新疆维吾尔自治区3～9岁汉、维吾尔族儿童腰围和腰围身高比分布特征及其作为肥胖筛查指标的探讨

目的 了解新疆维吾尔自治区(新疆)汉、维吾尔(维)族3～9岁儿童腰围(WC)和腰围身高比(WHtR)分布特征,探讨其作为儿童肥胖筛查指标的价值。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,于2014年4月抽取新疆四地区幼儿园和小学一、二年级汉、维族儿童,测量身高、体重及WC;以WC的性别年龄别第80百分位值(P₈₀)以及WHtR≥0.48为参考值,在BMI正常儿童中筛查可能患有腹型肥胖的儿童。结果 共测量3～9岁儿童4 024名,其中汉族2 461名,维族1 563名;汉、维族儿童WC、WHtR P₅₀和P₈₀数值相近,P₉₅相差明显;BMI正常的汉、维族儿童中存在WC≥P₈₀或WHtR≥0.48的儿童:BMI正常的4～岁汉族男童中,WC≥P₈₀的比例为8.0%,4～岁维族女童中该比例为16.3%; <7岁儿童中WHtR≥0.48的比例在10%以上,随着年龄段增长该比例逐渐下降。结论 新疆汉、维族儿童WC和WHtR分布特征相似,WC和WHtR可用于从BMI正常儿童中筛查超重/肥胖儿童,建议在学龄前儿童超重/肥胖筛查时与BMI联合使用。     

腰围和腰围身高比预测中心性肥胖的效果与差异

目的评价用腰围(WC)和腰围身高比(WHtR)预测中国中年人群中心性肥胖的效果和差异。方法选用国家“八五”和“九五”攻关课题的两次横断面调查共30 630名35～59岁人群资料,按不同身高分组,根据诊断中心性肥胖的WC切点(男性≥85 cm,女性≥80 cm)和WHtR的切点(≥0．50),比较预测中心性肥胖的一致性,并计算心血管病危险因素(包括高血压、空腹血糖异常、血清总胆固醇升高及血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低)聚集(危险因素个数≥2)的灵敏度和特异度等诊断学指标。结果WC与WHtR在男女性人群中预测中心性肥胖的一致性较高,Kappa值分别为0．805和0．816。但在身高较低(男性<160 cm,女性<150 cm)或身高较高(男性≥180 cm,女性≥170 cm)人群中,两指标预测的一致性较差(Kappa值均≤O．6)。以WC诊断切点预测危险因素聚集,在男女性身高较低人群中,其灵敏度均较低,而在身高较高的人群中,特异度均较低;而用WHtR诊断切点预测危险因素聚集,在不同身高组中预测的灵敏度(男性为56．1%～64．1%,女性为64．7%~73．2%)和特异度(男性为70．0%。74．5%,女性为59．2%～75．9%)均较好,且波动范围较小。结论在全人群中,男女性WC和WHtR对预测心血管病危险因素聚集,评价中心性肥胖预测效果相当;但在身高较低或较高的人群中,WHtR的预测效果优于WC。     

中国9个城市3～7岁儿童腰围百分位数参照值的研究

目的 研究和制定中国3～7岁儿童的腰围百分位数参照值。方法 腰围数据来自2015年6-11月在北京、哈尔滨、西安、上海、南京、武汉、广州、福州、昆明9个城市开展的儿童体格发育调查,共调查26 480名3～7岁健康儿童。采用基于偏度、位置和变异的曲线平滑方法建立性别、年龄别腰围百分位数曲线。将获得的3～7岁儿童腰围P₇₅和P₉₀与已发表的中国7～18岁儿童青少年腰围界值点（P₇₅和P₉₀）进行对接验证。将本研究腰围P₅₀与国外相关研究数据进行比较分析。结果 获得3～7岁男、女童每半岁间隔的腰围P₅、P₁₀、P₁₅、P₂₀、P₂₅、P₅₀、P₇₅、P₈₀、P₈₅、P₉₀和P₉₅参照值。腰围值随年龄增长呈明显上升趋势,男童P₅₀从3岁的47.5 cm增长到7岁的54.2 cm、女童从3岁的47.0 cm增长到7岁的52.2 cm。各年龄组男童腰围的各百分位数值均略高于女童,差值波动范围0.4～3.6 cm。3～7岁男、女童腰围在不同百分位数上实测值与拟合值的差值波动范围-0.3～0.5 cm。9个城市男、女童3～7岁腰围P₇₅和P₉₀数值与中国7～18岁儿童青少年腰围界值点（P₇₅和P₉₀）在年龄上能实现较好的对接。中国3～7岁儿童腰围数值与国外相关研究的比较显示,随年龄增长腰围增加的趋势一致,但我国男童处于中等水平、女童处于中等偏低水平。结论 本研究建立了我国3～7岁儿童的腰围百分位数参照值,并实现与7～18岁儿童青少年腰围参照值的良好衔接,可供相关临床、预防保健及科研工作等参照使用。     

