TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF STARCH GELS FILLED WITH COLLAGEN AND CHITIN

Chitin and collagen powders were added as fillers to various starches (potato, sweet potato, kudzu, corn, wheat, and mung bean), heated at 100C for 10 min with stirring to make a hot paste and allowed to gel quiescently at 5C for 2 h in order to investigate the effects of the filler particle on the texture of the gels. The parameters of hardness, cohesiveness and adhesiveness were determined instrumentally and compared. The filler particles of collagen and chitin were effective in increasing hardness of corn starch gels but had no effects on hardness of the potato, sweet potato, kudzu, wheat and mung bean starch gels except at the lower starch concentrations. Cohesiveness was increased slightly in all starch gels by addition of collagen whereas chitin addition only increased the cohesiveness of sweet potato and mung bean starch gels. Collagen and chitin addition increased adhesiveness all of starch gels, but the intensity of the effect was most remarkable for collagen. The observed differences in effects was apparently due to differences in the interactions between starches and filler particles arising from differences in the surface properties of the filler particles.     

Morphological,thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of potato and corn starch

A comparison between the morphological, thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of corn starch and potato starches separated from five different potato cultivars was made. The granule size and shape of all starches differed significantly. Potato starch granules were comparatively larger than corn starch granules, while the transition temperatures were found to be higher for corn starch. Consistency coefficients and flow behaviour indices measured by back extrusion were higher for potato starches than for corn starch. Stickiness of cooked starch pastes was observed to depend upon their consistency coefficient. The gels made from all potato starches showed higher gel strength than those from corn starch. The gel strength of starches from both corn and potato increased during refrigerated storage. The amylose content, swelling power, solubility and light transmittance values of potato starches were significantly higher than those of corn starch. Noodles made from potato starches had higher cooked weight and cooking loss than corn starch noodles. Texture profile analysis revealed that potato starch noodles also had higher hardness and cohesiveness than corn starch noodles. Hardness of cooked noodles from all starches increased and cohesiveness decreased during storage. Noodles made from starches of higher viscosity exhibited higher hardness and cohesiveness. Textural differences among cooked starch noodles appeared to be associated with morphological, thermal and rheological properties of corn starch and potato starches. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

甘薯淀粉对山药凝胶肠理化特性的影响

为研究甘薯淀粉对山药凝胶肠理化特性的影响,对不同甘薯淀粉添加量下山药凝胶肠的质构特性、色度、热特性、水分状态、微观结构以及结晶特性进行了测试。结果表明：甘薯淀粉的添加显著增强了山药凝胶肠的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、内聚性和回复性,但黏性、弹性和白度下降;当甘薯淀粉添加量达到20%时,凝胶肠硬度达到7 060.65 g,胶着性为5 263.38 g,咀嚼性为4 623.80 g,内聚性为0.75,回复性为0.42,接近市售火腿肠的质地。甘薯淀粉的添加降低了山药凝胶肠的含水量和水分子的自由度,导致淀粉分子运动受限从而使相对结晶度和回生焓降低,凝胶肠质地更为致密。     

Thermal, microstructural and textural characterisation of gelatinised corn, cassava and yam starch blends

The functional properties of mixtures of maize, cassava and yam starches and their relationships with microstructural characteristics were investigated. Experiments were performed following the simplex‐centroid design with internal points and restrictions (upper limit) for yam starch proportion. The statistical model used (Scheffé canonical equation) was a powerful tool to predict the pastes behaviour within the limits of the experimental area. Polynomials with second level interactions were applied to obtain the surface response. Viscoelastic attributes of mixtures differed from those of individual starches. As shown by differential scanning calorimetry and microscopical observations, physical properties of the mixtures depended on the type of networks obtained. These networks varied upon yam, corn and cassava starch proportions as each one has a particular characteristic: gelatinisation temperature, granule size, swelling capacity and amylose/amylopectin ratio among others.     

