1970-2016年青藏高原岗扎日冰川变化与物质平衡遥感监测研究

可可西里处于青藏高原腹地,是青藏高原自然环境的交接与过渡地带。近年来该区域冰川物质平衡可能有从西向东由正转负的趋势,但是其过渡地带岗扎日地区冰川状态未知。本研究利用地形图、SRTM、ASTER和Landsat等资料分析了岗扎日地区冰川面积变化和物质平衡变化,并对可可西里地区冰川变化空间规律进行了探讨,结果表明：①1970-2016年岗扎日冰川总面积年均缩小率为0.08±0.02%。2006年后冰川退缩趋势减缓。②1970-2012年岗扎日冰川平均减薄-8.64±0.30 m,体积减少1.45±0.06 km³,平均物质平衡为-0.21±0.01 m w.e. a^-1。冰川物质平衡趋势由负转正（1970-1999年：-0.34±0.01 m w.e. a^-1;1999-2012：0.16±0.02 w.e. a^-1）。③东南、南、西南朝向作为迎风坡,1970年以来其冰川物质亏损较小,1999-2012年呈现强烈的正平衡。冰川面积变化滞后于物质平衡变化,东朝向和东南朝向冰川面积缩小率最大,主要是因为冰川冰舌较长,末端所处的海拔较低。④气温升高是岗扎日冰川1970-1999年呈现负物质平衡状态的主因,降水增多是1999-2012年正平衡状态的主因。⑤可可西里地区冰川1970s以来面积年均缩小率从西向东不断增大、物质平衡下降,与西风环流和季风环流相关,但局地气候也影响冰川变化和物质平衡。     

基于MODIS数据的南极洲冰川变化情况遥感调查与分析

南极洲生态环境是世界各国研究的热点。本文利用2003年和2010年两期MODIS数据对南极洲大陆冰川及其冰架进行遥感调查与分析,获得南极洲2003年和2010年两期冰川及冰架类型、面积等信息,并通过监测初步掌握了南极洲冰川变化情况,进一步对其变化原因及其变化趋势进行初步研究和分析。     

基于SAR干涉数据的东帕米尔高原冰川变化

冰川变化监测对生态灾害预防、区域水资源调控、气候变化研究等意义重大。利用冰川在雷达干涉影像上表现出失相干这一特性,选用1998年ERS 1/2与2018年 Sentinel-1A重轨单视复数SAR数据,通过相干系数取阈值的方法获取东帕米尔高原两个时期的冰川边界,以Landsat TM/OLI影像和全球陆地冰川空间监测计划发布的数据验证本文冰川边界提取的精度,从而分析冰川变化。结果表明：① 拟合研究区相干系数图上相干系数γ与对应像元个数的曲线关系,冰川区像元个数会在低相干区域积累形成一个小的波峰。曲线一阶导数变缓的点（冰川区向非冰川区过渡的转折点）即为所选阈值点,利用SAR相干系数取阈值法提取的冰川边界与光学遥感影像结合RGI6.0数据提取的验证冰川边界具有较好的一致性,SAR干涉相干系数提取冰川边界的方法是可行而有效的,ERS 1/2与Sentinel-1A提取的冰川总面积精度均在90%以上,而且SAR数据能够有效提取光学遥感影像难以识别的冰川表碛覆盖;② 1998年和2018年东帕米尔高原冰川总面积减少了318.59 km2,年平均变化速率为-15.93 km2/a,冰川退缩面积占冰川总面积的23%;③ 对大、中型规模冰川来说,表碛覆盖型冰川退缩较其他冰川明显;从坡向上来看,20年各个坡向冰川均有所退缩,其中东南坡冰川退缩最多,西坡冰川退缩最少;从海拔上来看,1998年冰川集中分布在4519~5421 m海拔区间内,2018年集中分布在4682~5320 m海拔区间内;在3325~5710 m海拔区间内冰川退缩明显,4915 m海拔附近达到退缩极大值。     

