我院肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的:为临床合理使用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物提供参考。方法:收集我院2014年1月-2015年12月检出的肠杆菌科细菌,采用半自动微生物测定仪进行菌株培养、鉴定及药敏试验,采用改良Hodge试验和纸片扩散法进行产肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶(KPC)和产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)耐药菌株的确证。结果:我院2014-2015年共检出肠杆菌科细菌1035株,其中大肠埃希菌732株,肺炎克雷伯菌157株、阴沟肠杆菌136株、黏质沙雷菌10株,未检出枸橼酸杆菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星和碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的敏感率较高,而对大部分头孢菌素类抗菌药物的敏感率较低。共检出耐碳青霉烯类肠杆菌科细菌64株(6.18%),其中耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌31株(4.23%)、耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌30株(19.11%)、耐碳青霉烯类阴沟肠杆菌1株(0.74%)、耐碳青霉烯类黏质沙雷菌2株(20.00%);耐药菌株主要来源于痰液和尿液标本,且主要集中于新生儿内科和重症医学科。64株耐药菌株中,产KPC的有59株(92.19%)、产ESBLs的有3株(4.69%)。结论:我院肠杆菌科细菌以大肠埃希菌为主,且耐碳青霉烯类大肠埃希菌和耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的检出数量较多。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药性可能与其产KPC和ESBLs有关。临床应遵循用药指征,结合药敏试验结果合理选用碳青霉烯类抗菌药物。     

某三甲医院血流感染肠杆菌科细菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解某三甲医院血流感染肠杆菌科细菌临床分布特点及耐药性,为指导临床合理抗感染治疗提供依据.方法 应用BD BACTEC FX-400全自动血液培养系统对临床血标本进行上机培养检测,应用VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定仪对菌株进行上机鉴定及药敏试验,用WHONET5.6软件整理分析相关数据.结果 2011-2015年某三甲医院血流感染患者共分离出肠杆菌科细菌1 892株,主要分布在危重症监护室、血液内科,分别占15.5％、11.8％;分离的病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,分别占49.4％、29.1％;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs菌株的分离率分别为55.6％、39.7％;肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率较低,对氨苄西林的耐药率较高;产ESBLs菌株对除碳青霉烯类外抗菌药物的耐药率均高于不产酶菌株.结论 医院血流感染肠杆菌科细菌中,主要病原菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌.临床应重视血流感染病原菌的分布特点及耐药性监测,从而合理、正确选择抗菌药物.     

Mohnarin 2009年度报告:肠杆菌科细菌耐药监测

目的 了解2009年度我国临床分离肠杆菌科细菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网(Mohnarin)成员单位,按照监测方案要求,收集临床肠杆菌科细菌,并进行药物敏感性测试;依照美国实验室与标准化研究所(CLSI)2009标准,判断敏感性;用Whonet 5.5软件处理数据.结果 全国六大地区的114家医院参加监测,共收集肠杆菌科细菌74412株.其中,大肠埃希菌分离量居第1,为33844株,占45%;其次为肺炎克雷伯菌,为22071株(30%);再次为阴沟肠杆菌,为7310株(10%).敏感性最高的抗菌药物为碳青霉烯类,除阴沟肠杆菌对美罗培南和弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率在5%以上外;其他肠杆菌科细菌,对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率都在3%左右或以下.大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌属细菌和奇异变形杆菌ESBLs产生株的分离率分别为65.51%,40%以上和26.69%.碳青霉烯类抗生素对大肠埃希菌、克雷伯杆菌属细菌和奇异变形杆菌的ESBLs产生株和非产生株有良好的抗菌活性;酶抑制剂复方制剂对大肠埃希菌ESBLs产生株和非产生株都有良好的抗菌活性.ESBLs产生株对于其他各类抗菌药物的耐药率都显著高于非产生株.结论 肠杆菌科细菌对各类抗菌药物呈现不同程度耐药,有些具多重耐药特点;碳青霉烯类仍是肠杆菌科细菌最敏感的药物,但已出现碳青霉烯耐药菌,应引起重视.     

