength reduction in a model is proposed.In this method,both the influence of excessive flooding and the effects of strength reduction of rock masses and weak structural planes on dam stability are considered.Thus,the comprehensive testing method can accurately incorporate multiple factors that affect the global stability of high dam and its foundation.Based on the failure testing principle and model similarity theory,a similarity relation formula for safety evaluation through comprehensive test is established.A new model material,temperature-dependent analogous material,is also developed.By rising the temperature and reducing the strength of the model material,the mechanical behaviors resulting from gradual strength reduction can be simulated.Thus,the comprehensive testing method is realized in a single model.For case studies,the comprehensive geomechanical model test is conducted for Jinping I and Xiaowan high arch dam projects.     

坝基岩体开挖卸荷松弛效应工程特性研究坝

大岗山水电站位于大渡河中游,为混凝土双曲拱坝,坝高210m。由于河谷狭窄,谷坡高陡,地应力较高,坝基岩体开挖过程中产生了强烈的卸荷松弛。本文基于现场地质环境调查、声波检测,结合声波孔波速值和声波衰减率,分析了开挖卸荷松弛的典型特征及其松弛机理,归纳了卸荷松弛类型。通过分析岩体质量与检测成果在时间、空间上的关系得出了坝基岩体开挖卸荷松弛的时间、空间效应,并对坝基岩体开挖卸荷松弛时空效应与其建造、蚀变及构造的关系进行了地质分析研究。深入研究高拱坝建基岩体开挖松弛工程特性,可为高坝建基面的合理选择、松弛岩体工程处理提供科学依据。     

白鹤滩水电站拱坝及坝肩加固效果分析及整体 安全度评价

 白鹤滩水电站拱坝左侧坝肩断层及层间、层内错动带发育,拱推力作用下易发生剪切变形。坝基柱状节理层发育,变形模量等力学指标相对较低,表现出显著的各向异性力学特性。由于以上地质缺陷的影响,设计采取沿拱推力方向设置抗剪洞及扩挖坝基处柱状节理层岩体设置垫座的工程处理措施,以期对坝肩、坝基岩体的抗剪、传力等进行改善。采用三维非线性数值分析方法,根据实际地质信息建立三维数值模型,模拟白鹤滩中坝址主要地质现象及相关工程措施,通过坝肩、坝基岩体及坝体的应力、位移对比,定量分析主要地质缺陷的影响以及工程处理措施的效果。采用超载法、强度折减法及点安全系数法评价下坝线拱坝的安全度,为该水电站坝线比选提供技术依据和科研成果支撑。     

Geotechnical characteristics of Bakhtiary dam site,SW Iran: the highest double-curvature dam in the world

The Bakhtiary Hydropower Project with a 325 m high dam will be constructed on Bakhtiary River, in southwest Iran. The main dam has been designed as a double-curvature concrete structure which will be the highest one of its type in the world. Geologically, the dam site is located on siliceous limestone of the Sarvak Formation in the northwestern part of the folded Zagros. A large number of complicated geological structures in the study area, such as folding and duplex structure, faults, chevron folds, kink band zones as well as joint and fracture systems, raised concerns regarding the acceptability of the site for such a monumental dam. To create a comprehensive geotechnical model of the dam site and appurtenant structures, very extensive surface and subsurface investigations were carried out, including core drilling, water pressure testing, driving exploratory galleries for engineering geological mapping, a rock mass discontinuity survey and in situ rock mechanical tests. This research applies the results of the engineering geological and geotechnical investigations to define the geomechanical model of the dam site enabling options to be considered to achieve a safe dam design. The investigations show the rock mass of the dam site area is intersected by four main discontinuities namely, the bedding plane(s) of the rock mass and three major joint sets. Water pressure tests provide data about the permeability of the rock mass which is significantly dependant on the joint properties and the geological structures. These parameters, set the criteria for the design of the grout curtain at the dam foundation. The rock mass classification of the dam site was determined mainly based on the gallery survey and core logging using the rock mass rating, geological strength index (GSI) and Q system. Six classes of rock mass qualities were distinguished which show a fair to good rock mass at the dam foundation. From the plate load test results, a site-specific correlation was developed for estimating the modulus of deformation of the rock masses using GSI value. The estimated engineering geological and geotechnical parameters at the dam site are generally favorable and suitable for the safe design of the Bakhtiary arch dam with a height of 325 m.     