1972-2009年念青唐古拉山西段冰湖分布及其变化特征

冰湖是研究气候变化的重要指标之一,了解冰湖分布和变化的特征,对认识冰川与气候之间关系和冰湖溃决灾害评估
有着重要意义。运用遥感资料监测念青唐古拉山西段近40a来的冰湖分布及其变化,并结合DEM 研究冰湖垂直分布的变化,探
讨影响冰湖分布和变化的可能因素。研究结果表明:(1)研究区冰湖数量和面积近年来都呈迅速增加趋势,冰湖增加150个,冰湖
面积增加4.384km2。气温升高、冰川融水增加是冰湖增多和面积增大的主要原因;(2)冰湖垂直分布变化明显,新增冰湖个数峰
值位于海拔5500~5700m,占新增冰湖总数的61%;新增冰湖面积峰值在海拔5400~5700m,占新增湖总面积的44%;冰湖面
积在大部分海拔高度上均呈扩张态势;(3)海拔高于5400m的区域,1991-2009年新增的冰湖数量远多于1972-1991年。冰湖
在高海拔区分布的变化对念青唐古拉山区冰川消融以及气候垂直变化具有一定的指示作用。      

青藏高原湖泊面积动态监测

高原湖泊的动态变化对区域水循环具有重要影响。受全球气候变化的影响,青藏高原湖泊自20世纪90年代开始呈现剧烈扩张趋势。为揭示近年来青藏高原湖泊面积的时空变化规律,本文提出了一种改进的半自动湖泊提取算法,结合环境减灾卫星（HJ-1A/1B）和Landsat系列卫星影像数据,对青藏高原内流流域中面积大于50 km²的127个湖泊进行了连续6年的动态监测,并分析了该区域2009-2014年湖泊面积时空变化特征。研究结果表明,该区域湖泊整体呈现显著扩张趋势,年均变化速率为231.89 km²yr^-1（0.87 %yr^-1）,6年间湖泊面积扩张速率有所减缓。其中,扩张湖泊有104个,收缩湖泊有23个,变化速率分别为271.08 km²yr^-1（1.02 % yr^-1）和-39.19 km²yr^-1（-0.15 %yr^-1）。不同区域湖泊面积变化具有明显差异,主要表现为东部及北部大部分区域湖泊扩张,南部地区大部分湖泊面积稳定,萎缩湖泊主要分布于研究区四周。最后,本文通过分析冰川融水补给对湖泊面积变化的影响,发现存在冰川融水补给的湖泊面积变化率远大于不存在冰川融水补给的湖泊。由此可见,近年来冰川融水的增加是促进青藏高原内流流域湖泊扩张的主要因素之一。     

青藏高原冰川年内实现动态监测

世界上山地冰川最多的区域青藏高原冰川2009年起将实现动态监测。青海省卫星遥感中心已基于我国发射的风云3号卫星数据建立起青藏高原典型大冰川遥感监测平台，近期即可通过卫星遥感技术对青藏高原冰川展开动态监测。     

山地冰川冰湖变化及其溃决洪水遥感监测研究进展

冰湖作为冰川融水主要储蓄载体,能在一定程度延缓区域冰川淡水资源流失,但也为冰湖溃决洪水(Glacial Lake Outburst Floods, GLOFs)、滑坡、泥石流等山地灾害发生提供了孕灾场所,是众多山地冰川灾害链的重要环节。升温、极端气候变化扰动下,冰川物质亏损/减薄速率进一步加剧,冰湖形态变化速率加快、GLOFs发生频次与规模有所提升、灾害影响效应愈发显著,对高海拔山地冰川区下游居民生命财产和基础设施安全带来潜在风险。鉴于此,本文以冰湖与GLOFs研究为主题,首先,通过冰湖研究文献计量分析确定了近些年研究热点专题;其次,围绕山地冰川冰湖与GLOFs研究的3个主要方向：冰湖与GLOFs遥感监测、冰湖时空演化与冰川变化分析及未来潜在冰湖探测、冰湖灾害风险评估与GLOFs案例研究,遴选10项重要专题内容,分门别类、系统梳理总结、剖析了国内外研究进展,阐述了当下研究存在不足;最后,针对所选专题结合技术发展趋势与研究热点问题,围绕冰湖形态信息与GLOFs智能提取、冰川-冰(前/面)湖系统演化及其气候变化响应关系、冰湖监测预警与灾害防治内容,对未来研究做了一定展望,以期为山地冰川冰湖...     

