基于气动模型辅助的四旋翼飞行器室内自主导航方法

 惯性/卫星/磁传感器/气压高度计组合导航系统是四旋翼飞行器常用的导航方案。但在室内飞行时,由于卫星导航系统不可用,该导航方案的测速及定位精度难以满足四旋翼飞行器的自主飞行需求,从而制约了其室内自主飞行能力。为解决该问题,在利用四旋翼飞行器气动模型的基础上,提出了惯性/磁传感器/声纳传感器/气动模型组合导航方案。通过分析四旋翼飞行器的气动模型特性,揭示了气动模型辅助自主导航的内在机理;提出了气动模型辅助导航算法,并设计了具体的实施流程。最后,结合OS4型四旋翼飞行器的气动模型特点,搭建了气动模型辅助导航方案的验证平台,对四旋翼飞行器的室内悬停与机动飞行进行了仿真模拟。仿真结果表明,气动模型辅助导航方案可以显著提高室内飞行时的测速与定位精度。该方案无需增加其他传感器,具有自主性强、成本低和零载重的优点,在四旋翼飞行器室内导航中具有较好的应用价值。     

机载视觉和IMU融合的无人机自主着舰研究

针对无人机着舰过程中动-动平台视觉相对定位、定姿难的问题,搭建了一套可模拟不同海况下的无人机着舰物理仿真系统,并进行基于机载视觉和惯性测量仪(IMU)融合的无人机自主着舰研究。使用六自由度转台模拟不同级别下的海况,采用机载视觉检测和跟踪降落平台上的合作标志,计算出无人机相对于标志板的位姿,控制无人机在标志板上空悬停、自主降落到降落平台上。试验结果表明,该方法能为无人机在高海况条件下的自主着舰提供高精度的相对定位数据,并引导无人机实现安全地自主着舰。     

一种自主四旋翼飞行器控制系统结构研究

四旋翼无人飞行器在军事及民用领域都有很重要的应用,但目前主要是以遥控控制为主,其自主飞行能力较弱,因此提出了一种针对四旋翼飞行器的自主控制架构,它可根据设置好的飞行轨迹进行自主巡航飞行.该自主飞行架构主要分为两部分,分别为导航控制系统和姿态控制系统.导航控制系统根据航线信息解算系统控制姿态角及飞行速度,并把解算结果交给姿态控制系统,由姿态控制系统完成实际飞行器姿态的控制.通过航线自主飞行仿真对该方法的可行性进行了验证.结果表明,该自主控制架构明晰,易于实际控制系统的实现,具有实际应用价值.     

视觉与惯性融合的多旋翼飞行机器人室内定位技术

随着人工智能技术的发展，无人机的应用场景趋向多元，人们对无人机的需求也不仅仅满足于简单的飞行任务，而是赋予其飞行机器人的角色，对其自主导航、复杂环境下的定位以及智能协同方面提出了更高的要求。针对室内场景下的定位需求，融合视觉与惯性数据实现了多旋翼飞行机器人的室内定位。在视觉前端加入图像增强算法以提高图像灰度对比度，减少了光流跟踪的误匹配点数。提出了一种基于图像信息的特征点提取和图像帧发布策略提高了定位精度，解决了室内环境下的定位漂移问题。针对飞行机器人室内自主跟踪及降落任务，设计了基于视觉定位的飞行机器人自主降落系统。在Gazebo中搭建飞行机器人模型仿真验证自主降落系统有效性，在EuRoC数据集下对定位算法进行对比评估，搭建飞行机器人平台在真实场景下进行室内定位实验，完成了室内场景下平台自主跟踪及降落任务，并采用运动捕捉系统获取的定位真值数据进行了误差分析，结果表明该定位技术满足室内场景下的自主跟踪及降落任务需求。     