我院外科肠杆菌科细菌感染分布及耐药性变迁

目的观察和监测我院外科系统分离的肠杆菌科细菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药变化。方法连续监测2005年～2011年本院外科系统常见肠杆菌科细菌的耐药状况。用纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer)检测临床分离菌对各种常用抗菌药物的耐药性,参照2010版CLSI标准判定药敏结果,并用WHONET5.5软件统计分析。结果 7年外科系统共检出肠杆菌科细菌1366株,分离前五位的细菌分别是大肠埃希菌(53.2%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(20.2%)、阴沟肠杆菌(7.6%)、奇异变形菌(6.2%)和摩根摩根菌(2.4%)。2005—2010年未发现耐碳青酶烯类抗菌药肠杆菌科细菌,但2011年亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别是0.3%和0.3%,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦和阿米卡星有较好的抗菌活性,耐药率分别为2.7%～7.2%和6.5%～12.2%。环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星总耐药率接近50%。7年间大肠埃希菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药率变化不大,肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星的耐药率变化较明显,低至2005年的7.1%,高至2007年的36%,2008—2011年,其耐药率又逐年下降,为21%～7.2%。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株的总检出率分别为50.0%和37.5%,产ESBL株耐药率明显高于非产ESBL株(P<0.05)。结论亚胺培南对肠杆菌科细菌仍有较好的抗菌活性,2011年发现的对碳青霉烯类药物耐药的肠杆菌科细菌菌应引起关注。     

三唑巴坦/哌拉西林的体内外抗菌活性研究

目的：评价三唑巴坦/哌拉西林的体内外抗菌活性。方法：采用平皿二倍稀释法测定三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对临床分离菌的体外抗菌作用；采用小鼠腹腔感染模型，观察三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对金葡球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染小鼠的体内抗菌作用。结果：国产和进口三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对甲氧西林敏感的金葡球菌、甲氧西林耐药的金葡球菌、产β-内酰胺酶的金葡球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、奇异变形杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、醋酸钙不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、聚团肠杆菌、异型构檬酸杆菌、弗劳地构檬酸杆菌和黏质沙雷菌的抗菌活性比哌拉西林强2～4倍。三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌显示杀菌作用，不同β-H值、接种量和血清浓度对三唑巴坦/哌拉西林抗金葡球菌和大肠埃希菌的活性无明显影响。国产和进口三唑巴坦/哌拉西林对金葡球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染小鼠具有较好保护作用，两者疗效相近，对产酶的金葡球菌15，金葡球菌44，大肠埃希菌12，肺炎克雷伯杆菌7和肺炎克雷伯杆菌13感染小鼠的疗效明显均优于哌拉西林，对不产酶大肠埃希菌1515感染小鼠的疗效与哌拉西林无显著性差异。结论：国产和进口三唑巴坦/哌拉西林具有较强和相同的体内外抗菌活性，三唑巴坦增强了哌拉西林抗产β-内酰胺酶细菌的活性。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检测与耐药性分析

目的:了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs的检出率及耐药性。方法:采用2007年CLSI/NCCLS推荐的初筛试验方法,从352株大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中筛选出可疑产ESBLs细菌,并用验证试验加以确证,药敏试验采用Kirby-Bauer法。结果:大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率分别为42.68%(105/246)和52.83%(56/106);产ESBLs株对亚胺培南高度敏感,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢西丁耐药率较低,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较不产ESBLs株高。结论:重视产ESBLs细菌的检测,根椐药敏试验合理用药,亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢西丁是目前治疗ESBLs株的有效药物。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯茵的检测与耐药性分析

目的:了解大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs的检出率及耐药性.方法:采用2007年CLSI/NCCLS推荐的初筛试验方法,从352株大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中筛选出可疑产ESBLs细菌.并用验证试验加以确证,药敏试验采用Kirby-Bauer法.结果:大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率分别为42.68%(105/246)和52.83%(56/106);产ESBLs株对亚胺培南高度敏感,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢西丁耐药率较低,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较不产ESBLs株高.结论:重视产ESBLs细菌的检测,根椐药敏试验合理用药,亚胺培南、头孢哌酮、舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢西丁是目前治疗ESBLs株的有效药物.     