溪洛渡特高拱坝建设的岩石工程关键技术

 通过各设计阶段对溪洛渡特高拱坝岩石工程关键技术问题的不断深入研究,使得拱坝体型和结构设计很好地适应坝址地形地质条件;面对河床坝段基础地质条件的变化,通过建基面扩大开挖和上下游贴角设计,使得拱坝和基础相互协调,改善坝体和地基应力条件。三维地质力学模型试验和有限元分析表明,溪洛渡特高拱坝和基础具有良好的工作性态。监测成果表明,拱坝和基础实际工作性态符合规律。基于全寿命周期理论的溪洛渡“数字大坝”的建设与实践,为施工过程控制和决策提供了有力支持,进一步保证了拱坝在施工期和运行期各阶段的工作性态满足设计要求,保障了拱坝的安全可靠。     

高拱坝坝肩坝基整体稳定地质力学模型试验研究

锦屏一级水电站是雅砻江干流上的重要梯级电站。工程主要开发任务是发电，同时还兼有拦沙、防洪、蓄能作用。该工程大坝为混凝土双曲拱坝，最大坝高305m，为目前世界上最高拱坝。坝址区地质构造复杂，两岸谷坡为近千米的高陡边坡，两坝肩岩体内存在断层、煌斑岩脉、层间挤压带、深部裂隙等各类软弱结构面，对拱坝坝肩坝基稳定带来不利影响。采用三维整体地质力学模型试验研究方法，研究了锦屏一级高拱坝坝肩坝基的整体稳定性。试验中充分考虑了影响坝肩坝基稳定的各种因素，既考虑拱坝上游超载情况，同时还重点模拟两坝肩岩体中软弱结构面强度弱化的影响，为此研制了适合该工程的变温相似材料及试验模拟新技术，并在一个模型上进行了强度储备与超载相结合的综合法试验。通过试验获得了坝肩坝基的变形及分布特征、失稳的破坏形态和破坏机理，确定了拱坝坝肩坝基整体稳定安全度为4．7～5．0，评价了工程的安全性，并针对坝肩的薄弱环节提出了加固处理措施建议。     

叶巴滩水电站拱坝坝肩深部卸荷带影响研究

针对叶巴滩拱坝左右坝肩内存在的深部卸荷带等不良地质缺陷,采用地质力学模型试验超载法,对叶巴滩2 750 m高程拱坝和坝肩的工作性态开展平面地质力学模型试验研究。通过试验获得拱坝、坝肩及深部卸荷带的变形特性和破坏形态,探明了深部卸荷带对拱坝和坝肩的工作性态的影响,揭示了工程的薄弱部位。研究表明深部卸荷带对拱坝和坝肩的工作性态有明显影响,其影响程度与强松弛IV_s类岩体所处位置及与拱端附近断层的组合作用有关。位于左坝肩强松弛IV_s类岩体对拱坝和坝肩的变位、拱推力的传递影响较大,位于右坝肩的断层f29(f74)对坝肩稳定有明显影响。对左右坝肩内的这些薄弱部位需采取相应的加固措施,以改善拱坝和坝肩的工作性态。     

Feasibility of columnar jointed basalt used for high-arch dam foundation

Columnar jointed basalt, with a lot of small-spacing structural planes and poor integrity, is a kind of fractured rock mass. Through comprehensive study of columnar joints shape, roughness of fracture surface and chemical composition of basalt, it is known that columnar joints of Baihetan dam area were formed as a result of cooling and shrinkage effects of magma. The columnar jointed basalt is mainly formed through chemical reaction of chlorite, kaolinite, epidote and tremolite, and the columnar joints mainly consist of chlorite according to slice identification and chemical analysis. Test results show that the columnar jointed basalt has high uniaxial compressive strength, low friction coefficient, and high cohesion, shear strength and deformation index. Meanwhile, the columnar jointed basalt is closely locked, and joint surfaces are well closed. The permeability of the rock is quite weak, and the P-wave velocity in the rock could get up to 5 000 m/s. All these show good rock properties. The columnar joints develop regularly, different from the general fractured rock masses. In summary, the columnar jointed basalt can be used directly as a foundation of dam.     