1972-2017年南阿尔泰山中部冰湖变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

以1972、1989、1996、2006、2017年5个不同时段的Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像数据、数字高程模型（DEM）数据和气象数据为数据源,通过计算机自动提取与人工目视解译相结合的方法获取南阿尔泰山中部地区各时段的冰湖信息,利用GIS空间分析方法对该地区的冰湖面积进行统计,并分析研究区冰湖在不同规模、不同坡度、不同海拔状态下的时空变化特征。结果表明:①近45年来南阿尔泰山中部地区的冰湖面积呈"先减后增"趋势。1972-1996年研究区的冰湖面积从411.14 km2减少至400.83 km2,共减少了10.31 km2,减少速率为0.43 km2/a。从1996-2017年冰湖面积增加了15.42 km2;增长率为0.514 km2/a。②研究区冰湖分布主要集中在海拔低于2 200 m、坡度小于25°的区域,不同海拔区间和不同坡度区间的冰湖面积均呈"先减后增"趋势。③结合气温、降水、冰川面积以及冰储量变化数据分析发现,南阿尔泰山中部地区冰湖对气候变化具有明显的响应。温度、降水量及冰川融水是影响冰湖面积变化的主要因素;且这三者之间存在一种平衡关系,即温度升高冰川消融速度加快,从而对冰湖的收支平衡产生直接影响。当冰湖的补给量（即冰川融水和降水量之和）大于由温度升高引起的蒸发量时,冰湖面积会呈增长趋势;反之亦然。1970-1980年整个阿勒泰地区年代际降水量减少了19.28 mm,温度上升了0.25℃,因此1972-1989年研究区冰湖的蒸发水量大于补给水量,导致该时段冰湖面积呈退缩态势。1989-1996年该区降水量增加了19.67%,温度升高了0.62℃,但是增加的降水量却无法弥补由温度升高引起的冰湖蒸发量,因此1989-1996年研究区冰湖面积仍处于退缩状态。1996-2017年由于温度和降水量大幅增加导致冰湖面积呈不断增长趋势。      

基于遥感多特征组合的冰川及其相关地表类型信息提取

冰川作为青藏高原的一种典型的地表覆盖类型,在高寒地区广泛分布,往往因为地形复杂,无法实地测绘。本文利用高分辨率遥感影像和高精度的DEM,在分析各种冰川类别的光谱、形状、空间关系、地形和气候等环境分布特征的基础上,综合和发展了现有的特征描述算法,建立了描述各种冰川类别特征的组合提取模型,运用面向对象的自动提取方法,对西部测图区青藏高原试验区进行了冰雪影像自动识别试验。试验结果表明,该方法是可行的,它对难以实地测量的冰雪信息引进了遥感自动提取方法,为研究冰川消融和气候变化拓展了研究思路。     

基于GRACE数据估计近年喜马拉雅冰川质量变化

基于CSR发布的GRACE时变重力场模型RL05数据,在频域上计算得到2002~2014年喜马拉雅山冰川质量变化。扣除GIA和水文模型影响后,喜马拉雅地区的冰川质量变化整体上呈现加速消融的趋势,消融速率约为-8.26±4.61 Gt/a,加速度约为-3.54±1.25 Gt/a2。     

Evidence for Accelerating Glacier Ice Loss in the Takht＇ e Solaiman Mountains of Iran from 1955 to 2010

This study reports on the clean ice area and surface elevation changes of the Khersan and Merjikesh glaciers in the north of Iran between 1955 and 2010 based on several high to medium spatial resolution remote sensing data.The object-oriented classification technique has been applied to nine remote sensing images to estimate the debris-free areas.The satellite-based analysis revealed that the clean ice areas of Khersan and Merjikesh glaciers shrank since 2010 with an overall area decrease of about 45% and 60% respectively.It means that the dramatic proportions of 1955 glaciers surface area are covered with debris during the last five decades.Although the general trend is a clean ice area decrease,some advancement is observed over the period of 1997-2004.During 1987-1991 the maximum decrease in the clean ice area was observed.However,the clean ice area had steadily increased between 1997 and 2010.To quantify the elevation changes besides the debris-free change analysis,several Digital Elevation Models(DEMs) were extracted from aerial photo(1955),topographic map(1997),ASTER image(2002) and Worldview-2 image(2010) and after it a 3-D Coregistration and a linear relationship adjustments techniques were used to remove the systematic shifts and elevation dependent biases.Unlike the sinusoidal variation of our case studies which was inferred from planimetric analysis,the elevation change results revealed that the glacier surface lowering has occurred during 1955-2010 continuously without any thickening with the mean annual thinning of about 0.4 ± 0.04 m per year and 0.3 ± 0.026 m per year for Khersan and Merjikesh glaciers,respectively.The maximum thinning rate has been observed during 1997-2002(about 1.1 ± 0.09 per year and 0.96 ± 0.01 mper year,respectively),which was compatible partially with debris-free change analysis.The present result demonstrates that although in debris-covered glaciers clean ice area change analysis can illustrate the direction of changes(retreat or advance),due to the high uncertainty in glacier area delineation in such glaciers,it cannot reveal the actual glacier changes.Thus,both planimetric and volumetric change analyses are very critical to obtain accurate glacier variation results.     