2009年贵州省6家教学医院革兰阴性杆菌耐药性分析

目的:了解贵州省2009年常见临床分离革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性情况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)进行药敏试验,以美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)2009年版为判断标准,药敏试验结果使用世界卫生组织(WHO)提供的WHONET5.4软件进行统计分析。结果:收集2009年贵州省6家教学医院非重复临床分离革兰阴性杆菌共1620株,其中肠杆菌科1087株(67.1%),非发酵菌533株(32.9%)。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和克雷伯菌检出率分别为64.4%、34.5%。肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药高度敏感,耐药率小于5%;其次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦和阿米卡星,耐药率均小于30%。铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南的耐药率分别为17.6%、34.5%和15.2%、18.0%。结论:碳青霉烯类药对于肠杆菌科细菌保持高度活性,对于铜绿假单胞菌和不动杆菌的耐药率较高。     

90例细菌性感染新生儿碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的分布特点及其耐药情况分析

目的:探究新生儿碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的分布特点及其药敏试验情况.方法:选取医院2018年3月-2020年6月儿科收治的细菌感染新生儿90例病历资料,统计其血、尿、痰、分泌物和其他标本中细菌培养、鉴定结果,分析其碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌的分布特点、医院感染情况,以及碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌对常用抗菌药物临床治疗的影响.结果:90例细菌感染新生儿各标本中,分离出217株肠杆菌科细菌,检出前5位病原菌分别是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、产气肠杆菌;其中分离出碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌11株(大肠埃希菌1株、肺炎克雷伯菌6株、阴沟肠杆菌4株);耐碳青霉烯类细菌主要定植在新生儿肺炎、呼吸窘迫综合征、湿肺、败血症、高胆红素血症和其他临床感染疾病患者中,标本中分离出碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌主要来自血液、尿液、痰液、分泌物等标本;碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌耐药的药物主要是亚胺培南(100.00％)、氨苄西林(81.82％)、哌拉西林和美罗培南(72.73％)、氨曲南(63.64％)、哌拉西林与头孢他啶(54.55％).结论:碳青霉烯耐药的肠杆菌科细菌在新生儿中的临床感染率较高,其中以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主,其对多种抗菌药物耐药,而其对阿米卡星的敏感率较高.     

急诊留观病房病原学调查及药物敏感性分析

目的 对急诊留观病房感染病原学分布和常用抗菌药物敏感率进行调查分析,为临床合理应用抗菌药物有效控制感染提供依据。方法 对2009年7月—2012年6月杭州市第一人民医院急诊留观病房患者送检样本阳性占有率、病原菌分布及主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物敏感率采用回顾性方法进行分析。结果 分离菌株430株,痰液阳性样本占有率最高,为42.56%。主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌等,检出率之和占70.00%。大肠埃希菌对头孢他啶、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率在75%以上,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、阿米卡星敏感率在75%以上,肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星敏感率在75%以上,鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率在75%以上;金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对糖肽类抗菌药物和复方新诺明敏感率在75%以上。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs阳性率50.72%,肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs阳性率33.33%,产ESBLs菌对常用抗菌药物敏感率明显低于非产ESBLs菌。结论 大型综合医院急诊留观病房病原菌分布及耐药性与社区感染及医院感染均存在差别,主要病原菌耐药率均较高且呈多药耐药,碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对革兰阴性菌敏感率较高,糖肽类抗菌药物对革兰阳性菌敏感率较高,急诊医师应参考药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

Ertapenem resistance among Klebsiella and Enterobacter submitted in the UK to a reference laboratory