中国儿童青少年形体测量学参数调查

目的 测量中国儿童青少年不同性别年龄组身高、腰围(WC)、臀围(HC)、体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、腰围身高比(WHtR)等参数及计算其均数、标准差、百分位数,为进一步确立该人群代谢综合征诊断标准提供依据.方法 2009年10月至2010年10月选择北京、天津、杭州、上海、重庆和南宁市7～16岁中小学生共22 197人[最终入组21 858(男/女:11 460/10 398)人]为调查对象.按标准化方法测定各年龄组儿童身高、体重、HC、WC、BMI和WHtR等数据,并比较不同区(北部、中西部、东部)儿童青少年形体学参数的差异.结果 (1)男女生身高、体重、WC、HC、BMI均随年龄有逐渐上升趋势,而WHR却有逐渐下降趋势(男生7～16岁由0.87逐渐下降至0.81,女生由0.84逐渐下降至0.76).(2)WHtR受年龄影响小.女生基本稳定在0.42～0.43;男生略有波动,≤11周岁基本稳定在0.44-0.45,≥12周岁时逐渐下降(由12周岁时的0.45下降到16周岁的0.42).(3)北部地区(北京、天津)各年龄组平均身高、体重、BMI明显高于中西部地区(重庆、南宁)及东部地区(上海、杭州)(P＜0.001),中西部地区又略高于东部地区(P＜005).结论 中国不同地区6市儿童青少年形体学参数中WHtR不受年龄、性别影响,其变异程度小且相对稳定,可作为反映儿童青少年中心性肥胖的简易指标.     

中国6省市儿童青少年代谢综合征相关腰围身高比切点值的研究

目的 探讨预测中国儿童青少年MS的WHtR适宜界值。方法 2009年10月至2010年10月选择北京、天津、上海、重庆、南宁和浙江省（市）19 284名6～15岁中小学生为调查对象,统一收集、整理、录入数据。采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析,研究预测儿童青少年具有≥2个危险组分的WHtR适宜界值。结果 ROC曲线显示6～9岁组男女童WHtR分别在第85、80百分位（P₈₅、P₈₀）具有较好的预测效果,灵敏度、特异度分别为35.78%、85.41%和49.21%、79.87%。男女童WHtR的P₈₅的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.61、0.64,分别与同性别儿童WHtR的P₈₀、P₉₀ AUC比较,差异均无统计学意义;10～15岁组男女童的WHtR也分别在P₈₅、P₈₀具有较好的预测效果,灵敏度、特异度分别为49.60%、85.90%和47.01%、80.07%。男女童WHtR的P₈₅ AUC分别为0.68、0.63,与同性别人群P₈₀的AUC相比差异均无统计学意义,但均大于同性别P₉₀的AUC（P<0.05）。结论 预测6～9岁组具有≥2个心血管疾病危险因素的WHtR切点应选在0.48;预测10～15岁组MS的WHtR切点,男性选择0.48、女性选择0.46较为适宜,均分别对应同性别年龄组人群WHtR的P₈₅数值。     

中国6~17岁儿童青少年腰围水平及中心性肥胖流行特征

目的 分析我国6~17岁儿童青少年腰围水平及中心性肥胖流行特征。方法 利用"2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测"中6~17岁儿童青少年调查资料,分析儿童青少年腰围水平及中心性肥胖流行现状。利用腰围的P₉₀（同年龄、同性别）作为中心性肥胖的判断界值。结果 我国各年龄组儿童青少年腰围均为男生大于女生（P<0.000 1）,城市大于农村（P<0.05）,家庭收入水平高的儿童青少年大于中、低家庭收入儿童青少年（P=0.000 3）。6~17岁儿童青少年中心性肥胖率为11.2%,其中男生和女生分别为10.7%和11.8%,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。城市和农村男生的中心性肥胖率分别为13.2%和8.5%,女生分别为12.3%和11.2%。按家庭经济收入水平分,高、中、低家庭收入男生中心性肥胖率分别为15.8%、11.5%和8.8%,女生分别为13.5%、11.9%和11.6%。结论 男生的腰围较女生更易受城乡和家庭收入水平的影响。     