慈姑、荸荠和菱角淀粉共混物的凝胶特性研究

慈姑、荸荠和菱角均为南方特色水生根茎类作物,具有独特的加工特性,其混粉制品拥有新的凝胶特点和营养价值。本试验采用混料设计,建立了凝胶质构指标与混合淀粉各组分的回归模型,并采用差示扫描量热法测定混粉糊化过程中的热特性,在二者基础上探讨各组分间的交互作用。结果表明,混粉既表现出慈姑淀粉的拮抗效应,也表现出菱角淀粉的增效效应,这两种作用相互制约,最终在各凝胶质构特征参数上表现出占优势的一种。DSC图中吸热峰的叠加,表明混合淀粉发生了共糊化。慈姑、荸荠淀粉的存在,明显抑制了菱角淀粉的回生,菱角淀粉颗粒相对可利用的水分少,膨胀受限,仅能部分膨胀,贮藏过程中的脱水收缩作用减弱。模型的建立对于优化各淀粉组分比例而获得所需的凝胶特性具有指导意义,该研究可为南方特色淀粉资源的有效利用提供参考。     

抗性淀粉对小麦粉凝胶质构特性的影响

以3种不同筋力小麦粉为原料,研究了抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)对小麦粉凝胶质构特性的影响。结果表明:抗性淀粉不能形成凝胶,添加5%～20%抗性淀粉的小麦粉配粉可形成凝胶。抗性淀粉RS3和RS2对强筋、中筋和弱筋小麦粉凝胶的影响趋势相同,随着配粉中抗性淀粉的比例逐渐增加,各凝胶的硬度、黏着性和胶着性显著降低,中筋粉的硬度、黏着性和胶着性值最高,弱筋粉次之,强筋粉最低;3种筋力小麦粉及其抗性淀粉配粉的弹性和凝聚性差异很小。     

Some Selected Physicochemical Properties of Buffalo Gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK) Root Starch

The starch granules of buffalo gourd contained 30.5% apparent amylose, showed a high swelling power and gelatinised over 57-70.8°C with an enthalpy of 4.26cal·g⁻¹. The starch pastes had a stable peak viscosity with a resistance to fragmentation intermediate to those of cassava and potato starches during holding at 95°C. The starch gels displayed a higher storage modulus (G′) than that of corn starch and a viscous character similar to that of potato starch. These properties differ from the maize-like characteristics reported for this type of starch.     

Hydrothermal modifications of tropical tuber starches – Effect of ANN on the physicochemical,rheological and gelatinization characteristics

Cassava, sweet potato and arrowroot starches were hydrothermally modified by ANN under different conditions of temperature, moisture and time duration of treatment and the properties are compared. ANN brought about changes in swelling volume, solubility, gelatinization and rheological properties. The three starches behaved differently after the treatment. All the three tuber starches showed decrease in swelling volume after ANN treatment. The solubility decreased for cassava starch, whereas it slightly increased for majority of annealed sweet potato starches and significantly increased for arrowroot starch. For cassava starch, there was a decrease in peak viscosity, but for the other two starches, it increased after ANN. Differential scanning calorimetric studies showed that ANN resulted in a narrowing of DSC patterns for all the starches. The effect of ANN on the dynamic rheological properties was found to depend up on the source of starch. The modification resulted in increased gel hardness, gumminess, adhesiveness and decreased springiness for the starch gels. Tuber starches became less susceptible to enzyme action after ANN.     

Physicochemical properties of partially oxidized corn starch from bromide-free TEMPO-mediated reaction

ABSTRACT:  This study was conducted to determine the optimal temperature and time for the regiospecific oxidation of primary alcohol groups in corn starch with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl oxoammonium ion (TEMPO) and sodium hyphochlorite (NaOCl). The study also elucidated the molecular structure of fully oxidized corn starch (FOCS) prepared at optimum temperature and physicochemical properties of the partially (10%, 20%, and 30%) oxidized corn starches (POCS). The reaction time rapidly decreased up to 30 °C, and then gradually decreased. Selectivity, yield, and viscosity were drastically reduced at temperatures higher than 35 to 40 °C. Optimal oxidation temperature for the production of FOCS was determined as 35 °C. Regiospecific oxidation of the primary alcohol group without oxidation of the secondary alcohol group was confirmed in ¹³C-NMR and IR spectra. Water-binding capacity, swelling power, solubility power, and transmittance of POCS increased as the degree of oxidation increased. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of corn starch gel containing POCS were not significantly different from those of native corn starch gel at 1-d storage, but the values of the starch gel containing POCS were smaller than those of the native starch gel after 1-d storage. However, springiness and cohesiveness did not differ significantly among the samples regardless of storage time.     