The emergence of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae represents a major public health concern. We investigated ertapenem-resistant clinical isolates of Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. referred to the UK's national reference laboratory for antibiotic resistance. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined and interpreted according to British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy guidelines. Genes for carbapenemases and CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) were sought by polymerase chain reaction, and imipenem hydrolysis was determined by spectrophotometry with crude extracts. From June 2004 to April 2006, 95 Klebsiella spp. and 76 Enterobacter spp. isolates resistant to ertapenem (MICs >2mg/L) were received, 40% of which (38 Klebsiella spp. and 30 Enterobacter spp.) were highly resistant to ertapenem (MICs >16mg/L). Imipenem and meropenem were active (geometric mean MICs <2mg/L) against most isolates with low-level ertapenem resistance but were less active against highly ertapenem-resistant isolates. Only one ertapenem-resistant isolate produced a defined carbapenemase, a Klebsiella pneumoniae with IMP-1 enzyme; one Enterobacter sp. also hydrolysed imipenem, but its carbapenemase remains to be identified. Geometric mean MICs of ertapenem for the collection were reduced five-fold by clavulanic acid for Klebsiella spp. compared with eight-fold by cloxacillin for Enterobacter spp. This study highlights the fact that ertapenem resistance is being detected in Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. in the UK, but that it is rarely mediated by true carbapenemases. Rather, it probably results from combinations of a beta-lactamase - often a CTX-M ESBL in Klebsiella spp. or an AmpC enzyme in Enterobacter spp. - plus impermeability and/or increased efflux. Imipenem and meropenem often remain moderately active against isolates with low-level ertapenem resistance.     

2018年安庆市第一人民医院细菌耐药性监测

摘要：目的 了解安庆市第一人民医院2018年临床分离菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性及敏感性。方法 采用自动化仪器法或 纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,药敏结果按2018年临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)标准判读,采用WHONET 5.6软件统计分析。结 果 2018年共检出962株细菌,其中革兰阳性菌占22.7%(218/962);革兰阴性菌占77.3%(744/962)。革兰阴性菌如大肠埃希菌占 24.9%,分离率最高;然后是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌,菌株主要分离于呼吸道和分泌物标本,分别占38.6%和22.6%。对 革兰阳性菌如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率各占29.4%和91.3%, 尚未检出耐利奈唑胺和万古霉素的葡萄球菌。肠球菌属里的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌各占29.8%和70.2%,目前还没有分离出对万 古霉素产生耐药的肠球菌。产ESBL的大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属和奇异变形菌检出率各占其菌种的56.8%、44.2%和5.3%。肠杆 菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍然保持高敏感性,其中肺炎克雷伯菌、肠杆菌属细菌对亚胺培南等碳青霉烯类的耐药率均 ≤4.8%;铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南等碳青霉烯类的耐药率较高,为20.9%,但对左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、 妥布霉素、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、庆大霉素和阿米卡星的耐药率均<25%;鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南等碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药 率为78.9%,对除阿米卡星、米诺环素以外的抗菌药物的耐药率均>65%。结论 该院主要临床分离细菌对常用抗菌药物呈现不 同程度耐药,应加强医院感控措施,细菌室专业人员应做好细菌耐药监测工作,加强与临床医师的沟通,指导临床合理使用抗 菌药物,采取有效措施防治耐药菌株的广泛传播。     

What remains against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae? Evaluation of chloramphenicol,ciprofloxacin, colistin,fosfomycin, minocycline,nitrofurantoin, temocillin and tigecycline