Monitoring elevation change of glaciers on Geladandong Mountain using TanDEM-X SAR interferometry

Glaciers play an important role in the climate system. The elevation change of a glacier is an important parameter in studies of glacier dynamics. Only a few ground-based measurements of high mountain glaciers are available due to their remoteness, high elevation, and complex topography. The acquisition from the German Tan DEM-X(Terra SAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement) SAR imaging configuration provides a reliable data sources for studying the elevation change of glaciers. In this study, the bistatic Tan DEM-X data that cover the Geladandong Mountain on the Tibetan Plateau were processed with SAR interferometry technique and the elevation changes of the mountain's glaciers during 2000–2014 were obtained. The results indicated that although distinct positive and negative elevation changes were found for different glacier tongues, the mean elevation change was about-0.14±0.26 m a-1. Geoscience Laser Altimeter System(GLAS) data were obtained for comparison and verification. The investigation using GLAS data demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed method in determining glacier elevation change. Thus, the presented approach is appropriate for monitoring glacier elevation change and it constitutes a valuable tool for studies of glacier dynamics.     

Field evidences showing rapid frontal degeneration of the Kangriz glacier,western Himalayas,Jammu & Kashmir

Life cycle of glaciers in the Himalayan region has notably changed due to the climatic variability since last few decades. Glaciers across the world and specially the Himalayan glaciers have shown large scale degeneration in the last few decades. Himalayan glaciers serve as an important fresh water resource for the downstream communities, who are dependent on this water for domestic and other purposes. Therefore, glacier shrinkage and the associated hydrological changes pose a significant problem for regional-scale water budgets and resource management. These issues necessitate the regular and rigorous monitoring of the wastage pattern of the Himalayan glaciers in field and using satellite remote sensing data. In this work, we report rapid and enhanced degeneration of the frontal part of the Kangriz glacier, Jammu and Kashmir (J & K), in terms of surface melting, debris cover, snout characteristics and meltwater discharge. Ablation data acquired during 2016–2017 shows the average lowering of the frontal part of the glacier to be ~148 ± 34 cm, one-third of which was found to have occurred within a 13 day time period in September, 2017. Also, the quantum of ice melt was found to be inversely influenced (r = -0.84) by the debris thickness. 15 day meltwater discharge measurement revealed its strong relationship with snout disintegration pattern, evidenced twice during the said time period. Volume of water discharged from the glacier was estimated to be 7.91×10⁶ m³ for the measurement duration. Also, mean daily discharge estimated for the 15 days interval showed good positive correction (r = 0.78) with temperature indicating the direct dependency of the former on land surface temperature conditions of the region. Besides the lowering and discharge observations, the frequent ice-block break-offs at the glacier snout further enhance its overall drastic degeneration. The study suggests that, being the largest glacier in the Suru basin, the Kangriz glacier needs to be continuously monitored in order to understand its glacio-hydrological conditions.     

Monitoring glacier and supra-glacier lakes from space in Mt. Qomolangma region of the Himalayas on the Tibetan Plateau in China

Because of the large number and remoteness, satellite data, including microwave data and optical imagery, have commonly been used in alpine glaciers surveys. Using remote sensing and Geographical Information System （GIS） techniques, the paper presents the results of a multitemporal satellite glacier extent mapping and glacier changes by glacier sizes in the Mt. Qomolangma region at the northern slopes of the middle Himalayas over the Tibetan Plateau. Glaciers in this region have both retreated and advanced in the past 35 years, with retreat dominating. The glacier retreat area was 3.23 km2 （or o.75 km^2 yr^-1 during 1974 and 1976, 8.68 km^2 （or 0.36 km^2 yr^-1 during 1976 and 1992, 1.44 km^2 （or 0.12 km^2 yr^-1） during 1992-2ooo. 1.14 km^2 （or 0.22 km^2 yr^-1 during 2000-2003, and 0.52 km^2 （or 0.07 km^2 yr^-1 during 2003-2008, respectively. While supra-glacier lakes on the debris-terminus of the Rongbuk Glacier were enlarged dramatically at the same time, from 0.05 km^2 in 1974 increased to 0.71 km^2 in 2008, which was more than 13 times larger in the last 35 years. In addition, glacier changes also showed spatial differences, for example, glacier retreat rate was the fastest at glacier termini between 5400 and 5700 m a.s.l than at other elevations. The result also shows that glaciers in the middle Himalayas retreat almost at a same pace with those in the western Himalayas.     