Rheological and textural studies of fresh and freeze-thawed native sago starch–sugar gels. II. Comparisons with other starch sources and reheating effects

The viscoelastic and textural properties of freshly prepared and freeze-thawed sago starch–sugar gels were studied in comparison with other native starches from corn, wheat, tapioca, and potato. The gelatinisation and retrogradation properties of starches were studied using a DSC while the pasting properties of starch–sugar mixtures during the cooking period were studied using a starch pasting cell. The freeze-thaw stability of gels was evaluated by gravimetric measurements of the water of syneresis. The different starches gave properties which varied following to their botanical sources. High-amylose cereal starches (wheat and corn) produced harder gels, while low-amylose root starch (tapioca) produced softer gels. Sago and potato gels showed close similarities in their viscoelastic and textural characteristics. Although the freeze-thaw cycle greatly increased the viscoelasticity and hardness of these two gels, reheating at high temperature significantly reduced these negative effects and resulted in partial recovery of the gel structures. Sago starch produced gels with very low syneresis and high cohesiveness, implying its potential use as a gelling agent in the frozen food industries.     

Gelatinization and Thermal Properties of Modified Cassava Starches

The thermal properties of seven commercial modified cassava starches, including oxidized, acetylated, cross‐linked, and combined acetylated and cross‐linked starches were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the glassy and rubbery states. Increase in gel hardness in the rubbery state during storage was also monitored, as well as gelatinization behavior. The modified starches were prepared from granular starch and had a degree of substitution in the range 0–0.053. The glass transition temperatures (T_g) of the modified starches were 3–6°C significantly lower than that of the non‐modified starch. The physical aging peak temperatures were also significantly reduced by 2–3°C, compared to the non‐modified starch, while aging enthalpies increased. Starch modifications did not decrease amylopectin retrogradation significantly. During storage, the oxidized starch gel became significantly harder than the non‐modified starch gel, while the hardness of the acetylated and/or cross‐linked starch gels was significantly reduced, which confirmed that acetylation or cross‐linking can decrease hardness, even when the extent of modification is limited. Different modifications controlled different properties of the starch system, with cross‐linking and acetylation influencing the gelatinization behavior and the changes in starch gel texture during storage, respectively.     

Thermal,rheological, and mechanical properties of normal corn and potato starch blends

Native corn and potato starches were mixed in different proportions. Blends presented similar values to potato starch at onset temperature and at ending temperature to corn starch. CS20PS80 blend had the highest values for hardness between blends due to the formation of a three-dimensional network with corn starch granules that act as composite material. Some blends exhibited higher recovery viscosity than native starches, possibly due to interactions. Gelatinization temperature, swelling power, phosphorous content, granule size, and x-ray pattern played an important role in the resulting properties, however, the amylose content did not show influence due to both starches having a similar content.     

Effect of Starch of Textural Properties of Surimi Gel

The proportion of amylose and amylopectin, and the rheological behavior of eight starches were correlated with the textural properties of starch-containing surimi gels. Findings included the following: increased firmness and cohesiveness with increases in water-holding ability and viscosity of the starch; increased expressible moisture and penetration force with an increase in the amylose fraction due to increased retrogradation: increased tensile force with an increase in the amylopectin fraction: and increased cohesiveness and chewiness after refrigerated storage for all starches with a greater increase for high amylose starches. Surimi gels containing potato starch were the firmest and most cohesive. The textural properties of starch-containing surimi gel correlated well (r = 0.90 to 0.97, P>0.05) with the viscosity of starch paste if 100% amylopectin-containing and pregelatinized starches were excluded from the correlation.     

