成都地区378颗中国人下颌第一恒磨牙远舌根的临床研究

目的:调查下颌第一恒磨牙远舌根的发现率及根管治疗情况。方法:收集下颌第一恒磨牙根管治疗的完整病例,包括病历记录和术前、术中、术后X线片,记录下颌第一磨牙远舌根发生的牙位、患者性别,统计下颌第一恒磨牙远舌根的发生率和治疗情况。结果:在378颗中国人下颌第一恒磨牙根管治疗病例中,下颌第一恒磨牙远舌根的发现率为26.98%(102/378),不同牙位和性别远舌根的发现率无统计学差异(P0.05)。在男性患者中,右侧远舌根发现率高于左侧(P0.05)。在下颌第一恒磨牙根管预备过程中,器械分离和根管侧穿发生率高于其它根管;在根管充填时,欠填率高于其它根管(P0.05)。结论:远舌根在下颌第一恒磨牙中有较高发现率,发生器械分离和根管侧穿以及欠填的比例高于其它根管。     

辽沈地区人群下颌第一磨牙牙根及根管解剖的CBCT观察

目的：利用锥形束CT（CBCT）观察辽沈地区人群下颌第一磨牙牙根及根管解剖形态,了解常见的变异型.方法：收集316名患者共548颗下颌第一恒磨牙CBCT影像,分别记录患者的姓名、性别、牙位、牙根数、根管数、变异型.启动Invivo Dental 5.0软件观察根管形态,分析辽沈地区人群下颌第一恒磨牙牙根及根管形态分布特点.结果：在548颗下颌第一磨牙中,2个牙根的下颌第一磨牙发生率为73.72％（404/548）;远舌根的发生率为26.28％（144/548）,男、女性别及左、右侧牙远舌根发生率比较差异无统计学意义;根管变异型以2根3根管为主,占51.64％（283/548）.结论：辽沈地区人群下颌第一磨牙远舌根的发生率较高;大部分有2个牙根;2个牙根3个根管是主要的根管分布类型;CBCT对于判断牙根和根管的解剖形态有诸多优势,可以为临床根管治疗提供参考.     

Pathfile根管预备系统在下颌第一磨牙远中舌根预备中的应用研究

目的 研究应用Pathfile根管预备系统预备下颌第一磨牙远中舌根对器械分离、根尖偏移及根充效果的影响。方法 选取2014年12月26日至2015年9月25日就诊于天津市河西口腔医院治疗诊科患者104人,共104颗具有远中舌根的下颌第一磨牙,随机分为2组,A组（试验组）采用PathFile和ProTaper联合预备,B组（对照组）采用Protaper单独预备,分别记录两组的器械分离、根尖偏移、根管恰填的个数,进行统计学分析。结果 与对照组相比,A组具有较少的器械分离率及根尖偏移率（P<0.05）,2组的根管恰填率未见统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论 联合运用PathFile和ProTaper对下颌第一磨牙远中舌根进行预备可以有效减少器械分离率及根尖偏移率,值得临床推广。     

西北地区中国人下颌第一恒磨牙牙根根管数目的锥束CT研究

目的:利用锥形束CT(CBCT)观察分析西北地区中国人下颌第一恒磨牙牙根和根管数目及其变异情况,以期为临床治疗提供参考。方法:随机调取来我院放射科行CBCT检查的病人图像资料,统计分析下颌第一恒磨牙牙根和根管数目及其分布情况。结果:共获取800例病人1 600个下颌第一恒磨牙CBCT图像数据。下颌第一恒磨牙2个牙根的发生率为72.69%(1163/1600),其中2根2管的发生率3.27%,2根3管的发生率73.00%,2根4管的发生率23.73%;3个牙根的发生率为27.31%(437/1 600),其中3根3管的发生率4.12%,3根4管的发生率95.88%。下颌第一恒磨牙远中舌根的个体发生率为33.75%(270/800)。男女性别间发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。下颌第一恒磨牙远舌根双侧对称性的发生率61.85%(167/270),且右侧高于左侧,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:下颌第一恒磨牙牙根和根管数目以及解剖形态存在多样性,CBCT影像可为临床根管治疗术提供可靠的依据。     

