北京ISOL项目进展

北京ISOL（北京在线分离丰中子束流装置，亦简称BISOL）是由中国原子能科学研究院和北京大学联合提出的一台大科学装置。项目建设包括反应堆与加速器驱动放射性核束离子源、强流氘离子加速器、高功率靶站与核能材料辐照装置、放射性核束后加速器、放射性核束实验站等。装置建设方案已初步确定，装置建成后可产生较国内外现有装置强度高1~2个量级的极端丰中子束流，可开展学科基础前沿放射性核束物理的创新研究，同时兼顾先进核能系统开发和多种核技术应用的需求。     

放射性核束的产生

为适应国际核物理学的发展，开展放射性核束物理这一世界前沿工作，对放射性核束的产生和加速方面的多项工作进行了研究。文章简要介绍相关的离子源和加速器工程技术问题。     

200keV直流/脉冲中子发生器束流输运模拟计算

计算机模拟计算在各种类型加速器的设计中起着很重要的作用。例如,计算机模拟很快就可以确定加速器各部件的最佳工作参数和所需要的光学条件,使一台加速器复杂的束流输运系统设计变成简单的工作。TRANSPORT程序是当今世界上关于束流输运计算的最优秀程序之一。但是,该程序不能进行静电加速器离子光学系统的计算,也不能作直线加速器的粒子动力学计算。为此从北京大学引进了LEADS程序,它不仅具有TRANSPORT程序的优点,还克服了其不足。对含有聚束(脉冲束流)系统的加速器粒子动力学进行模拟是LEADS程序的新特色。实验中用LEADS程序模拟了200keV直流/脉冲中子发生器束流输运过程,得到了横向相图、纵向相图和束包络图。还用LMOV程序计算和验证了聚束系统,束流脉冲波形图和实验结果比较接近。     

在线同位素分离器监控系统的研制

在线同位素分离器(ISOL)装置是HI-13串列加速器升级工程中产生放射性核束及13 MeV串列加速器的注入部分，其能产生多种放射性核束，具有高质量分辨率的特点。为实现该装置的监控任务，结合ISOL的分布情况和特点，设计了一套PLC框架下构建的基于以太网的分布式控制系统。本文介绍受控设备的特点、控制方式、监控系统的基本结构、安全联锁和抗干扰设计、图形化监控软件设计、数据存储方式及运行情况。     

Design of the Prototype Negative Ion Source for Neutral Beam Injector at ASIPP

In order to support the design,manufacture and commissioning of the negativeion-based neutral beam injection(NBI) system for the Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor(CFETR),the Hefei utility negative ion test equipment with RF source(HUNTER) was proposed at ASIPP.A prototype negative ion source will be developed at first.The main bodies of plasma source and accelerator of the prototype negative ion source are similar to that of the ion source for EAST-NBI.But instead of the filament-arc driver,an RF driver is adopted for the prototype negative ion source to fulfill the requirement of long pulse operation.A cesium seeding system and a magnetic filter are added for enhancing the negative ion density near the plasma grid and minimizing co-extracted electrons.Besides,an ITER-like extraction system is applied inside the accelerator,where the negative ion beam is extracted and accelerated up to 50 kV.     

An experimental apparatus proposed for efficient removal of isobaric contaminants in negative ion beams

Isobaric contaminants are often problematical in accelerated negative ion beams for research at certain radioactive ion beam (RIB) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facilities since their presence in low-intensity rare isotopic beams seriously compromise experimental results. This article describes a non-resonant, laser-based photo-detachment apparatus for use at these facilities, which, according to calculations efficiently removes isobaric contaminants from these beams. The advantage of the system for isobaric contaminant removal over other systems proposed to date lies in its ability to efficiently capture easily transportable energetic negative ion beams with low, intermediate or high energy spreads by a superconducting solenoid magnetic field. The ability to change the diameter of captured beams by adjusting the magnetic field strength permits optimum control of the radial overlap of the laser/negative ion beam profiles over an extended interaction region under high vacuum conditions without retarding optical affect, collision-cooling or capture losses.     

BISOL相邻两电荷态相同质量重离子束相位能量调节的物理设计

放射性核束物理是国际核物理研究的前沿,滴线区新物理、铁以上重元素的天体合成过程、超重稳定岛核素合成等关键科学问题的突破将对整个自然科学产生重大影响,这些研究都需要高强度的极端丰中子核束。将中国先进研究堆及强流氘离子加速器打靶产生的放射性核束传输至物理终端,采用两电荷态束流同时加速可以有效提高束流强度;通过分析离子束分离注入同步加速原理,采用静电高压调节离子束相位差,速率调节器同步离子束能量,分别计算得到不同种类核束引出电压参数和速率同步参数;同时分析计算了电压调节与离子束相位差变化关系,得到电压调节参数。计算结果表明,当调节电压幅值取±8 k V时,可满足不同种类离子相位调节需求。     

Preliminary Research Results for the Generation and Diagnostics of High Power Ion Beams on FLASH II Accelerator