Effect of debranching and storage condition on crystallinity and functional properties of cassava and potato starches

Debranching starch by pullulanase is considered to improve the RS content of starch which is widely used to produce the starch‐based foods with high‐health benefit impacts. In this study, the cassava and potato starches were debranched by pullulanase, followed by an autoclave treatment and storage at −18°C, 4°C, or 25°C to investigate their crystallinity and functional properties. After debranching, the potato starch contained significantly higher CL (35.4 glucose units) than did the cassava starch (32.4 glucose units). The debranched cassava and potato starches after retrogradation at the storage temperatures had a typical B‐type crystalline structure although the native cassava and potato starches exhibited the different crystalline forms (A‐ and B‐type, respectively). The RS contents of the debranched cassava and potato starches significantly improved with higher RS content of the debranched potato starch than that of the debranched cassava starch at the same storage condition. The storage temperature significantly affected the RS formation of the debranched starches with the highest RS content at storage temperature of −18°C (35 and 48% for the debranched cassava and potato starches, respectively). The debranched starches had significantly lower viscosities and paste clarities but higher solubilities than did the native starches. As a result, the debranched cassava and potato starches can be considered for use not only in functional foods with enhanced health benefits but also in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.     

Effects of starches on the textural,rheological, and color properties of surimi–beef gels with microbial tranglutaminase

In order to evaluate effects of starches (corn starch, potato starch, and tapioca starch) on the characteristics of surimi–beef gels with microbial transglutaminase, the cooking loss, gel strength, color and rheological properties of samples were investigated. Results demonstrated that starches gave negative effects on the cooking loss of surimi–beef gels. The gel with corn starch had the highest cooking loss while that with tapioca starch showed the lowest value. The gel with potato starch obtained the highest gel strength. During the sol–gel transitions, surimi–beef complexes with 3% corn starch exhibited the highest storage modulus value, while that with 3% tapioca starch had the lowest one. The addition of starch caused the increase of L* values of surimi–beef gels. Results showed that the excessive amount of starch resulted in the decrease in gel strength of surimi–beef gels.     

增城丝苗米米饭理化性质与质构特性的相关性分析

选用7份增城丝苗米的原料大米,研究米饭的质构特性,并分析其与大米的热特性、糊化特性和理化指标之间的相关性。结果表明,增城丝苗米原料大米的硬度、粘性的差别较大,而凝聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和回复性均较接近。大米直链淀粉含量与米饭质构特性呈显著相关,米饭硬度、粘性与大米淀粉的糊化起始温度呈正相关,与热焓值呈负相关。米饭的硬度、粘性、凝聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性和回复性与大米淀粉糊化的最终粘度、崩解值呈负相关,与消减值呈正相关,粘性与回生值呈负相关。因此,开发大米配方时, 将直链淀粉含量检测与大米的糊化特性、米饭硬度和粘性测试分析相结合,对于提高大米配方的品质稳定具有重要意义。     

Concentration of soy protein isolate affects starch-based confections' texture, sensory, and storage properties

The effects of increasing soy protein isolate concentration on the physico-chemical properties of starch-based grape confectionery gels were investigated using thermal, textural, and sensory analyses. Soy protein isolate decreased hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess, demonstrating potential as a texture modifier. Increasing soy protein concentration progressively decreased the elastic properties of the starch network demonstrated by a lower G'-G" crossover frequency. High levels of soy protein also created a more homogeneous water population, one which was lost at lower temperatures compared to standard confections. An improvement in taste and texture acceptability of the confections upon addition of soy protein isolate was found by sensory analysis. Finally, physico-chemical properties were compared up to 20 d of storage at ambient temperature. Soy-containing confections demonstrated lower gumminess and cohesiveness during the entire storage period but a significant increase in hardness after 20 d of storage. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Soy protein isolate imparted soft texture to starch-based confections on a concentration-dependent basis. Increasing soy protein isolate concentration decreased elastic properties of the starch network in starch confections and significantly improved flavor and texture. Gumminess and cohesiveness of soy protein isolate confection was lower during 20 d of storage.     