山东省7～1 7岁正常体重中小学生腹型肥胖流行现状及血压特征分析

目的了解正常体重儿童少年腹型肥胖的检出率及血压特征,为控制青少年肥胖和高血压提供参考。方法以2010年山东省学生体质健康调查研究中38 816名7。17岁中小学生为研究对象,测量身高、体重、腰围和血压,依据BMI和腰围指标判定体重状况和腹型肥胖。结果7-17岁中小学生消瘦、正常、超重和肥胖的比例分别为5.37%、72.47%、12.92%和9.24%。在正常体重的学生中,腹型肥胖检出率为5.86%(女生7.19%,男生4.33%),女生高于男生(P<0.01)。正常体重腹型肥胖组的收缩压和舒张压水平(z值)高于正常腰围组(P<0.01)。结论正常体重腹型肥胖儿童少年的血压水平较高,应列为高风险人群并实施相应的干预措施。     

广州市6～18岁儿童青少年腰围和腰围身高比分布特征

目的探讨广州市6～18岁儿童青少年腰围（WC）和腰围身高比（wH氓）分布特征。方法采用年级分层整班抽样方法对参加2010年全国学生体质健康调研的广州市12所监测学校（广州市城乡各3所中学和3所小学）6～18岁学生进行腰围和身高检测,计算各个年龄组城乡男女生腰围和腰围身高比百分位数、腰围身高比的均值,比较腰围和腰围身高比年龄、城乡和性别差异。结果2010年调查5141名学生,城市男生1287名、城市女生1256名、农村男生1300名、农村女生1298名。广州市6-18岁学生随年龄增长腰围不断增加,女生在青春发育期腰围值接近男生,其他年龄组均是男生超过女生。同性别各年龄组的腰围城市大于乡村。城乡男女生6-18岁WHtR在0．40至0．45范围内波动,13岁前城乡男生WHtR高于女生,13岁后女生wHtR大于男生或与男生重叠。同性别各年龄组的WHtR均是城市大于乡村。结论广州市6～18岁城乡学生腰围和腰围身高比在年龄、性别、城乡表现出差异;该数据为制定全国儿童青少年腰围：腰围身高比的体质量超标、肥胖筛查标准提供广州地区基础资料。     

安徽省儿童青少年高血压与体脂百分比关联性研究

目的 了解安徽省儿童青少年高血压的检出情况,分析其与体脂百分比的关联性。方法 对安徽省8 890名7~17岁中小学生进行了血压和皮褶厚度的测量,参考《中国高血压防治指南(2010年修订版)》中儿童高血压诊断标准评价儿童高血压情况,通过皮褶厚度计算体脂百分比。采用t检验、χ²检验和logistic回归分析体脂百分比与高血压的关联。结果 安徽省7~17岁中小学生高血压患病总人数(率)为1 210人(13.6%)。城市男生高血压患病率高于乡村男生,城市女生高血压总患病率高于乡村女生,城市男生高血压患病率高于城市女生,乡村男生高血压患病率高于乡村女生,差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为36.36、7.79、42.10和13.77,P<0.01)。城市男生体脂百分比高于乡村男生,城市女生显著高于乡村女生,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。男女生在P₄₀~组和P₆₀~组OR值分别为1.65(95% CI:1.12~2.45)和1.75(1.27~2.42),男女生分别从体脂百分比P₄₀和P₆₀开始患病风险明显增加,且男女生的高血压患病风险总体上随着体脂百分比的增加而上升。结论 高体脂百分比会增加儿童青少年高血压患病风险。     

北京市朝阳区超重肥胖儿童腹型肥胖指标的核心家系研究

目的 分析儿童腹型肥胖相关指标与父母相应指标的相关性,比较不同指标在反映儿童肥胖与父母肥胖关系中的作用。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法在北京市朝阳区抽取94个6~13岁超重/肥胖儿童核心家系家庭,测量超重、肥胖儿童及其父母的腰围(waist circumference,WC)、臀围(hip circumference,HC)指标,并计算腰围身高比(waist-height ratio,WHtR)、腰臀比(waist-hip ratio,WHR)衍生指标,分析儿童WC、HC、WHtR、WHR指标与其亲生父母相应指标的关系。结果 儿童的WC、HC、WHR、WHtR与父母的相应指标均呈正相关(相关系数为0.201~0.397,P<0.05);多元线性回归分析显示:调整年龄、性别因素后,父亲、母亲WC、HC与儿童的WC、HC有关,回归系数均有统计学意义(P<0.05),父亲WC值每增加4.05 cm,或母亲WC值每增加2.09 cm,其子女WC值将增加1 cm;母亲WHtR、WHR与儿童的WHtR、WHR有关,回归系数有统计学意义(P<0.05),父亲WHtR、WHR指标的回归系数无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 儿童的腹型肥胖指标与其父母的相应指标关系密切,WC与HC更倾向于反映儿童体型与父母双方体型的相关性;WHR、WHtR更倾向于反映儿童体型与母亲而非父亲体型的相关性。     