The preliminary experimental results of the generation and diagnostics of highpower ion beams on FLASH II accelerator are reported, The high-power ion beams presently are being produced in a pinched diode, The method for enhancing the ratio of ion to electron current is to increase the electron residing time by pinching the electron flow, Furthermore, electron beam pinching can be combined with electron reflexing to achieve ion beams with even higher efficiency and intensity. The anode plasma is generated by anode foil bombarded with electron and anode foil surface flashover. In recent experiments on FLASH II accelerator, ion beams have been produced with a current of 160 kA and an energy of 500 keV corresponding to an ion beam peak power of about 80 GW. The ion number and current of high power ion beams were determined by monitoring delayed radioactivity from nuclear reactions induced in a ^12C target by the proton beams, The prompt γ-rays and diode bremsstrahlung X-rays were measured with a PIN semi-conductor detector and a plastic scintillator detector, The current density distribution of ion beam were measured with a biased ion collector array. The ion beams were also recorded with a CR-39 detector.     

CSRe分子离子研究装置低能传输线物理设计

本文完成了CSRe分子离子研究装置低能传输线的物理设计。采用Poisson/Superfish软件对150 kV倍压型高压加速器的电场分布进行了模拟,结果显示,加速器各区域空间电场强度均远低于击穿电场强度限值。利用Beampath程序对离子源引出的分子离子束在高压加速器中的传输进行了模拟,束流包络显示,加速区电场对分子离子束具有较强的聚焦作用,加速管出口束斑尺寸较小。采用Trace-3D程序设计了高分辨能力的磁分析系统和RFQ加速器的注入匹配段。通过Beampath程序的模拟,分析出了质量数为150的分子离子束,并由三单元四极透镜实现了分析束流与直线加速器RFQ的注入匹配。     

Experimental Electronuclear Setup at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics

The purpose and current construction status, at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, of an experimental electronuclear setup, combining a pulsed proton linear accelerator (36 MeV, 0.5 mA) and a subcritical blanket thermal-power assembly 100 kW, are discussed. The main equipment is already available or is being built in industry. The setup can be used to investigate the dynamics of the interaction of a linac–driver and a subcritical reactor and problems concerning the accelerator–driver and the target–blanket assembly. The proton beams and neutron fluxes will be used for applied purposes. In the future it will be possible to increase substantially the current and energy of the proton beam.     

应用于离子注入的RFQ加速器

射频四极场(Radio frequency quodrupole,RFQ)加速器是一种非常适于用作MeV级能量离子注入的加速器.它具有束流强、体积小、使用方便、离子源处在地电位,还可同时加速正、负两种离子等优点.本文介绍了RFQ加速器在国际上的发展状况及其基本原理、北京大学研制的1 MeV RFQ加速器的具体结构、性能以及一种新型RFQ-SFRFQ组合加速器的特点.     

Experimental verification of an APF linac for a proton therapy facility

Alternating phase focusing (APF) is known as a beam focusing method; it was applied to an interdigital H-mode structure and successfully accelerated high current proton beams up to the desired energy for a medical synchrotron injector. A high-current APF linac was achieved by the optimal design of the cavity and the drift tubes themselves, as well as drift tube arrangement based on the co-iteration of a precise electromagnetic field and space charge beam dynamics.A proton injector for a medical accelerator complex was fabricated with the newly developed APF linac. The injector consists of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, a radio-frequency quadrupole linac and the APF linac. The experimental results showed that over 10 mA proton beams were accelerated up to 7.4 MeV.     

14MeV医用同源双模中能电子直线加速管的研制

医用同源双模中能电子直线加速管是影像引导放射治疗技术(Image Guide Radiation Therapy,IGRT)中的核心部件,为确保放射治疗直线加速器能够提供稳定和高品质的成像射束、双光子模式治疗射束以及多档电子射束,上海联影医疗科技有限公司研制了基于一种新型的能量开关技术的14 Me V医用双模驻波加速管。采用束流动力学程序Parmela对加速管整管的横向聚焦和纵向聚束进行了动力学设计分析,为优化加速管腔体几何结构提供了指标要求,最终利用电磁场仿真软件Superfish及CST(Computer Simulation Technology)优化腔体结构设计并得到了最优的微波参数。模拟计算结果表明,该加速管总长1.3 m,采用边耦合双周期?/2驻波结构,工作频率2.998 GHz,其输出束流能量可以实现多档可调,成像模式可输出低于3 MV的光子,治疗束可输出具有6 MV和10 MV两档的光子及4档能量电子束(最高能量可达14 Me V)。完成加工后,冷测结果与设计值符合得比较好,下一步将进行高功率微波老练。     

PIC方法在RFQ加速器z-code和t-code模拟程序中的应用研究

本文介绍了二维PIC(Particle in cell)方法,这种方法常用于粒子动力学模拟中空间电荷作用的计算。并比较了以时间为自变量(t-code)和以纵向位置为自变量(z-code)的两种动力学模拟程序;针对“国家重点基础研究发展规划”洁净核能项目中的射频四极(RFQ)加速器结构参数,给出了单束加速和正、负离子束同时加速两种情况下,t-code和z-code模拟得出的传输效率。结果表明,当束团的相位宽度大或能散大时,z-code在计算空间电荷作用时会引入相对较大的误差,从而应该使用t-code来进行动力学模拟,以获得更准确的结果。     