高阶微分反馈控制及在四旋翼飞行器中的应用

高阶微分反馈控制是不依赖系统精确模型的控制策略,采用控制滤波器间接补偿系统的未知模型。但其中的高阶微分器没有用来估计系统的未知模型函数,采用的是间接补偿未知模型函数方案。改进了高阶微分器,将控制输入引入其中,既能实时估计非线性模型中的未知函数,也能估计系统输出及参考输入的微分信息。对比分析了改进的高阶微分器和扩张状态观测器所估计的未知函数的收敛性,证明前者的型别比后者高一个类型。应用估计的微分和模型函数设计了新的高阶微分反馈控制算法,该方案能够抑制未知扰动,并成功地应用于四旋翼飞行器(QUAV)姿态系统的控制。应用Lyapunov函数从理论上证明了闭环系统的稳定性。在基于Pixhawk的控制测试平台实验中,分别采用改进的高阶微分反馈控制、PID控制、自抗扰控制和传统的高阶微分反馈控制方案,测试四旋翼飞行器对不同参考姿态的跟踪性能和抗扰性能。结果表明,所提出的改进高阶微分反馈控制方案,在暂态性能,稳态跟踪精度和抗干扰鲁棒性方面,大幅度优越于其他方案。     

基于路标观测角的星际着陆器自主位姿确定技术

针对利用导航路标进行六自由度状态估计这一非线性、模糊性问题,对星际着陆器自主位姿确定技术进行了研究。为了减小算法的复杂性,提高求解精度,基于欧式变换下角度不变性,提出以导航路标观测视线之间所形成的夹角作为观测量,对像素观测方程中位置、姿态状态进行解耦求解。通过对观测矩阵的讨论,分析了导航路标空间分布对位姿确定精度的影响,给出了导航路标选取的最优观测方案。最后利用蒙特卡罗仿真对所提导航算法进行了验证,并对影响导航精度的各相关因素进行了分析。     

双重未知干扰解耦的多传感器系统偏差校正与状态估计

具有未知干扰输入的随机系统状态估计问题广泛存在于控制、通信、信号处理和故障诊断等领域,但目前的研究成果大多局限于单传感器动态离散系统。针对状态方程含有未知干扰、量测方程含有未知偏差的多传感器系统状态估计问题开展了研究,提出了一种双重未知干扰解耦下的最小方差无偏估计滤波器。首先,建立量测偏差通用演化模型;然后,解耦偏差演化模型中的未知输入,设计最小方差无偏估计器对量测干扰偏差进行估计;之后,利用估计出的量测偏差来校正动态系统测量值;最后,根据量测偏差校正后的系统模型设计最优状态观测器,获得具有最小方差无偏的状态估计。径向飞行控制系统的例子验证了所提方法的有效性,与相关方法的仿真对比反应了所提方法的优越性。     

飞机装配中柔性工装定位单元位姿的实时获取方法

在某些飞机部件装配过程中,柔性工装定位单元(简称工装单元)是由一个并联机构组成的,并联机构动平台的位姿决定了飞机部件的位姿,因此实时得到工装单元的动平台位姿的目的是实时计算其各个机构杆长与目标的差距,指导工装单元快速调整到装配所需的目标位姿,从而使飞机部件达到目标位姿。提出了一种通过激光跟踪仪与跟踪仪的STS六维传感器配件(简称6D设备)配合,实时获取工装单元动平台位姿的方法。对工装单元与6D设备配合工作的原理进行研究,通过软件接口获得6D设备的位姿,通过数学计算得到6D设备的位姿矩阵和工装单元动平台位姿矩阵。设计了试验方案并通过试验验证了算法的正确性。     

基于置信度的自适应Kalman滤波定位方法

针对室外自主移动机器人因感知信息缺失或异常波动造成的定位失败或偏差过大的问题,设计了一种基于置信度的自适应Kalman滤波定位方法。该方法根据置信距离和置信度函数计算局部滤波器的置信度,并将其进行加权运算后作为全局滤波器的自适应因子,以得到更为准确的位姿估计。采用D—S证据理论对全局位姿进行评价,并给出单一传感器失效时的组合方案。试验结果验证了方法的有效性和鲁棒性,能满足实际定位的需要。     