Mid-arm circumference and mid-arm circumference: head circumference ratio for assessing longitudinal growth in hospitalized preterm infants

In order to study the usefulness of upper mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-arm circumference:head circumference ratio (MAC:HC) measurements in assessing longitudinal growth in hospitalized preterm infants, we prospectively measured weights, lengths, occipitofrontal head circumferences (OFC), MACs, MAC:HCs, weight/length for age, nutritional intakes, and serum transthyretin and albumin levels in 50 preterm, low-birth-weight, appropriate for gestational age newborn infants during their first 4 postnatal weeks and at hospital discharge. At some time during hospitalization, weight measurements were abnormal (greater than or equal to 2SD from the gestational age mean) in 48% of the infants as compared with 24% with abnormal MAC measurements (p = 0.002). Abnormal MAC:HCs occurred in 25% of the infants as compared with 68% with abnormal weight/length for age values (p less than 0.001). During weeks 2-4, when nutritional intakes were adequate and serum transthyretin and albumin levels were normal, mean weight gain velocity was less than intrauterine rates and was significantly slower than MAC velocities, which were at or greater than intrauterine rates (p less than 0.001). At discharge, when all infants were gaining weight at intrauterine rates, weight measurements were still abnormal in 28% of the infants as compared with 10% of infants who had abnormal MACs (p = 0.005). Similarly, only 12% of infants had abnormal MAC:HCs as compared with 25% of infants with abnormal weight/length for age values at discharge (p = 0.05). The MAC and MAC:HC are useful for assessing longitudinal growth in preterm infants since they do not overestimate the prevalence of malnourishment during periods of apparent protein-calorie sufficiency.     

Mid-arm circumference and mid-arm circumference: head circumference ratio for assessing longitudinal growth in hospitalized preterm infants.

In order to study the usefulness of upper mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-arm circumference:head circumference ratio (MAC:HC) measurements in assessing longitudinal growth in hospitalized preterm infants, we prospectively measured weights, lengths, occipitofrontal head circumferences (OFC), MACs, MAC:HCs, weight/length for age, nutritional intakes, and serum transthyretin and albumin levels in 50 preterm, low-birth-weight, appropriate for gestational age newborn infants during their first 4 postnatal weeks and at hospital discharge. At some time during hospitalization, weight measurements were abnormal (greater than or equal to 2SD from the gestational age mean) in 48% of the infants as compared with 24% with abnormal MAC measurements (p = 0.002). Abnormal MAC:HCs occurred in 25% of the infants as compared with 68% with abnormal weight/length for age values (p less than 0.001). During weeks 2-4, when nutritional intakes were adequate and serum transthyretin and albumin levels were normal, mean weight gain velocity was less than intrauterine rates and was significantly slower than MAC velocities, which were at or greater than intrauterine rates (p less than 0.001). At discharge, when all infants were gaining weight at intrauterine rates, weight measurements were still abnormal in 28% of the infants as compared with 10% of infants who had abnormal MACs (p = 0.005). Similarly, only 12% of infants had abnormal MAC:HCs as compared with 25% of infants with abnormal weight/length for age values at discharge (p = 0.05). The MAC and MAC:HC are useful for assessing longitudinal growth in preterm infants since they do not overestimate the prevalence of malnourishment during periods of apparent protein-calorie sufficiency.     

Waist circumference and mortality

The authors examined the association between waist circumference and mortality among 154,776 men and 90,757 women aged 51-72 years at baseline (1996-1997) in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Additionally, the combined effects of waist circumference and body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) were examined. All-cause mortality was assessed over 9 years of follow-up (1996-2005). After adjustment for BMI and other covariates, a large waist circumference (fifth quintile vs. second) was associated with an approximately 25% increased mortality risk (men: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15, 1.29; women: HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.16, 1.41). The waist circumference-mortality association was found in persons with and without prevalent disease, in smokers and nonsmokers, and across different racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians). Compared with subjects with a combination of normal BMI (18.5-<25) and normal waist circumference, those in the normal-BMI group with a large waist circumference (men: > or =102 cm; women: > or =88 cm) had an approximately 20% higher mortality risk (men: HR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.39; women: HR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.36). The finding that persons with a normal BMI but a large waist circumference had a higher mortality risk in this study suggests that increased waist circumference should be considered a risk factor for mortality, in addition to BMI.     