青少年下颌第一恒磨牙牙根及根管的锥形束 CT 研究

目的:应用锥形束CT(CBCT)分析青少年下颌第一恒磨牙牙根及根管形态。方法:收集2012-07~12拍摄CBCT的183例12~16岁青少年患者的366颗下颌第一恒磨牙的锥形束CT影像资料,记录患者年龄、性别、观察牙位及牙根数目、根管数目及根管形态,利用SPSS 19.0软件统计分析下颌第一恒磨牙牙根及根管数目的性别差异和左右侧差异。结果:纳入研究的366颗下颌第一恒磨牙中,近中单根者365颗,远中单根者282颗(77.05%),双根者83颗(22.68%),1颗牙为C形根。近中单根双根管者356颗(97.27%),单根一根管者9颗(2.46%);远中单根一根管者229颗(62.57%),单根双根管者53颗(14.48%),双根各一根管者83颗(22.68%);C形根3根管者1颗(0.27%)。牙根及根管数目在男女之间与左右侧之间差异均无统计学意义。结论:下颌第一恒磨牙以双根居多,牙根变异主要发生在远中根,远中舌根的发生率较高;性别间与左右侧牙之间无明显差异。     

下颌第一磨牙远舌根的研究进展

远舌根是位于下颌恒磨牙远中舌侧的一个部分或完全独立的额外牙根,常见于下颌第一磨牙。远舌根通常细短弯曲,它的出现增大了下颌第一磨牙根管治疗的难度。充分认识和识别远舌根,对于提高下颌第一磨牙根管治疗的成功率有重要意义。近年来,随着大家对下颌第一磨牙解剖的认识日益重视,对远舌根的研究日趋深入。下面就国内外学者对于远舌根的解剖研究作一回顾。     

677个下颌第一磨牙牙根和根管数目分析

目的：调查下颌第一磨牙的牙根和根管数目，以期为临床治疗提供指导。方法：选取需治疗的下颌第一磨牙，采用X线片观察牙根数目和扩大针探查根管数目。结果：在677个下颌第一磨牙中，2个牙根的发生率为84．9％（575／677），为近中根和远中根，3个牙根的发生率为15．1％（102／677），为近中根、远中根、远中舌根；2个根管的发生率为0．1％（1／677），为近中远中各1个根管，3个根管的发生率为74．7％（506／677），为近中2根管，远中1根管，4个根管的发生率为25．1％（170／677），为近中2根管，远中2根管。2个牙根4根管的发生率是11．8％，3个牙根4根管的发生率是100％。结论：远中舌侧牙根（RE）的出现增加了4个根管的发生率；在根管治疗术时对牙根和根管数目的仔细检查非常重要。     

Clinical evaluation of different angulation radiograph in diagnosing distolingual root of the mandibular first molar

目的 评价不同投照角度X线根尖片诊断下颌第一磨牙远中舌根的作用.方法 选择需行根管治疗的205颗下颌第一磨牙为研究对象.术前拍X线正位根尖片及近中20°～30°偏位根尖片,对比分析是否存在远中舌根.术中根据根管的弯曲情况把远中舌根分为3类.记录下颌第一磨牙牙根和根管的数量.结果 术前X线正位、近中偏位根尖片判断48颗(48/205)下颌第一磨牙存在远中舌根,临床治疗中均确定有远中舌根,其余157颗下颌第一磨牙术中均未见远中舌根.远中舌根发生率为23.41%.48颗下颌第一磨牙远中舌根中,Ⅰ类根管22颗(45.83%);Ⅱ类根管17颗(35.41%);Ⅲ类根管9颗(18.75%).205颗下颌第一磨牙106颗(51.70%)为3根管;98颗(47.80%)为4根管;1颗(0.48%)为5根管.结论 术前多角度根尖片能准确诊断下颌第一磨牙远中舌根.     

不同投照角度X线根尖片诊断下颌第一磨牙远中舌根的临床研究

目的评价不同投照角度X线根尖片诊断下颌第一磨牙远中舌根的作用。方法选择需行根管治疗的205颗下颌第一磨牙为研究对象。术前拍X线正位根尖片及近中20°～30°偏位根尖片,对比分析是否存在远中舌根。术中根据根管的弯曲情况把远中舌根分为3类。记录下颌第一磨牙牙根和根管的数量。结果术前X线正位、近中偏位根尖片判断48颗(48/205)下颌第一磨牙存在远中舌根,临床治疗中均确定有远中舌根,其余157颗下颌第一磨牙术中均未见远中舌根。远中舌根发生率为23.41%。48颗下颌第一磨牙远中舌根中,Ⅰ类根管22颗(45.83%);Ⅱ类根管17颗(35.41%);Ⅲ类根管9颗(18.75%)。205颗下颌第一磨牙106颗(51.70%)为3根管;98颗(47.80%)为4根管;1颗(0.48%)为5根管。结论术前多角度根尖片能准确诊断下颌第一磨牙远中舌根。     