月面环境三维激光SLAM技术

同步建图与定位（SLAM）可实现月球车在未知复杂月面环境下的定位与导航,月球表面由陨坑、石头等起伏地形构成,缺乏树木、建筑物等地面存有的显著特征,大量特征不显著的点云数据会对月球车定位精度和实时性造成影响。本文提出了一种针对月面环境的显著特征点云提取方法以及基于曲面定位能力估计的增量式优化算法,通过Fisher信息矩阵计算曲面定位能力指标,获取机器人位姿估计的不确定性测量,利用增量式的SLAM方案进行优化,用于提高定位精度与实时性。通过在Gazebo （物理仿真平台）仿真场景下的测试,验证了算法性能。     

Coordinated target localization base on pseudo measurement for clustered space robot

This paper presents a coordinated target localization method for clustered space robot.According to the different measuring capabilities of cluster members,the master-slave coordinated relative navigation strategy for target localization with respect to slavery space robots is proposed;then the basic mathematical models,including coordinated relative measurement model and cluster centralized dynamics,are established respectively.By employing the linear Kalman flter theorem,the centralized estimator based on truth measurements is developed and analyzed frstly,and with an intention to inhabit the initial uncertainties related to target localization,the globally stabilized estimator is designed through introduction of pseudo measurements.Furthermore,the observability and controllability of stochastic system are also analyzed to qualitatively evaluate the convergence performance of pseudo measurement estimator.Finally,on-orbit target approaching scenario is simulated by using semi-physical simulation system,which is used to verify the convergence performance of proposed estimator.During the simulation,both the known and unknown maneuvering acceleration cases are considered to demonstrate the robustness of coordinated localization strategy.     

Optimal crater landmark selection based on optical navigation performance factors for planetary landing

Planetary craters are natural navigation landmarks that widely exist and are easily observed. Optical navigation based on crater landmarks has become an important autonomous navigation method for planetary landing. Due to the increase in observed crater landmarks and the limitation of onboard computation, the selection of good crater landmarks has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of landmark-based optical navigation. This paper designs a fast crater landmark selection method, which not only considers the configuration observability of crater subsets but also focuses on the influence on navigation performance arising from the measurement uncertainty and the matching confidence of craters, which is different from other landmark selection methods. The factor of measurement uncertainty, which is anisotropic, correlated and nonidentically distributed, is quantified and integrated into selection based on crater pairing detection and localization error evaluation. In addition, the concept of the crater matching confidence factor is introduced, which reflects the possibility of 2D projection measurements corresponding to 3D positions. Combined with the configuration observability factor, the crater landmark selection indicator is formed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by Monte Carlo simulations.     

Adaptive Estimation for a System with Unknown Measu rement Bias

An adaptive state estimator for passive underwater tracking of maneuvering targets is developed. The state estimator is designed specifically for a system containing unknown or randomly switching biased measurements. In modeling the stochastic system, it is assumed that the bias sequence dynamics can be modeled by a semi-Markov process. By incorporating the semi-Markovian concept into a Bayesian estimation technique, an estimator consisting of a bank of parallel, adaptively weighted, Kalman filters has been developed. Despite the large and randomly varying measurement biases, the proposed estimator, provides an accurate estimate of the system states.     

A heuristic cabin-type component alignment method based on multi-source data fusion

In cabin-type component alignment, digital measurement technology is usually adopted to provide guidance for assembly. Depending on the system of measurement, the alignment process can be divided into measurement-assisted assembly (MAA) and force-driven assembly. In MAA, relative pose between components is directly measured to guide assembly, while in force-driven assembly, only contact state can be recognized according to measured six-dimensional force and torque (6D F/T) and the process is completed based on preset assembly strategy. Aiming to improve the efficiency of force-driven cabin-type component alignment, this paper proposed a heuristic alignment method based on multi-source data fusion. In this method, measured 6D F/T, pose data and geometric information of components are fused to calculate the relative pose between components and guide the movement of pose adjustment platform. Among these data types, pose data and measured 6D F/T are combined as data set. To collect the data sets needed for data fusion, dynamic gravity compensation method and hybrid motion control method are designed. Then the relative pose calculation method is elaborated, which transforms collected data sets into discrete geometric elements and calculates the relative poses based on the geometric information of components. Finally, experiments are conducted in simulation environment and the results show that the proposed alignment method is feasible and effective.     