上海市儿童青少年腰围百分位数值及曲线

目的 建立适合上海市儿童青少年生长发育特点的年龄别腰围、腰围指数的百分位数及曲线,为科学评价儿童青少年生长发育水平及中心性肥胖的防治提供参考.方法 以2010年上海市学生体质健康调研的7 ～18岁中小学生14 301名为样本,应用国际通用的LMS法分性别建立年龄别腰围、腰围指数正常值及百分位数曲线.结果 腰围百分位数曲线随年龄增长呈递增趋势,符合儿童青少年生长发育规律;腰围指数的P50百分位数曲线具有明显性别差异,7 ～12岁男生逐年上升,且高于女生,自13岁开始经交叉后低于女生.获得上海市7 ～18岁儿童青少年男女年龄别腰围、腰围指数百分位数(P5,P10,P15,P50,P85,P95,P95)及曲线.结论 儿童青少年年龄别腰围、腰围指数百分位数存在地区、性别差异.本研究所获得的百分位数及曲线可为进一步研究儿童青少年中心性肥胖提供基本数据.     

北京市城乡学生腰围臀围腰臀比分析

目的了解2010年北京市7～18岁中小学生腰围臀围和腰臀比的年龄、性别特征,为学生体质健康研究资料提供有益补充。方法对2010年北京市体质调研7～18岁中小学生的腰围、臀围和腰臀比进行描述性分析。结果男生腰围均值、腰臀比高于女生;城区男生臀围均值高于女生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),郊区男、女生臀围差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。腰围均值12岁前有随年龄增长而增加的趋势。学生臀围均值有随着年龄的增长而增加的趋势,差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。城区男生腰围均值高于郊区男生(P<0.05);城区女生腰围均值与郊区女生差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);城区男女生臀围均值大于郊区学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);城郊区男生腰臀比均值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);郊区女生腰臀比均值高于城区女生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论北京城乡7～18岁学生腰围、臀围和腰臀比随年龄变化总趋势一致,但城乡各指标间年龄、性别特征存在差异。     

不同胎龄初生儿头围与胸围比值关系研究

目的:研究孕26～44周初生儿头围与胸围比值关系,探索初生儿胎内体格发育规律。方法:引用2005年深圳不同胎龄初生儿头围、胸围均值和1986年中国15城市不同胎龄新生儿头围、胸围均值,研究孕26～44周初生儿头围与胸围比值关系。结果:2005年深圳孕26～28周初生儿平均头围均值为26.3cm、胸围均值为24.3cm,头围与胸围的比值为1.08:1;孕37周头围均值为32.9cm、胸围均值为32.2cm,比值为1.02:1;孕41周头围均值为34.1cm、胸围均值为33.4cm,比值为1.02:1;孕44周头围均值为34.9cm、胸围均值为33.7cm,比值为1.04:1。结论:头围与胸围的比值与孕周大小有关,孕周越小比值越大,随着孕周增大比值不断变小;孕26～37周是头围发育的快速增长期,显示了脑部优先发育的生长规律,男性头围发育明显快于女性;孕37～43周是头围与胸围的均衡发育期。     

Consistent accuracy of mid arm circumference and calf circumference as birth weight surrogates during first few days

Measurement within 24 hours and then daily for 10 days after birth was made of mid arm, calf, and thigh circumference, and birth weight among infants delivered by the Dayanand Medical College and Hospital in Ludhiana, Punjab State, India. The results of the correlation procedures was that mid arm an calf circumference were highly correlated with birth weights: r = .60 and r = .76 respectively. Thigh circumference data was discarded, due to technical errors. Analysis of variance found that there were not significant differences between the values of arm and calf circumference and birth weight. This information was found useful for determining birth weight with colored strips during the first 10 days after birth. The criteria of health workers in field conditions to assess birth weight with surrogate measures were satisfied: high correlation, easy measurement, and consistently accuracy over the first few days of life. Health workers do not always see new borns in the first few days. The significance of measuring birth weight is in the determination of low birth weight and the need for special care or monitoring as a means of enhancing child survival.     

Fever in pregnancy and offspring head circumference

Purpose

To examine whether maternal fever during pregnancy is associated with reduced head circumference and risk of microcephaly at birth.