3根型下颌第一恒磨牙远颊根及远舌根根管弯曲度的测量

目的研究3根型下颌第一恒磨牙远颊根及远舌根根管弯曲度的特点。方法从临床采集25颗拔除的3根型下颌第一恒磨牙,开髓揭顶后,将2支8号K锉分别插入远颊根及远舌根根管达根尖孔。RVG（radio visiography）数字成像系统采集牙齿在近远中向和颊舌向的X线数码牙片。将数码牙片导入图像分析软件ImagePro Plus6.0,分别用Schneider法和Weine法测量根管弯曲度及根管入角。结果 Schneider法测得远颊根根管在近远中向弯曲度为9.33°±5.08°,颊舌向为10.06°±5.73°,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;远舌根根管在近远中向弯曲度为11.28°±7.30°,颊舌向为28.34°±13.76°,颊舌向弯曲度显著大于近远中向,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。Weine法测得的各项目均值皆大于Schneider法,而且两者具有高度相关性（Pearson相关系数r=0.972,P=0.000）。远舌根根管在颊舌向根管入角为27.04°±8.85°,明显大于近远中向的13.15°±6.74°,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论掌握3根型下颌第一恒磨牙根管弯曲的特点有利于根管预备取得成功。     

Root and canal morphology of Burmese mandibular molars

AIM: To study the root canal morphology of Burmese mandibular molars using a canal staining and tooth clearing technique. METHODOLOGY: Mandibular molars (331) were collected from indigenous Burmese patients and designated; first (139), second (134), third (58) molars. Following pulp tissue removal and staining of the canal systems with Indian ink, the teeth were decalcified and rendered clear with methyl salicylate. Under magnification (x3), the following features were evaluated: (i) root number and morphology, (ii) number of canals per root, (iii) root canal configuration (Vertucci's classification), (iv) number of apical foramina per root, (v) number and location of lateral canals and (vi) the presence of intercanal communications. RESULTS: Most of the mandibular molars had two separate roots (90% in first molars, 58% in second molars, 53% in third molars) and three-rooted teeth were (10%) confined to first molars. C-shaped roots occurred in 22.4% of mandibular second molars and a further 14.9% had two fused roots. The majority (81-100%) of conical distal roots possessed a simple type I (single canal) configuration. Whilst the canal system of mesial roots was more complex: 52-85% contained two canals, of which type II (two orifices, one foramen) and type IV (two separate canals) were the most prevalent. A broad range of 6.5-70% had intercanal communications. Fused/single-rooted molars had a wide variety of canal system types but intercanal communications were rare except in C-shaped roots (33%) of second molars. The majority of roots of all molars contained one or two apical foramina (91-96%) and the apical third had the highest prevalence of lateral canals. CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars and C-shaped roots/canals in mandibular second molars from a Burmese population. Conical roots tend to have simple canal systems, whilst flatter/broader roots have more complex canal systems.     

控制记忆型镍钛锉HyFlexCM根管预备的临床效果分析

目的 评价控制记忆型镍钛锉HyFlex CM根管预备的临床疗效。方法 选择拟行根管治疗的300颗下颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙随机分为HyFlex CM组和Protaper组,分别用HyFlex CM机用镍钛锉和Protaper锉进行根管预备,采用卡方检验比较2组在根管预备时间、根管预备后的疼痛反应、根管充填效果、器械分离率等方面的差异。结果 平均预备时间HyFlex CM组为21.7 min、Protaper组为22.5 min（P〉0.05）;疼痛发生率HyFlex CM组为4%,Protaper组为3%（P〉0.05）;根管恰填率HyFlex CM组为95.10%,Protaper组为96.18%（P〉0.05）;HyFlex CM组发生1例器械分离,Protaper组发生6例器械分离。结论 HyFlex CM同样能有效降低根管预备后疼痛的发生,也能更好地保持根管解剖的初形,明显减少器械分离的发生,从而提高了根管充填的效率和质量。     

口腔锥形束CT在下颌第二磨牙C形根管诊治中的应用

目的探讨口腔锥形束CT(cone-beam computed tomography,CBCT)在根管治疗中诊断治疗下颌第二磨牙C形根管的临床应用。方法选取初次根管治疗失败的下颌第二磨牙62颗,根尖片不能确定根管解剖形态以及可疑遗漏根管,患牙采用CBCT进行扫描三维重建。结果使用CBCT确定下颌第二磨牙中52颗为C形根管,C形根管发生率达83.87%,C形根管中28颗为C1型变异根管(53.84%),18颗为C2型变异根管(34.62%),6颗为C3型变异根管(11.54%)。52颗患牙除2颗因根管侧穿导致根管治疗失败外,其余50颗患牙通过热牙胶充填与垂直加压技术将软化的牙胶充入不规则的根管系统,达到严密充填根管,根管再治疗后患牙成功治疗的有50颗(96.15%),均无不适症状。CBCT在根管治疗中辅助定位变异根管,定位准确率较高。结论 CBCT影像精密度高,可从三维角度分析根管,在根管治疗中诊断治疗下颌第二磨牙C形根管具有临床指导意义。     

