Distribution of calcium carbonate in the process of concrete self-healing

The complete deposition distribution process of calcium carbonate is summarized in three directions of cracks. Distribution of calcium carbonate in the self-healing process of microbial concrete is studied in detail, with the help of a variety of analytical techniques. The results show that carbonate deposits along the x-axis direction of the cracks. The farther from the crack surfaces of concrete matrix in x-axis direction, the more the content of the substrate, the less content of calcium carbonate. Gradual accumulation of calcium carbonate along the y-axis direction is like building a house with bricks. Different repair points are gradually connected, and ultimately the whole of cracks are completely filled. In the z-axis direction, calcium deposits on the surface of fracture direction, when the crack is filled on the surface, because the internal crack hypoxia in the depths of cracks hardly produces calcium carbonate.     

Experimental study on the mechanical properties and consolidation mechanism of microbial grouted backfill

Backfill mining technology is the practice of returning waste materials underground for both disposal and geotechnical stability, however, a challenge with current technologies is that they commonly require cement-based binders which have a relatively high environmental impact. Finding alternatives to cement-based binders can improve environmental performance and this paper proposes microbial grouted backfill (MGB) as a potential solution. In this paper, the effects of the cementation solution concentration (CSC), volume ratio of bacterial solution to cementation solution (VRBC), particle sizes of the aggregates, and the number of grouting batches on the mechanical properties of MGB are studied. The experimental results show that MGB strength increased, up to a peak value, as CSC was increased, before decreasing as CSC was increased further. The results also show that MGB strength increased, up to a peak value, as VRBC decreased, before decreasing as the VRBC was decreased further. The peak strength was achieved at a CSC of 2 mol/L and a VRBC of 1:9. The strength of the MGB also increased as the number of grouting batches increased. Graded MGB samples showed the highest UCS, 25.12 MPa, at particle sizes of 0.2 to 0.8 mm, while full (non-graded) MGB samples displayed mean UCS values ranging from 1.56 MPa when the maximum particle size was 0.2 mm, up to 13 MPa when the maximum particle size was 1.2 mm. MGB samples are consolidated by the calcium carbonate that is precipitated during microbial metabolism, and the strength of MGB increases linearly as calcium carbonate content increases. The calcium carbonate minerals produced in MGB materials are primarily calcite, with secondary amounts of vaterite.     

钢筋与水泥基材料粘结性能的超声波评估方法

为考虑钢筋与一种水泥基材料(HCTM砂浆)之间粘结缺陷与力学性能的内在规律,利用超声波检测技术,考虑钢筋表面形式,粘结不良处初始缺陷程度等参数,建立了超声波参数与初始缺陷参数间的相关关系;通过静力拔出试验,分析了拔出力与锚固界面、钢筋表面等因素之间的关系;并利用三维有限元程序ANSYS进行了数值仿真,将分析结果与实验结果进行对比.结果表明,试验结果与理论分析结果有较强的一致性.     

无电极电阻率法研究水泥基复合材料的导电机理

采用无电极电阻率法监测了分别掺入碳纤维、钢纤维和碎石骨料的水泥基复合材料在72 h内的电阻率,并用Hymstruc3D建立了微观结构模型分析导电机理。结果表明:水泥浆体的电阻率受电解质液相饱和度、孔隙率及孔结构曲折度的影响。掺入的导电纤维能明显降低水泥基复合材料的电阻率;而掺入骨料时,其电阻率明显增加。水泥基复合材料的导电现象是由水泥浆体中液相离子导电和导电纤维中的电子导电的共同作用所致。水泥基复合材料的电阻率与其导电相的含量密切相关。无电极电阻率法为估算水泥基复合材料中导电相或非导电相的含量提供了新的思路。     

Cementation of Loose Sand Particles based on Bio-cement

Loose sand particles could be cemented to sandstone by bio-cement(microbial induced magnesium carbonate). The bio-sandstone was firstly prepared, and then the compressive strength and the porosity of the sandstone cemented by microbial induced magnesium carbonate were tested to characterize the cementation effectiveness. In addition, the formed mineral composition and the microstructure of bio-sandstone were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM), respectively. The experimental results show that the feasibility of binding loose sand particles using microbial induced magnesium carbonate precipitation is available and the acquired compressive strength of bio-sandstone can be excellent at certain ages. Moreover, the compressive strength and the porosity could be improved with the increase of microbial induced magnesium carbonate content. XRD results indicate that the morphology of magnesium carbonate induced by microbe appears as needles and SEM results show that the cementation of loose sand particles to sandstone mainly relies on the microbial induced formation of magnesium carbonate precipitation around individual particles and at particle-particle contacts.     

