西南三江地区洋板块地层特征及构造演化

以大地构造研究为主导,初步梳理了三江地区洋板块地层系统的分布及其构造演化规律。本文阐述了三江地区经历原-古特提斯大洋连续演化、分阶段拼贴增生至最终俯冲消亡的地质演化历程。甘孜-理塘弧后洋盆于早石炭世打开,二叠纪—中三叠世进入顶峰扩张期,晚三叠世洋盆萎缩引起向西俯冲,最终在晚三叠世末局部地区保留残留海。哀牢山弧后洋盆不晚于早石炭世形成,早石炭世—早二叠世整体扩张发育,早二叠世末或晚二叠世初开始向西俯冲,晚三叠世最终完全关闭。金沙江洋盆早石炭世时已扩张成洋,到早二叠世晚期开始俯冲,石炭纪—早二叠世早期是金沙江洋盆扩张的主体时期,早二叠世晚期至早、中三叠世俯冲消亡。澜沧江弧后洋盆中晚泥盆世开始扩张,在石炭纪—早二叠世发育为成熟洋盆,早二叠世晚期洋内俯冲形成洋内弧,晚二叠世—早、中三叠世双向俯冲消亡。昌宁-孟连洋为特提斯洋主带,具有原-古特提斯洋连续演化的地质记录,晚奥陶世开始向东俯冲消减,二叠纪末、早三叠世发生弧-陆碰撞作用,昌宁-孟连洋盆闭合。     

新特提斯洋打开于晚三叠世?——印度大陆北缘沉积响应

新特提斯洋是中生代位于北方欧亚大陆和南方冈瓦纳大陆之间的古大洋,它在青藏高原南部地区于新生代早期因印度-欧亚大陆碰撞而消亡,其遗迹为现今的印度河-雅鲁藏布缝合带。新特提斯洋打开以拉萨地块从冈瓦纳大陆的裂离为标志。准确约束新特提斯洋的开启时间是重建冈瓦纳大陆裂解过程和特提斯洋演化历史的关键,但目前学术界对于新特提斯洋的开启时间还存在很大争议,不同学科方法的认识从早二叠世到晚三叠世不等。本文对新特提斯洋南侧印度被动大陆边缘二叠纪—三叠纪沉积地层进行了系统的梳理,研究发现在早二叠世冰期结束之后,印度大陆北缘长期表现为稳定的沉积环境,显著的沉积环境变化仅发生在晚三叠世。晚三叠世的沉积环境变化伴随着沉积和沉降速率增加、沉积物源变化、双峰式火山活动以及古地理格局的重大改变。研究认为,晚三叠世印度大陆北缘沉积作用变化所记录的区域伸展作用很可能代表了新特提斯洋的开启。     

三江昌宁-孟连带原-古特提斯构造演化

昌宁-孟连特提斯洋的构造演化及其原特提斯与古特提斯的转换方式一直是青藏高原及邻区基础地质研究中最热门的科学问题之一.根据新的地质调查资料、研究成果并结合分析数据,系统总结了三江造山系不同构造单元地质特征,讨论了昌宁-孟连特提斯洋早古生代-晚古生代的构造演化历史.通过对不同构造单元时空结构的剖析和对相关岩浆、沉积及变质作用记录的分析,认为昌宁-孟连结合带内共存原特提斯与古特提斯洋壳残余,临沧-勐海一带发育一条早古生代岩浆弧带,前人所划基底岩系"澜沧岩群"应为昌宁-孟连特提斯洋东向俯冲消减形成的早古生代构造增生杂岩,滇西地区榴辉岩带很可能代表了俯冲增生杂岩带发生了深俯冲,由于弧-陆碰撞而迅速折返就位,这一系列新资料及新认识表明昌宁-孟连结合带所代表的特提斯洋在早古生代至晚古生代很可能是一个连续演化的大洋.在此基础上,结合区域地质资料,构建了三江造山系特提斯洋演化的时空格架及演化历史,认为其经历了早古生代原特提斯大洋扩张、早古生代中晚期-晚古生代特提斯俯冲消减与岛弧带形成、晚二叠世末-早三叠世主碰撞汇聚、晚三叠世晚碰撞造山与盆山转换等阶段.      