Root and canal morphology of mandibular first and second molar teeth in a Jordanian population

Aim  To examine the root and canal morphology of mandibular permanent first and second molar teeth in a Jordanian population.
Methodology  A total of 685 extracted mandibular first and second permanent molar teeth were collected from dental clinics within north Jordan. The teeth were examined visually and the root number and morphology were recorded. After that, access cavities were prepared, pulp tissue dissolved by sodium hypochlorite and the root canals injected with Indian ink. Stained teeth were decalcified with 10% nitric acid, dehydrated with ascending concentrations of alcohol and rendered clear by immersion in methyl salicylate. The following observations were evaluated: (i) number of canals per root; (ii) number of root canals per tooth; (iii) canal configuration in each root; (iv) number and location of lateral canals and (v) presence of intercanal communications.
Results  Of 330 mandibular first molars, the majority had three (48%) or four (46%) canals, whilst 4% had a third disto-lingual root. Of 355 mandibular second molars, 58% had three canals, 19% two and 17% had four canals, whilst 10% had C-shaped roots. The most prevalent canal configuration in the mesial root of both first (53%) and second (40%) molars was type IV, and in distal roots was type I (54% in first and 79% in second molars).
Conclusions  Jordanian mandibular first and second molar teeth exhibit features close to the average Caucasian root and canal morphology.     

Root and root canal morphology of mandibular second permanent molars in the Gansu province population: A CBCT study

To study the anatomical characteristics of the root and root canal system of the mandibular second molars in the population of Gansu province, and to provide theoretical and clinical references for improving the success rate of root canal therapy (RCT) of mandibular second molars. The number of roots and root canals, root canal type and pulp chamber height of mandibular second molars were determined by observing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of people living in Gansu. The most common type of mandibular second molars in the Gansu province population was a double root with three root canals (47.55%), followed by a C-shaped root (35.56%). There were more females than males with a C-shaped root (p < 0.05). The most common root canal subtype of the C-type root was C3 (13.91%). Most of the population (77.11%) had bilateral mandibular second molars with symmetrical root canal morphology. With an increase in age, the height of the pulp chamber decreased significantly. The incidence of root canal variation of the mandibular second molars is relatively high in the population of Gansu province. Preoperative examination with CBCT is essential for mandibular second molars that need RCT to avoid root canal treatment failure and decrease the occurrence of postoperative pain as much as possible.     

Differences in the confluence of mesial canals in mandibular molar teeth with three or four root canals

Aim  To investigate the correlation between number of root canals and their confluence in mandibular molar teeth.
Methodology  A total of 553 first and 383 second mandibular molars were root filled between the beginning of 1997 and the end of 2006. Access cavities were prepared and the pulp chamber floors were carefully inspected with an endodontic explorer under magnification of 4×. After negotiating the root canal system, the 'straightest' canal of each root was instrumented. A gutta-percha cone was placed in the canal and a small file (08 or 10) was inserted to working length and then removed in all other canals. The gutta-percha cone was removed and inspected for notches indicating the presence of confluences. If it was not possible to probe completely one or more canals, the canal confluences were classified as 'not determined' (ND) if there was no sign of confluence; if a notch was present canals were considered confluent. For each tooth, the number of root canals and the presence of confluences were recorded. To test whether there was a difference in frequency of confluences between teeth with three and four root canals the chi-squared analysis with Yates' continuity correction was performed.
Results  The frequency of a confluence in mesial canals of first molars was 56% in teeth with three root canals and 34% in teeth with four canals. In second molars, it was 67 and 41%, respectively. Differences in the frequency of confluences in teeth with three and four root canals were statistically significant both in first and in second molars.
Conclusions  A greater incidence of confluent canals occurred in teeth with three rather than with four root canals both in first and second mandibular molars.     

Morphology of Mandibular First Molars Analyzed by Cone-beam Computed Tomography in a Korean Population: Variations in the Number of Roots and Canals

Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine the root and canal morphology of the mandibular first molars in a Korean population of Mongolian origin by retrospective analysis of a large number of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.