New Method of Large-Area DC Ion Beam Formation with Multiple Electron Beams, (II)

A new method to form a small divergence dc ion beam using a large-area single-hole electrode instead of a multiaperture electrode is described. A distinctive feature of this method is to make use of multiple electron beams in an ion source to control the spatial ion density distribution at the region of ion beam formation; the electron beams play a role to aid formation of the concave plasma boundary, which is required to extract a convergent ion beam from gaseous plasma according to the experimental facts described in Part (I). In this experiment, it was verified with three slab-like electron beams that formation of the concave boundary was possible in a stable and steady state. This electrode system can be applied to some types of the present high current ion sources to obtain large-area dc ion beams.     

First results of negative ion extraction with Cs for CRAFT prototype negative beam source

In order to understand the physics and pre-study the engineering issues for radio frequency(RF)negative beam source, a prototype source with a single driver and three-electrode accelerator was developed. Recently, the beam source was tested on the RF source test facility with RF plasma generation, negative ion production and extraction. A magnetic filter system and a Cs injection system were employed to enhance the negative ion production. As a result, a long pulse of 105 s negative ion beam with current density of 153 A m-2 was repeatedly extracted successfully. The source pressure is 0.6 Pa and the ratio of co-extracted electron and negative ion current is around0.3. The details of design and experimental results of beam source were shown in this letter.     

Limitations of Heavy Ion Synchrotron Acceleration for Inertial Fusion

The potential benefits from heavy ion inertial fusion motivate the rapid development of a program to test the principle.1,2,3 To define the program, accelerator parameters which have not hitherto been commonly considered must be studied interactively with basic questions of space charge limitations and charge exchange. Beam lifetime and power output efficiency may ultimately lead to a linear accelerator as the choice for an ignition device. For proof of principle, however, at power levels way beyond present inertial fusion experience, synchrotrons may have applicability at lower cost. The power and energy which can be delivered by the accelerating system to the reaction chamber are limited by space charge defocussing and intra beam charge exchange scattering, both of which are beam density dependent. These put constraints on linac injector energy, synchrotron aperture, synchrotron magnetic rigidity, acceleration time, ion species and charge to mass ratio. The accelerator system considered is classical. A linear accelerator injects into a synchrotron which accelerates the ion beam to the full energy delivered to the target. The maximum energy deliverable by a synchrotron is treated in section I. The targetting parameters and the energy gained through synchrotron acceleration completely determine the synchrotron aperture. These are discussed in sections II and III. The ion range in material is treated in section IV. The problem of intrabeam scattering is considered in section V. Finally, in section VI is a discussion of examples to meet specified goals.     

用于双离子束注入器的杂质消除系统

研制了一套用于双离子束注入器的杂质消除系统，该系统由两台速度选择器、1台单透镜和1台双孔选束光阑组成，可实现不同荷质比的两种离子束在同时传输过程中消除杂质离子。该技术已用于1台H⁺₂和He⁺两种离子束同时传输的50 keV双离子束注入器，实现了1台加速器同时产生、传输两种离子束，并同轴注入靶内，离子束纯度好于99.9%。     

北大4.5MV静电加速器束流脉冲化系统

４．５ＭＶ静电加速器是北大设计和建造的单级静电加速器。为了能够利用飞行时间法进行中子能量测量，需要把连续束变成短脉冲束。为此，在该器上配置了束流脉冲化系统。文章主要介绍４．５ＭＶ静电加速器束流脉冲化系统所采用的９ＭＨｚ射频聚束器和１．５ＭＨｚ射频切割器及有关的电子学线路、粒子纵向运动的模拟、对横向聚焦的要求。实验结果表明，可以获得的脉冲宽度为１．８ｎｓ。     

Collection, cooling and delivery of ISOL beams

The collection of an ISOL beam in a Penning trap using implantation on a surface that is subsequently manipulated so as to become part of an end electrode of a Penning trap and reionization of the implanted material by heat has already been very productive for high-precision nuclear-mass measurements, even though it is limited to elements that are surface ionizable and the collection efficiencies are never better than about 0.1%. More recently, in 1990 a Paul trap system for electric collection of ions was installed at the ISOLDE-3 facility and collection was demonstrated for a 60 kV beam of ¹³²Xe ions. The purpose of this test setup was to determine the relationship between phase space volume of a typical trap and the collection efficiency that could be obtained in direct capture. For the modest trap used, collection efficiencies of up to 0.2% were achieved. A beam of negative bromine ions was collected by simply reversing the polarities of all voltages used. From the experience with this system it appears feasible to build a Paul trap which is about three times as large in linear dimensions as the existing one and which could be driven at up to 10 kV peak at 1 MHz using a modest rf amplifier (300 W). With moderate prebunching of the injected beam at 1 MHz, this system should achieve collection efficiencies approaching 100%. Based on these results, preliminary design work is being carried out on the collection system to be installed at the ISOLDE Booster facility. Suggestions for other uses of a Paul trap collection system for ISOL beams are presented.