A new tunnel inflow classification (TIC) system through sedimentary rock masses

A new classification system with respect to the engineering geological characteristics of rock masses in different geological conditions were presented based on the authors’ experiences and observations. Rock mass composition (RMC), rock type (RT), clay-bearing content (CBC), unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and tunnel depth (TD) were found as the major factors affecting the tunnel inflow. In order to minimize judgmental bias and set up a basic database, data pertaining to these factors were compiled from 33 tunnels project with a total length of about 200 km thoroughly excavated in sedimentary rocks. The classification factors were rated using a combination of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and statistical methods. In order to cover all rock mass varieties and lessen the uncertainties, major factors were divided into categories of varying quality. Two statistical criteria were introduced to calculate the weighing of categories. The main advantage of this procedure is its capability of effectively predicting groundwater inflows in a vast variety of geological conditions especially from a single flow pathway such as a brittle fault zone to low permeable rock masses. The proposed classification was applied to the actual rock tunnels. It was revealed that the predicted values were in a good agreement with the actual field measurements and could provide quantitative measures of tunnel inflow. The proposed method could be more feasible for a reliable pre-assessment of groundwater inflows in the future tunnel construction projects under heterogeneous geological conditions. Furthermore, the most important factors as well as their combination are introduced for sedimentary rocks.     

拱坝坝基渗流场的有限单元法精细求解

笔者在近 2 0年来对工程渗流问题研究的基础上 ,针对拱坝坝基岩体的渗流特性和有复杂的防渗与排水降压渗控措施 ,详细地论述了如何用有限单元法精细地求解坝基整体渗流场的思想和具体处理技术 ,所提出的算法技术在理论上是严密的 ,多年来一直已在工程中得到了广泛的成功应用。最后 ,作为算例对一个高 14 0m的拱坝坝基的三维整体渗流场进行了计算分析     

基于工程地质三维精细模型的高拱坝 坝肩处理可视化分析

 拱坝坝肩岩体的稳定与否直接关系着拱坝的安全。我国西南锦屏一级拱坝坝肩工程地质条件极为复杂,对其处理措施中设置了密集的7层洞室。采用VisualGeo工程地质三维建模系统,建立该工程整体岩级分类三维地质模型,并建立抗力岩体加固处理洞室群模型。在此基础上进行坝肩边坡模拟开挖分析及抗力岩体加固处理洞室群模拟开挖分析,得到加固处理洞室群围岩岩级分类三维地质模型。同时,进行坝肩洞室群所在的7个高程的平切分析和各洞室开挖各类岩体的体积分析,为高拱坝坝肩岩体处理设计与施工提供了直观、精确的可视化分析平台。     

二滩拱坝坝基弱风化岩体灌浆加固效果研究

对高坝建基面使用弱风化岩体,成为具有重大经济效益及学科意义的问题,它直接关系工程的开挖量、施工工期和工程造价。在二滩拱坝的建设中就遇到了这样的问题,为了确保大坝的稳定性及经济性,要求对建基面附近的弱风化岩体进行加固灌浆处理,并研究其加固后的力学特性。本文叙述了灌浆后岩体力学特性的检测结果,并用断裂—损伤力学方法对岩体力学变化的机制做了理论分析。实测结果及理论分析表明,灌浆后岩体的力学强度有了提高,可以满足大坝设计的要求。     