Methods

A total of 976 subjects with bilateral mandibular first molars were examined by using in vivo CBCT methods. The number and configuration of roots, the number of root canals, and the canal configuration based on Vertucci's classification were determined.

Results

Overall, 25.82% of examined molars had 3 roots, 73.51% had 2 roots, and 0.67% had 1 root. The incidence of fourth canal was 50.36%. A right-sided predominance was noted for extra distal roots (P < .001), whereas a left-sided predominance was observed for extra distal canals (P < .001). No significant sex-related differences were shown for their prevalence. The bilateral prevalence rate was 69.13% for extra distal roots and 78.08% for extra distolingual (DL) canals. In the mesial roots, type IV canal was the most frequent (76.86% for 2-rooted molars and 72.96% for 3-rooted molars). In the distal roots, type l was the most common (66.62% for 2-rooted molars and 99.40%–100% for 3-rooted molars). The incidence of 2 canals in distobuccal roots, first reported in this study, was 0.15%.

Conclusions

Among mandibular first molars, there is a high prevalence of a separate DL root and/or a separate DL canal, and such molars commonly have 4 canals in the Korean population. CBCT is a useful tool for determining root and canal morphology.     

Root canal morphology of mandibular permanent molars at different ages

Aim To investigate differences in the root canal morphology of permanent mandibular molar teeth at various ages. Methodology Four hundred and eighty permanent mandibular first and second molars were examined. First and second molars were divided into six and five groups, respectively, according to the age of the patient at the time of extraction. Root canal morphology was studied using a clearing technique. The canal morphology of the mesial root was classified into three stages depending on its developmental pattern. When the root canal system was completely differentiated, the canal classification and the number of lateral canals and inter‐canal communications were recorded. Vertucci’s classification was taken as the main reference. Canal morphology was compared amongst age groups. Results In both first and second molars, developmental stages of canal morphology amongst age groups were significantly different (P < 0.0001). The prevalence of inter‐canal communications was highly significantly different in the first (P < 0.0001) and less significant in the second molar (P < 0.05). After completion of the canal differentiation, the mesial roots of first molars had type IV and II canal forms. The majority of the mesial roots of second molars had type I and III canals. C‐shaped canals were found in 3% of second molars. Conclusions Mesial roots of first and second molars mostly had one large canal until 11 and 15 years of age, respectively. In both molars, the canal system was completely defined at 30–40 years. The prevalence of inter‐canal communications was low at young and old ages but high at intermediate ages.     

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目的观察下颌第二磨牙牙根、牙根不同部位根管数目及形态,为根管治疗提供依据。方法选取2006年1月至2008年4月首都医科大学附属北京中医医院口腔科门诊中因各种原因拔除的下颌第二磨牙166颗,观察牙根数目及形态后,将牙根切为根上1/3,根中1/3和根尖1/3。观察不同部位的根管数目及形态。结果下颌第二磨牙单根12颗(7.2),双根101颗(60.8),其中近中根1-1型根管48颗(47.5),2-1型30颗(29.7),1-2型18颗(17.8),2-2型5颗(5)。远中根1-1型根管88颗(87.1),2-1型2颗(2.0),1-2型4颗(4.0),2-2型7颗(6.9)。C形根53颗(32.0),其中只有26颗具有C形根管(49)。166颗患牙中C形根管的总检出率为15.7。结论下颌第二磨牙牙根及根管数目、形态变异较多,C形根管的存在给根管治疗带来困难,不利于根管的彻底清理和充填。     

声波器械辅助镍钛根管器械预备老年人下颌第二磨牙C形根管的观察

目的：观察声波器械辅助镍钛根管器械预备老年人下颌第二磨牙C形根管的临床效果。方法：对133例老年人的140颗具有C形根管,诊断为慢性根尖周炎的下颌第二磨牙,随机分为二组：实验组,68颗,采用MM1500声波手机及其配套的Rispisonic锉针辅助镍钛旋转器械Hero642系统预备根管,对照组,72颗,镍钛旋转器械Hero642系统预备根管。两组均用氢氧化钙糊剂根管封药消毒后侧方加压法完成根管充填。对二组的根管预备并发症、根管治疗期间疼痛反应、根管充填质量进行比较。结果：实验组较对照组的疼痛反应轻且少,根管充填质量好于对照组,对照组根管预备并发症的总数相对较多。结论：声波器械辅助镍钛根管器械预备老年人慢性根尖周炎的下颌第二磨牙C形根管,可减轻减少疼痛反应,减少预备并发症,提高根管充填质量,具有临床应用价值。