滇西昌宁-孟连带内石炭纪-二叠纪鲕粒灰岩的古地理意义

虽然在滇西昌宁-孟连带内发现了泥盆纪至中三叠世的放射虫硅质岩,但是目前对其构造古地理意义仍然有争议。对昌宁-孟连带晚石炭世至早二叠世碳酸盐岩地层内鲕粒灰岩进行了研究,结果表明,该套碳酸盐岩形成于动荡浅水沉积环境,其成因可能与古特提斯洋内碳酸盐岩洋岛海山有关,并且反映了温暖、较为干燥的古气候背景。根据地质背景资料分析,它们应该形成于南亚热带较干燥的气候环境。与东西两侧同期地层形成的古气候背景对比发现,在石炭纪-二叠纪时,昌宁-孟连带是分隔滨冈瓦纳地块群和华夏地块群的主支洋盆;在早二叠世时,该洋盆宽度约10°古纬距。     

豫西宜阳地区晚二叠世晚期—早三叠世沉积记录及其对古气候变化的响应

晚二叠世-早三叠世宜阳地区位于东特提斯低纬度地区的华北板块南缘,发育一套连续且沉积特征显著的陆相碎屑 岩相沉积,是研究陆相晚二叠世-早三叠世古环境与古气候变化的理想地层。本文在前人研究与野外实测的基础上,采用 岩石学、沉积学、古生物学方法综合分析研究区的沉积记录,识别出宜阳地区在该时期由陆源近海的滨湖沉积环境向河流 沉积环境过渡的古环境,重建了晚二叠世晚期-早三叠世宜阳地区的古地理面貌。沉积特征显示,此期整体气候条件为炎 热-半干旱,并且在长兴期末期与奥伦尼克期早期出现了极端干旱气候,可能是受到当时全球性巨型季风环流的影响。这 一时期的古气候与古环境的变化可能对二叠纪末陆地大灭绝事件起到了推动作用,并抑制了早三叠世生物复苏的进展。     

青海可可西里大地构造基本特征

在可可西里地区发现的晚古生代蛇绿混杂岩及不整合于其上的晚二叠世—早三叠世海滩亚相石英砂岩表明此区曾存在过古特提斯洋,早二叠世末古特提斯基本闭合。晚二叠世—早三叠世为相对稳定阶段。中、晚三叠世海侵,沉积了巨厚复理石。三叠纪末—早侏罗世发生了强烈的造山作用,形成造山带,可可西里地区进入陆内演化阶段。     

中国洋板块地层分布及构造演化

以大地构造相研究为主导,以《中国沉积大地构造图(1∶2 500 000)》编图为研究平台,对洋板块地层类型进行了初步划分,简述了中国新元古代以来洋板块地层分布及其构造演化规律。本文阐述了北方的古亚洲洋的洋陆转换从西往东具穿时现象,西部主要在早、晚石炭世之间,东部主要在中、晚二叠世之间;宽坪-佛子岭混杂岩带是华北与扬子之间大洋消亡的产物;中央造山带从北部的祁连-阿尔金到南部的昆仑-秦岭,洋陆转换从北向南依次完成：西昆仑北-阿尔金-祁连-祁曼塔格为晚奥陶世末,西昆仑南-东昆仑-秦岭为早三叠世末;青藏高原中部的龙木错-双湖、班公湖-怒江、昌宁-孟连蛇绿混杂岩带一起构成了原-古特提斯大洋连续演化、分阶段增生至最终消亡的对接带,洋壳持续时代自寒武纪-早白垩世;江绍-郴州-钦防混杂岩带是扬子陆块与华夏增生造山系之间华南洋最终消亡的对接带,主碰撞期是晚奥陶世-早志留世。     