基于最大似然估计的TDOA/FDOA无源定位偏差补偿算法

在到达时差/到达频差(TDOA/FDOA)无源定位系统中,定位问题的非线性使得定位的结果存在偏差,特别是在噪声较大或者接收站布站不合理的情况下,定位的偏差尤其显著。针对这一问题,提出了一种基于最大似然估计的偏差补偿算法。该方法分为3步:首先,利用最大似然估计器对目标的位置和速度进行求解;其次,通过利用目标定位的估计值和含噪的测量值,对目标的位置和速度偏差值进行理论分析和推导;最后,将最大似然估计解减去理论偏差值,得到经过偏差补偿的新的目标定位解。理论分析和实验仿真证明,在一定噪声的情况下,所推导的目标位置和速度的理论偏差值与实际偏差值相符,并且经过偏差补偿后的定位算法,在保持目标定位的均方根误差(RMSE)与原最大似然算法一致的情况下,目标的位置和速度偏差值远远小于原最大似然算法的偏差值,目标定位精度得到了有效的提高。     

面向未知区域深度测量的序列图像稠密点特征生成算法

对未知着降区平坦度测量是无人机在复杂地形下安全着陆的关键问题。首先,根据小孔成像原理推导出基于单目序列图像的未知区域深度计算方程;其次,针对稀疏匹配存在深度信息重构误差大而稠密匹配在平滑区域误匹配率高的问题,提出一种基于Delaunay三角剖分的稠密点特征生成算法;然后,分别对序列图像中的2帧图像提取亚像素级Harris角点和尺度不变特征变换(SIFT)特征点,并分别进行特征点匹配;再以2种特征点间的欧氏距离作为约束条件将2种特征点进行融合,生成准稠密特征点;最后,将准稠密特征点进行Delaunay三角剖分,并根据每个剖分三角形上3个顶点像素偏差的方差值制定稠密特征点的生成策略,并结合所提出的深度计算方程计算整个未知区域各点的深度信息。通过Vega Prime(VP)搭建仿真演示验证系统,实验结果表明在机载相机距地面400m处计算高度分别为90m和55m的物体深度信息时,其深度测量相对误差不超过0.89%,具有较高的精度。     

Use of land＇s cooperative object to estimate UAV＇s pose for autonomous landing

The research of unmanned aerial vehicles＇（UAVs＇）autonomy navigation and landing guidance with computer vision has important signifcance.However,because of the image blurring,the position of the cooperative points cannot be obtained accurately,and the pose estimation algorithms based on the feature points have low precision.In this research,the pose estimation algorithm of UAV is proposed based on feature lines of the cooperative object for autonomous landing.This method uses the actual shape of the cooperative-target on ground and the principle of vanishing line.Roll angle is calculated from the vanishing line.Yaw angle is calculated from the location of the target in the image.Finally,the remaining extrinsic parameters are calculated by the coordinates transformation.Experimental results show that the pose estimation algorithm based on line feature has a higher precision and is more reliable than the pose estimation algorithm based on points feature.Moreover,the error of the algorithm we proposed is small enough when the UAV is near to the landing strip,and it can meet the basic requirements of UAV＇s autonomous landing.     

基于不敏变换的动基座传感器偏差估计方法

提出了一种新的基于合作目标的动基座传感器误差绝对配准方法。该方法利用所获得的合作目标位置信息,将载体平台姿态角偏差转换为传感器测量偏差中的一部分,并建立偏差状态方程和测量方程。在此基础上,采用广义最小二乘方法以实现传感器测距误差的估计,不敏滤波的方法则用于实现平台载体的姿态偏差和角度测量偏差的实时估计。仿真结果表明,该方法实现简单,收敛速度快,可以实现单部动基座传感器的偏差估计。