Living concrete with self-healing function on cracks attributed to inclusion of microorganisms: Theory,technology and engineering applications—A review

Concrete is the most widely used composite material in civil engineering. Microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a green and environmental friendly technology, which has received extensive attention in repair of concrete cracks. This paper introduces the research progress in Southeast University research in past 16 years. In the early stage, MICP technology of urea hydrolyzed by Bacillus pasteurii was mainly investigated to repair the surface cracks and to fill large-size cracks with grouting. However, aiming at the hidden cracks that were difficult for human intervention, a new mineralization route of Bacillus mucilaginosus was proposed, which could repair faster than Bacillus alcalophilus, and the problem of ammonia emission in the repair process of Bacillus pasteurii was also solved. In addition, in order to improve the protection of bacteria and the self-healing efficiency of the later age cracks, the methods of fiber immobilization, carrier uniformly immobilization and core-shell structural immobilization had been compared and studied. The results showed that core-shell structural immobilization had good protection ability and strong designability. What’s more, the paper also summarized the characteristics of spore germination, cell activity, nucleation and biological calcium carbonate in crack zone, and introduced the application experience of microbial self-healing concrete in water conservancy projects and subway stations.

     

多尺度纤维复合增强水泥基材料的力学性能

为改善水泥基材料抗拉强度低、韧性差以及易开裂等性能缺陷,采用微米级碳酸钙晶须和厘米级短切耐碱玻璃纤维复合增强高性能水泥基材料,并对不同纤维增强水泥基材料的基本力学性能进行研究。结果表明：微观碳酸钙晶须和宏观耐碱玻璃纤维均有利于水泥基材料力学性能的提高,且提高程度与纤维（或晶须）掺量及长度相关;采用碳酸钙晶须和耐碱玻璃纤维复合增强水泥基材料,可分别在微、宏观结构层次上发挥两种纤维的增强优势,增强水泥基材料的抗折和劈拉强度比未增强时最多可分别提高约60%和80%。     

基于微生物矿化沉积的混凝土裂缝修复研究进展

针对混凝土开裂工程难题,提出采用微生物矿化沉积材料进行裂缝修复的方法.详细讨论微生物矿化沉积的机理、修复剂各组分与混凝土基体的相互作用、修复后混凝土的强度和耐久性能这3个在裂缝修复中的关键技术问题,并探讨相应的最新进展.分析结果表明,沉积产物主要为碳酸钙矿物,且其修复的首要方面为改善混凝土的耐久性.当前亟待解决的问题包括微生物的有效保护、修复效率、经济性以及环境影响方面.结合实际应用前景,可预见智能化自修复是微生物修复技术未来重要的研究方向之一.     

粉煤灰-脱硫石膏水泥基材料水化活性及微结构

采用DTA—TG、XRD、SEM以及宏观水化收缩和强度试验等手段研究了粉煤灰一脱硫石膏一水泥三元复合胶凝体系的水化过程、活性效应及微观结构等,根据试验结果总结了复合胶凝材料的水化动力学过程。结果表明,粉煤灰一脱硫石膏水泥石的钙矾石吸热峰强于基准样;在各组分相互活性激发和外掺激发剂作用下,粉煤灰一脱硫石膏水泥石中2次水化效应明显;SEM、XRD表明水泥石早期有明显的钙矾石生成,同时粉煤灰颗粒的表面侵蚀现象明显,进一步说明复合胶凝体系的早期活性得到有效激发,硬化后综合性能得到有效保证。且宏观收缩及强度试验也从侧面印证了微观试验结果。粉煤灰一脱硫石膏水泥基复合胶凝材料体系的研发可大量消耗燃煤电厂的工业废渣,具有显著的“绿色”效应。     

灰铸铁件小缺陷焊补的研究

介绍了灰铸铁件小缺陷的特殊性,从焊补工艺上和材料的选用２两方面考虑,有效地降低了焊接裂纹的产生,使母材与焊被金属熔合良好,在试验的基础上,提出了灰铸铁件小缺陷焊补的新材料和新工艺。     

水泥基材料水分传输及动力学研究

从水泥基材料耐久性出发,引出了水分传输的重要性,研究了水泥砂浆和混凝土的一维水分传输。结果表明:只有结合毛细吸收和扩散2种传输过程才能很好地表征水泥基材料内部的水分传输过程,材料内部孔隙结构对水分传输的动力学过程有很大的影响。该研究结果为水泥基材料耐久性评价和寿命设计提供了更精确的理论基础。     

Long-term durability of cement-based materials with very low <Emphasis Type="Italic">w/b</Emphasis>

To investigate the durability, especially the long-term stability of cement-based materials with very low w/b, the air permeability test, carbonation test, capillary absorption rate test and dilation potential test were adopted under long-term heat treatment condition. Microstructure of these materials is also analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy （SEM） and mercury intrusion porosimeter （MIP） in order to further unveil its mechanism and interrelation between microstructure and its properties. The results indicate that in the area investigated, cement-based material with w/b 0.17, like RPC, possesses low porosity and excellent durability. Moreover, its porosity will further decrease under long-term heat treatment compared with normal heat treatment. Its long-term durability is much superior to that of other cement-based materials with w/b 0.25 or 0.35 as high strength concrete（HSC）.     