巴颜喀拉构造带二叠—三叠纪岩相特征及构造演化

特提斯洋的形成与演化问题是青藏高原重大基础地质问题之一, 通过多年的野外观察、分析测试和综合研究, 结合覆盖全区及相邻地区的1∶25万区域地质调查资料及其他前人研究成果, 尤其是对巴颜喀拉构造带二叠—三叠纪地层、岩相特征及构造古地理环境进行了系统研究, 并探讨了其构造演化, 以期对提高青藏高原特提斯洋演化历史和潘吉亚大陆形成特征等方面的研究工作有所禆益.巴颜喀拉构造带未出露前二叠纪地层, 二叠—新近纪地层均有出露, 尤以三叠纪地层广泛出露为其主要特征.其中, 二叠—三叠系主要为海相沉积, 比较连续, 尤以海相三叠系最具特色, 著名的巴颜喀拉山群横贯全区, 分布广泛, 厚度巨大, 侏罗—第四系主要为陆相河湖沉积.二叠系黄羊岭群岩性为碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩夹火山岩, 自下而上表现为浅海相-深海、半深海相-浅海相沉积演化特征; 三叠系主要为巴颜喀拉山群, 岩性单调, 主要为砂泥质类复理石沉积, 局部地区夹钙质及火山物质, 沉积环境总体表现为浅海相—深海、半深海相—滨浅海相—陆相沉积演化序列.二叠—三叠纪构造古地理环境表现为拉张裂陷形成洋(海)盆-汇聚、部分碰撞形成残留洋(海)盆、前陆盆地—拉张裂陷形成洋(海)盆—汇聚、部分碰撞形成残留洋(海)盆、前陆盆地—完全碰撞造山, 海水退出, 进入陆相沉积演化的历史.巴颜喀拉地区是塔里木—中朝陆块与南方大陆(冈瓦纳陆块)之间古特提斯洋域的主洋盆所在地区之一, 与其南部龙木错—双湖洋盆共同构成古特提斯洋域的双洋域.      

青海南部二叠纪■类生物古地理区系

冈瓦纳与欧亚大陆间的昌都地块构造属性存在争议,解决问题的关键是生物古地理区系判别.青海南部二叠纪类化石群的研究表明昌都地块该生物群一直表现为暖水的特提斯型,与华南地区始终表现出更多的相似性,其生物古地理归属应为特提斯大区华夏-特提斯区华南亚区.昌都地块南界龙木错-双湖-澜沧江缝合带在早二叠世为划分青藏高原暖水型特提斯区的南界,不仅是华南亚区与藏北冷暖混合亚区的分界线,也是特提斯大区与冈瓦纳大区的分界线.中二叠世以后该带不再构成大区界线,但在确定次一级分区界线上仍是一个很好的划分标志;北界金沙江缝合带二叠纪两侧生物群表现出一致性,未形成浅海底栖生物自由迁移的障碍,不具有生物古地理分区意义.     

豫西宜阳地区晚二叠世晚期—早三叠世沉积记录及其对古气候变化的响应

晚二叠世—早三叠世宜阳地区位于东特提斯低纬度地区的华北板块南缘，发育一套连续且沉积特征显著的陆相碎屑 岩相沉积，是研究陆相晚二叠世—早三叠世古环境与古气候变化的理想地层。本文在前人研究与野外实测的基础上，采用 岩石学、沉积学、古生物学方法综合分析研究区的沉积记录，识别出宜阳地区在该时期由陆源近海的滨湖沉积环境向河流 沉积环境过渡的古环境，重建了晚二叠世晚期—早三叠世宜阳地区的古地理面貌。沉积特征显示，此期整体气候条件为炎 热—半干旱，并且在长兴期末期与奥伦尼克期早期出现了极端干旱气候，可能是受到当时全球性巨型季风环流的影响。这 一时期的古气候与古环境的变化可能对二叠纪末陆地大灭绝事件起到了推动作用，并抑制了早三叠世生物复苏的进展。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of