白鹤滩水电站上坝线左拱座楔形体安全性能分析

 白鹤滩水电站上坝线左拱座底部岩体被陡倾断层切割成多个楔形体,坐落于拱坝底部及其下游,其稳定性直接影响到坝基和拱坝的安全。考虑楔形岩体各滑动面上复杂的渗透压力进行拱坝及楔形体安全性能分析,在FLAC3D中编制多种形式水压力施加程序,并以概念模型进行验证。根据数值计算结果,通过分析所选取结构面的典型节点位移变化,研究楔形体的稳定安全度、面安全系数及超载条件下屈服扩展状况,对其安全性能进行综合分析。研究表明：楔形体滑面考虑裂隙水压力和扬压力作用下,底部LS331滑面的安全度低于坝基接触面,上游右岸坝踵处开始出现局部屈服的超载安全系数为1.5,楔形体不能正常运行的超载安全系数为3.1,坝基不能正常运行的超载安全系数为3.3,坝基岩体整体破坏的超载安全系数为5.5。     

雅砻江孟底沟水电站拱坝拱座抗滑稳定研究

保证拱坝的拱座稳定是拱坝设计和建设的重要问题。孟底沟拱坝两岸抗力体内以断层及蚀变带为代表的各种结构面相对发育且类型复杂,这些结构面相互组合形成的可能滑移块体的稳定问题对孟底沟拱坝方案的成立构成了较大的威胁。本文以传统的刚体极限平衡法及新兴的刚体弹簧元法为主要数值分析方法,结合拱坝——基础整体地质力学模型试验,对孟底沟拱坝坝肩抗滑稳定进行了全面深入的计算分析与论证。通过综合数值分析和模型试验的结果对拱坝的拱座稳定性做出了综合评判,识别了坝肩岩体相对薄弱的部位,并对增强拱坝坝肩稳定的工程措施提出了合理建议。     

锦屏一级水电站复杂地质条件下坝肩高陡边坡稳定性分析及其加固设计

 锦屏一级水电站是我国在建的世界最高拱坝,坝肩工程边坡高度达500 m,规模巨大。电站枢纽区地处深山峡谷地区,自然谷坡高陡,地应力水平较高,谷坡岩体卸荷强烈,并发育有断层、层间挤压带、深部裂缝等不良地质现象。在地质条件详细调查基础上,分析左岸缆机平台以上的顺坡向倾倒变形体、左岸1 800 m高程以上的楔形双滑变形拉裂体等坡体结构及其破坏模式,并进行边坡稳定性分区和计算分析。根据坡体结构特点,确定少开挖、弱爆破、强支护、分区分层支护、控制整体、以面覆点的开挖施工和加固设计原则,实施以预应力锚索和抗剪洞为主、辅以锚杆、混凝土框格梁等措施的局部和整体、浅表和深层的全方位、多层次边坡加固控制体系。精细设计并严格控制施工时序、爆破技术和工艺,保证建基面岩体质量,通过动态设计和完善的管理机制确保边坡施工安全。2006年7月～2009年9月边坡监测资料表明：边坡浅表最大横向位移79.5 mm,最大垂直下沉位移52.5 mm,主要受地层岩性和坡体结构控制;深层最大变形量60 mm,最大速率0.1 mm/d,主要受深部裂缝控制;目前位移均趋于收敛,满足安全控制标准。锦屏一级水电站坝肩高边坡工程的成功实施为我国工程建设提供新的经验和借鉴。     

锦屏高拱坝整体安全度评估

锦屏高拱坝是目前世界上拟建的最高的双曲薄拱坝,水压力巨大,其设计和分析都超出现行规范。锦屏一级拱坝的环境条件存在明显的不对称特点：一是两岸地形不对称;二是两岸地质条件明显不对称;三是坝体的坝面受日照时间不对称。这些不对称性和高水压使锦屏高拱坝的安全性成为锦屏拱坝建设中最重要的关键技术问题之一。运用三维非线性有限元数值分析方法,研究锦屏拱坝在多种工况下的应力场和位移场以及左、右岸不利地质构造对拱坝工作性态的影响。坝体的应力和位移分布存在比较明显的左右不对称,引起不对称的原因除两岸地基刚度不对称外,拱坝坝体的不对称也是重要原因,因此应进一步优化拱坝体型。确定锦屏拱坝地基系统在不同破坏模式下的整体安全度：上游水压力超载引起系统失效的整体安全度约为5.0;坝基岩体抗剪强度降低使系统失效的整体安全度约为3.0;地震灾害引起系统失效的整体安全度约为6.0。根据屈服破坏区的分布,指出坝基加固处理的重点部位为左拱端下游侧1 800 m高程以上和右拱端上游侧1 630～1 800 m高程之间。     