Long-term Durability of Cement-based Materials with Very Low w/b

To investigate the durability, especially the long-term stability of cement-based materials with very low w/b, the air permeability test, carbonation test, capillary absorption rate test and dilation Dotential test were adopted under long-term heat treatment condition. Microstructure of these materials is also analyzed by scannmg electronic microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) in order to further unveil its mechanism and interrelation between microstructure and its properties. The results indicate that in the area investigated, cement-based material with w/b 0.17, like RPC, possesses low porosity and excellent durability. Moreover, its porosity will further decrease under long-term heat treatment compared with normal heat treatment. Its long-term durability is much superior to that of other cement-based materials with w/b 0.25 or 0.35 as high strength concrete (HSC).     

粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥的研制

研究在不同掺量、不同水胶比、不同养护龄期下粉煤灰硅酸盐水泥的水化进度、各组分含量以及各项力学性能.明确粉煤灰在水泥基材料中所发挥的作用,了解粉煤灰在水化过程中对各组分产物形成某些特定的影响,作为粉煤灰在水泥基材料中的合理有效应用提供理论依据和实践指导.     

脱氮微生物固定化材料的研究进展

生物脱氮是处理氮污染水体常用的方法之一。日益成熟的微生物固定化技术能够弥补传统生物脱氮技术的缺陷,满足高效脱氮的目的。高效能的微生物菌种、专一的固定化载体、固定化过程的优化是影响固定化脱氮效果的3大因素,其中固定化载体是连结微生物与其微生态环境的纽带,直接关系到水体氮污染的去除率效果。简述了传统的微生物固定化载体材料在脱氮方面的应用成果;系统的介绍国内外微生物固定化载体材料在复合、改性方面的研究进展;并阐明了新型的改性复合材料的开发将成为固定化载体材料用于水体脱氮研究的重点方向之一。     

The grain grading model and prediction of deleterious porosity of cement-based materials

The calculating model for the packing degree of spherical particles system was modified. The grain grading model of cement-based materials was established and could be applied in the global grading system as well as in the nano-fiber reinforced system. According to the grain grading model, two kinds of mortar were de- signed by using the global grain materials and nano-fiber materials such as fly ash, silica fume and NR powder. In this paper, the densities of two above systems cured for 90d were tested and the relationship of deleterious porosity and the total porosity of hardened mortar was discussed. Research results show that nano-fiber material such as NR powder can increase the density of cement-based materials. The.relationship of deleterious porosity and the total porosity of hardened mortar accords with logarithmic curve. The deleterious porosity and the rationality of the grading can be roughly predicted through calculating the packing degree by the grain grading model of cement-based materials.     

骨料级配对应变硬化水泥基材料力学性能的影响

水泥基复合材料的高脆性是诱发结构开裂、腐蚀甚至失去承载能力的主要原因.PVA纤维增强水泥基复合材料（SHCC）的应变硬化特性和多微缝开裂特征可显著改善此类材料的性能.通过三点受弯和直拉试验对比了骨料颗粒级配合理与否对SHCC材料力学性能的影响.结果表明：适宜的颗粒级配可以显著改善SHCC的应变硬化特性,骨料的最大粒径可以由ECC材料常用的110μm放大到1.25 mm,便于此类材料在实际工程中的推广应用.     

超临界碳化对水泥基材料性能和孔径结构的影响

为了考察超临界碳化技术在水泥基材料改性方面的应用,研究超临界碳化对水泥基材料微观和宏观性能的影响,基于此设计了超临界二氧化碳碳化试验研究水泥砂浆、水泥净浆和混凝土试件的碳化深度、强度、孔径分布以及二氧化碳吸收量的变化。试验分析表明,超临界碳化可以快速实现水泥基材料的碳化,大幅提高试件强度,改善材料的孔径分布,使材料的中细径孔大幅降低,提高材料的抗渗透能力,为改善重金属等危害废物的水泥基固化效果提供了依据。同时超临界碳化可以将大量二氧化碳转化在碳酸钙中沉淀吸收,具有重要的环境保护意义。     

聚丙烯酸酯乳液改性砂浆微观结构与改性机理

为了研究聚丙烯酸酯乳液（PA）改性砂浆硬化过程中微观结构的形成过程及改性机理,分析PA聚合物乳液在新拌水泥砂浆中的吸附特性,并模拟孔隙溶液和PA乳液之间相互作用.同时采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能谱分析（EDX）法表征了PA改性砂浆微观结构的演化过程.试验结果表明,PA颗粒将与孔隙溶液中的钙离子发生化学反应,PA聚合物将以不同的形态吸附在水泥砂浆的局部部位.在此基础上,考虑PA聚合物改性乳液与水泥基材料的反应,提出一种改进的聚合物改性与微观结构形成模型.这对研究聚合物改性水泥基材料的力学性能与推广聚合物改性水泥基材料在工程中的应用具有重要意义.     

Microstructure evolution of sandstone cemented by microbe cement using X-ray computed tomography

The bio-sandstone, which was cemented by microbe cement, was firstly prepared, and then the microstructure evolution process was studied by X-ray computed tomography （X-CT） technique. The experimental results indicate that the microstructure of bio-sandstone becomes dense with the development of age. The evolution of inner structure at different positions is different due to the different contents of microbial induced precipitation calcite. Besides, the increase rate of microbial induced precipitation calcite gradually decreases because of the reduction of microbe absorption content with the decreasing pore size in bio-sandstone.