Synergistic interaction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Auricularia auricula</Emphasis>-<Emphasis Type="Italic">judae</Emphasis> polysaccharide with yam starch: effects on physicochemical properties and in vitro starch digestibility

Thermal stable polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula-judae (AP) have unique molecularstructures and multiple bioactivities. The effects of AP on the physicochemical properties and in vitro starch digestibility of yam starch (YS) were studied. The addition of AP induced a significant increase in the swelling power, solubility, mean volume diameter and adhesiveness as well as a dramatic decrease in the hardness and gumminess (p?<?0.05). AP showed a strong suppressive effect on in vitro starch digestibility. Higher modulus (G′, G″) and stiffness parameters (A_α), and lower order of relaxation function (α), were observed in oscillatory rheological measurements, indicating that the gels were more elastic-like and had higher pseudoplasticity in the presence of AP. Furthermore, AP remarkably decreased the syneresis and storage modulus (G′), and also retarded the retrogradation process of YS gel at 4°C, revealing a synergistic interaction between AP and YS, which could also be demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy.     

Rheological and calorimetric properties of corn‐, wheat‐, and cassava‐ starches and soybean protein concentrate composites

The effect of soy protein concentrate (SPC) on the rheological and calorimetric properties of corn, wheat, and cassava starches was assessed. SPC increased T_o values and decreased the ΔH of all tested starches, which could be related to lower availability of water for starch gelatinization and/or to the interactions between SPC and amorphous regions of starch granules. SPC and sugar addition modified the viscosity parameters (obtained through a rapid visco‐analyser) of starch pastes, which was attributed to an increase in solid content and to the interaction of proteins with the starch dispersed phase. Frequency sweeps were carried out with a rheometer on gels containing starch, SPC, and sucrose. SPC raised storage and loss modulus, producing more consistent starch gels. Besides, penetration tests showed that SPC steadily increased starch gel firmness. Scanning electron micrographs showed that protein concentrate produced gels with closer structures. Summarizing, the starch and SPC in the gels obtained were expected to be arranged in a two‐phase system. Results showed that it is possible to achieve different textures for starch dessert formulations.     

不同冷冻策略下木薯淀粉对龙头鱼鱼糜凝胶品质的影响

目的 探究三种冷冻策略下,即冷冻-预凝胶-熟化(Freezing-Setting-Heating,FSH)、预凝胶-冷冻-熟化(Setting-Freezing-Heating,SFH)、预凝胶-熟化-冷冻(Setting-Heating-Freezing,SHF),木薯淀粉的添加对龙头鱼鱼糜凝胶性能及品质的影响。方法 以龙头鱼为原料,通过冻藏期间的质构特性、水分含量、持水性和微观结构观察,阐明不同冷冻策略及木薯淀粉添加对其凝胶品质的影响。结果 随着冻藏时间的增加,鱼糜质构特性逐渐下降,水分含量减少。在相同冻藏时间下,淀粉的添加有利于提高鱼糜凝胶的品质,其硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性显著提高(P<0.05),持水性显著增强(P<0.05)。其中,经60天冻藏后,SFHW(含淀粉)及SHFW(含淀粉)组样品剩余水分含量分别为48.60%和47.06%,较同一周期下未添加淀粉组及FSHW(含淀粉)组取得较好的实验效果。经微观结构观察,木薯淀粉在加热糊化过程中吸水膨胀并起到一定填充作用,添加淀粉的鱼糜凝胶解冻及复热后较未添加淀粉的样品,均具有更小的孔隙,且孔隙大小趋势为FSHW> SFHW> SHFW。结论 添加木薯淀粉并经预凝胶或熟化后冷冻对龙头鱼鱼糜凝胶品质起到积极作用,可为冷冻龙头鱼鱼糜制品提供理论支持并为其工业化生产提供可能性。