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae present an increasing and diverse problem, including strains of multiple species with metallo-β-lactamases (IMP, NDM or VIM) and non-metallo (KPC and OXA-48) enzymes as well as those combining an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or AmpC enzyme with porin loss. Most strains, except those with OXA-48 alone, are broadly resistant to β-lactams and have multiple aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes; those with NDM-1 carbapenemase typically also have 16S rRNA methylases, conferring complete aminoglycoside resistance. In this study, the activity of chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, fosfomycin, minocycline, nitrofurantoin, temocillin and tigecycline was evaluated against 81 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the UK. Testing was performed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) agar dilution method. Chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin inhibited <25% of the isolates at the breakpoint, whereas colistin was active against 75/81 isolates (92.6%), the exceptions being four Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae isolates along with members of inherently resistant genera. Fosfomycin was active against 49/81 isolates (60.5%), including 7/7 Escherichia coli, 16/20 Enterobacter and Citrobacter spp., but only 25/52 Klebsiella spp. Tigecycline was active against 38/81 isolates (46.9%) and was intermediate against another 27 (33.3%), with resistance scattered amongst K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. The activity of colistin, fosfomycin and tigecycline was unrelated to the isolates' carbapenem resistance mechanisms. Temocillin was fully active [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤8 mg/L] against only 4/81 isolates (4.9%), but inhibited a further 22 isolates (27.2%) at the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) urinary breakpoint (32 mg/L), predominantly comprising those isolates with combinations of impermeability and an ESBL or AmpC enzyme, along with 6/11 isolates producing KPC carbapenemases. Studies with transconjugants and transformants confirmed the small effect of KPC enzymes against temocillin, whereas OXA-48 and NDM-1 conferred clear resistance.     

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in 2002

Using the agar dilution method, the antibacterial activity of 18 antibiotics inclusive of 4 carbapenems were investigated against 101 strains of urinary pathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infections who visited the Department of Urology at Kagoshima University Hospital, between January and December 2002. 4 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 3 strains of Staphylococcus spp. (exclusive of S. aureus), 14 strains of Enterococcus faecalis, 3 strains of Enterococcus spp. (exclusive of E. faecalis), 41 strains of Escherichia coli, 21 strains of Enterobacteriaceae (exclusive of E. coli), 12 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 3 strains of glucose-nonfermentative Gram-negative rods (exclusive of P. aeruginosa) were examined. 1. Against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, vancomycin and teicoplanin were active. Additionally, arbekacin was active against S. aureus clinical isolates and ampicillin was active against E. faecalis clinical isolates. Carbapenems were active against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria, except for multi-drug resistant strains of Gram-positive bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. 2. As for clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, meropenem was most active against Enterobacteriaceae among 13 antibiotics tested. Against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates, MIC90 of meropenem was the lowest among 13 antibiotics tested. In addition, resistant rate of meropenem and biapenem against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was lower than those of the other carbapenems tested. 3. As main urinary pathogens showed no remarkable increase in resistance to carbapenems, it can be stated that carbapenems retain their position as the drug of first choice for severe infection.     

Assessment of pathogen occurrences and resistance profiles among infected patients in the intensive care unit: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America, 2001)

Originating from 25 selected intensive care units (ICUs) in North America, a total of 1,321 bacterial strains from blood, respiratory tract, urine and wound sites were processed at a central laboratory as part of the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2001) to assess their occurrence rates and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The rank order of pathogens recovered was Staphylococcus aureus (24.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.2%), Escherichia coli (10.1%), Klebsiella spp. (8.9%), Enterococcus spp. (7.2%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (7.0%) and Enterobacter spp. (7.0%). Although oxacillin resistance among S. aureus was 51.4%, no resistance was detected to vancomycin, linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin. The most active agents tested against P. aeruginosa were amikacin, cefepime, tobramycin, meropenem and piperacillin/tazobactam (3.1-13.0% resistance). Among agents tested against the Enterobacteriaceae, amikacin, cefepime, imipenem and meropenem showed greatest in vitro activity (0.0-3.4% resistance). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing phenotype rates were 11.2 and 16.2% in E. coli and Klebsiella spp., respectively. Linezolid was most active against enterococci (1.1% resistance; G2576U ribosomal mutation) whereas 28.4% of isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Cefepime and the carbapenems (imipenem or meropenem) for Gram-negative isolates and linezolid for Gram-positive isolates, provided the broadest spectrum of in vitro activity against contemporary ICU pathogens in North America.     