Experimental studies on the mechanical properties and deformation & failure mechanism of U-type confined concrete arch centering

To solve the support problems of high stress roadways in deep mines, we developed a new 3D U-type confined concrete support system from the conventional U-type steel arch centering. Its core is the U-type confined concrete (UCC) arch centering. With a real scale mechanical test system for the confined concrete arch centering in underground engineering and numerical calculation methods, we studied in depth on the mechanical properties and deformation & failure mechanism of UCC arch centering (UCCAC). The results of the study show the yielding load and the limit load of UCC29 arch centering is 1230 kN and 1310 kN respectively in even pressure loading conditions; and a slight difference between the laboratory test and the numerical simulation on these two is 8.86% and 12.5% respectively. The deformation form of the arch centering is “vault uplifting, legs introverting and the overall shape becomes oval”; and the largest deformation occurs between the middle of the legs and the arch centering springing. The deformation and failure mechanism of arch centering is the partial strength failure causes the entire arch centering to lose its stability. The application on site shows the UCCAC has a superb effect on the surrounding rock control; therefore, the UCCAC is a new effective support for the high stress roadways in deep mines.     

乌东德坝基岩体变形模量与波速相关性及应用

坝基岩体变形模量是拱坝设计最重要的参数之一,实际中由于受到资金、时间、尺寸效应等限制,承压板试验不可能大量开展,工程常采用岩体变形模量与波速之间的相关关系来估算坝基岩体变形模量以评价其工程地质特性是否满足建坝要求。在乌东德水电站坝基边坡开挖工程中,开展了钻孔变形模量和声波测试。乌东德坝基为典型层状岩体,左岸坝基及河床岩体测试孔方向与层面走向近平行,右岸坝基岩体测试方向与层面近垂直,分析表明坝基岩体中有明显充填特征层面对岩体变形模量值和声波值具有不对称影响。结合测试钻孔高清电视选择合理数据,建立了坝基岩体变形模量与单孔声波二者之间的相关关系。通过与坝基岩体的承压板试验成果对比验证,所建立的相关关系是符合实际地质条件的。将该方法应用于大坝坝基深部岩体变形参数估算及坝基表层松弛岩体灌浆处理效果评价工作中,证明是可行的有效方法。本文的研究成果为坝基岩体变形特征的评价提供科学依据,对高拱坝坝基工程勘测设计具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

小湾高拱坝整体稳定三维地质力学模型试验研究

 结合小湾高拱坝坝肩坝基的地形、地质特征、软弱结构面分布状况、浅层松弛卸荷现象以及加固处理方案,建立三维地质力学模型,研制主要断层的变温相似材料,运用超载与降强相结合的综合法对整体模型进行破坏试验。通过试验获得小湾拱坝坝肩坝基的变形特征、失稳的破坏过程、破坏形态及破坏机制,得到强度储备系数为1.2,超载系数为3.3～3.5,确定拱坝坝肩坝基整体稳定综合法试验安全系数为3.96～4.20。对试验数据的综合分析得出,两坝肩中上部高程部位由于对断层和蚀变带采用了混凝土洞塞置换,其变位相对较小,破坏形态和破坏范围相对较轻,说明混凝土加固洞塞置换起到较好的加固效果。根据试验显示的破坏形态和破坏区域,建议对右坝肩下游1 245 m高程以上的断层F11和F10做一定范围的处理,对左坝肩推力墩以上部分岩体进行适当的加固处理。