Heterogeneous Expansion of End-moraine Dammed Lakes in the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya Ranges of Pakistan during 2001-2013

Global climate change during the twentieth century had a significant impact on the glaciers that resulted in creation of new lakes and expansion of existing ones, and ultimately an increase in the number of glacial lake outburst floods(GLOFs) in the Himalayan region. This study reports variation of the end-moraine dammed lakes in the high altitude Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalaya(HKH) region of Pakistan to evaluate future floods hazard under changing climate in this region. An integrated temporal remote sensing and Geographic information system(GIS) based approach using satellite images of Landsat-7 and 8 was adopted to detect 482 endmoraine dammed lakes out of which 339 lakes(0.02 km2) were selected for temporal change analysis during the 2001-2013 period. The findings of the study revealed a net expansion in the end-moraine dammed lakes area in the Karakoram(about 7.7%) and in the Himalayas(4.6%), while there was a net shrinkage of about 1.5% in the lakes area in the Hindukush range during this period. The percentage increase in the lakes' area was highest above 4500 m asl in the Hindukush, within 3500-4000 m asl in the Himalayas and below 3500 m asl in the Karakoram range. The overall positive change in the lakes' area appears to prevail in various altitudinal ranges of the region. The heterogeneous areal changes in the endmoraine dammed lakes might be attributed to different climate regimes and glacial hydrodynamics in the three HKH ranges. A periodic monitoring of the glacial lakes and their associated glaciers is essential for developing effective hazard assessment and risk reduction strategies for this high altitude Himalayan region.     

近20 a来玛纳斯河流域南山冰雪动态变化特征分析

利用1990-2010年的TM影像和DEM数据,通过面向对象的分类方法提取了玛纳斯河流域南山4个时期的冰雪分布信息,并结合近20 a（1987-2007年）的气温资料对研究区冰雪时空分布特征和变化原因进行了研究。结果表明：（1）1990-2010年间,研究区冰雪面积从1442.32 km²退缩到710.54 km²,面积减少了50.7%。（2）1990-2010年间,冰雪变化主要呈现退缩的态势,尤其在海拔4000 m以下,面积减少更为剧烈,在海拔4000 m以上相对平缓。这种现象在研究区东区表现的更为明显,西区相对较小。（3）自1987年以来,气温的升高是冰雪面积不断退缩的主要原因之一。     

A study on the water area changes in the North China plain by using remote sensing technology

Study results on changes of rivers, lakes and coastlines have great significance for water resource exploitation, land use planning, industry, and agriculture. Recognition of traces of changed water areas can be done more quickly and correctly by processing multitime and multi-type remote sensing data and image matching and enhancement with computer and optical equipments than by using conventional methods. Features of water area changes in ancient times can be recoverd by comparing Landsat data and airphotos with historical records. Remote sensing technique is very efficient for monitoring short-term quantitative changes of water areas. Systematic analysis of the remote sensing data of this region shows that river changes have become less frequent, that the area of lakes has decreased year by year, and that the coast line at the river mouth has continually moved seaward. Huanghe river activity caused changes of water areas here in ancient times. But human activities have been playing an increasingly important role in modern times.     

泰山地区第四纪冰川探讨

简述了泰山地区的地质背景概况,对比分析了国内外学者的研究成果、理论及分歧原因,实地考察了泰山地区角峰、刃脊等冰川地貌,并取样品进行热释光年龄分析显示其年代为(30.54±2.59)kaB.P.,相当于末次冰期主冰期中的Paudorf-Stillfried间冰阶时段。并从地貌特征与遥感数字2个方面分析研究,发现了一些冰川遗迹的信息,为泰山地区第四纪冰川研究提供了一定的佐证。