2017年安徽省某三甲医院细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解铜陵市人民医院2017年临床分离细菌对抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法 对2017年1-12月临床分离菌采用纸片扩散法(KB)进行药敏试验，按CLSI 2017年版标准判读药敏试验结果，采用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析。结果 临床分离细菌共3436株，其中革兰阳性菌719株，占20.9%；革兰阴性菌2717株，占79.1%。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率分别为23.8%和72.3%，耐甲氧西林株对β-内酰胺类抗生素和其他测试抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感株，未发现对万古霉素和替考拉宁耐药的葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林和呋喃妥因的耐药率较低，屎肠球菌对氯霉素的耐药率较低，5.3%屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药。大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属(肺炎克雷伯菌和产酸克雷伯菌)和奇异变形菌中ESBLs的检出率分别为41.4%、50.7%和19.4%。肠杆菌科细菌中克雷伯菌属和沙雷菌属对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率较高，分别为37.5%和36.0%，其他菌属的耐药率低于3%。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别80.3%和79.1%；铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为29.7%和28.4%。肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌中广泛耐药株的检出率分别为31.3%(171/546)、0.6%(3/508)和0.7%(3/416)。结论 本院革兰阴性菌呈增多趋势，尤其广泛耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌应引起高度关注，做好细菌耐药性监测，加强临床抗菌药物的合理使用和医院感染控制。     

2008至2010年3年细菌的耐药监测研究

目的分析2008至2010年本院3年临床分离菌的耐药情况。方法用纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感实验,根据CLSI标准用WHONET 5.4软件进行数据分析。结果 3年临床分离的4916株病原菌中,革兰阳性菌占22.7%,革兰阴性菌占77.3%;3年耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)总检出率分别为59.3%,89.5%。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)总检出率分别为57.5%,34.6%。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率有逐年上升趋势,而铜绿假单孢菌则有下降趋势。结论革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺均敏感;肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药物耐药率较低,但产ESBLs肠杆科细菌较不产ESBLs肠杆科细菌耐药严重;鲍曼不动杆菌对常见抗菌药物的耐药率高,且明显高于铜绿假单孢菌。     

中国肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药现状和流行病学分析

目的研究中国肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药性及碳青霉烯酶在肺炎克雷伯菌中的分布。方法采用琼脂稀释法进行药敏实验;用PCR扩增和测序检测携带碳青霉烯酶基因的菌株;通过改良霍奇试验(MHT)和亚胺培南/EDTA双纸片协同试验(DDST)进行产碳青霉烯酶表型检测;利用PFGE及MLST对产酶菌株做流行病学分析。结果与结论产碳青霉烯酶肺炎克雷伯菌的亚胺培南MIC处于较低水平;KPC-2和IMP-4为本研究发现的主要酶型;肺炎克雷伯菌IMP的遗传背景较为复杂。     

肠杆菌科细菌的分布及其产ESBL菌株的耐药性变迁

目的:分析肠杆菌科细菌的分布及其产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)菌株的耐药趋势,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供依据。方法:对普宁市人民医院2013年临床标本中分离的926株肠杆菌科细菌及其产ESBL情况进行统计、分析。结果:该院肠杆菌科细菌分离率均在50%以上,尤以大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌感染分离率最高;肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠杆菌是产ESBL的代表菌种;肠杆菌科细菌对氨苄西林及头孢曲松的耐药率普遍保持在较高水平,但对亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率较低;应用的抗菌药物主要为加酶抑制剂和第三代头孢菌素。结论:该院肠杆菌科产ESBL菌的耐药性在四个季度间无明显差异;ESBL介导的细菌耐药性复杂而难治,必须长期严密地监测产ESBL菌情况,合理采取干预措施,遏制产ESBL菌的流行。