污水中油含量的测定方法的改进

紫外分光光度法在测定污水中油含量时,存在着石油醚脱芳烃技术实用性差、分液漏斗使用的润滑剂引起误差等问题.针对测定前水样的处理,通过简化石油醚的预处理、以容量瓶代替分液漏斗、以滤纸斗代替砂芯漏斗等措施,对紫外分光光度法测定水中油含量的技术进行了改进.     

煤基石脑油芳烃抽提的实验与模拟

以煤热解耦合煤焦油加氢制得的低芳煤基石脑油为原料,分配系数、选择性系数、芳烃脱除率和萃余油收率为考察指标,探究不同萃取剂对脱芳效果的影响。最终得到复合萃取剂V(二甲基亚砜)∶V(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)=9∶1,脱芳效果较好。针对此复合萃取剂,利用Aspen Plus对芳烃抽提的工艺过程进行模拟。优化分析了抽提塔的各工艺参数对脱芳效果的影响,并得到了一套适宜的工艺参数:剂油比0.9∶1,进料温度45℃,理论塔板数35块,压力0.4 MPa。且各因素对芳烃脱除率的影响大小依次为剂油比进料温度理论塔板数压力。在此工艺参数下,得到原料的芳烃脱除率为95.81%,萃余油收率为77.43%。     

脱芳油装置轻烃组分产品的开发

在脱芳油装置上对轻油出装置流程进行优化改造,通过新流程的应用,轻烃组分的硫含量由 1 200μg/g降为15μg/g以下,轻烃组分改造前作为不合格油回炼,改造后可以作为轻烃组分产品进行出厂,单位能耗降低为0. 16标油/t,每年创造收益80万元。     

土壤中油含量测定及不确定度分析

对土壤中油含量测定的重量法、紫外分光光度法和红外分光光度法进行了评价。探索了的石油醚提取,于10000 r/min下高速搅拌20 min,之后超声提取15 min,及水浴下旋转蒸发的前处理技术。结果表明:这三种方法均具备较好的准确度、精密度、检测限及较宽的线性范围,红外和紫外法的灵敏度优于重量法,适于土壤微量油含量的测定,重量法适于常量测定。     

双波长紫外法测定电厂废水含油量

采用双波长系数倍率法测定电厂废水油含量。以225 nm和254 nm为检查波长,浮油为标准油。萃取比(V石油醚∶V废水)取25∶50。双波长紫外法测得设备进、出口油的质量浓度为49.44、4.31 mg/L,测定结果比单波长紫外法偏差小,与红外法相当。双波长紫外法定量结果准确,操作简单。     

漆树籽油的提取及理化性能分析

本文采用索氏浸提法从漆树籽核中提取漆籽油,研究浸提时间及混合溶剂对出油率的影响,并对得到的漆籽油进行理化性质测定。研究结果表明,用石油醚作为溶剂时,60℃浸提9h,出油率最好,达到18.6%。用石油醚-乙醚混合液作为溶剂,体积比为1:1时,出油率最高,达22%。并测得漆籽油的酸值为18.01mg/g、皂化值为133.24mg/g、平均分子量为1460g/mol。     

细穗兔儿风挥发油化学成分分析

细穗兔儿风Ainsliaea spicata干燥全草的95 %工业乙醇提取物,用石油醚萃取,浓缩后上硅胶柱层析,V (石油醚) / V (乙酸乙酯) 为60∶1洗脱,即得到其挥发油成分.用GC-MS 联机手段进行分析,鉴定了15 个化合物 ,并采用线性归一方法测定各化学成分的相对含量.     

ABS生产中未磺化油和不皂化物问题的探讨

不皂化物含量是洗衣粉或单体的一项质量指标,对洗涤剂单耗、质量均有较大影响。本文将对烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)单体中未磺化油和不皂化物的基本概念、产生原因、内在组成和对其性能的影响等有关问题进行探讨。一、基本概念洗涤剂中的不皂化物属石油醚溶解物,是洗涤剂中亲油物质的总称,不皂化物实际上包括以乙二醇共沸蒸馏法得到的未磺化油和不能用乙二醇共沸蒸出的石油醚溶解物。     

云南八角籽油的化学成分研究

以云南富宁八角茴香为原料,以石油醚为溶剂,索氏法提取八角籽油,通过GC-MS分析法对八角籽油进行分析,并用峰面积归一法确定各组分的含量。结果表明,大红八角籽油中反式大茴香脑含量高达68.10%;干枝与角花八角籽油具有高含量的n-棕榈酸(分别为29.70%、29.13%)和大茴香醛(分别为16.62%、9.11%)。可见,不同采摘时期的八角籽油的成分与含量均有很大不同。     

离心萃取法优选直馏石脑油脱芳烃萃取剂

考察N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、糠醛、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)等单剂及复合萃取剂对直馏石脑油的脱芳效果。结果表明,质量比8∶2的NMP-DMF复合萃取剂对直馏石脑油的脱芳效果最好,总芳烃质量含量由原来的8.78%降低到了1.64%,脱除率81.32%。     

污水含油量光谱测量新方法及其实验对比

含油污水对良好的水环境来说是一种极大的危害,应用吸光度获取含油污水中含油量是一种快捷、简便的方法。应用KQ-250DB型数控超声波清洗器将油田原油溶于水中,加入盐酸和石油醚对污水水样进行萃取,同时应用传统方法和改进方法对含油污水样品进行含油量测量,最后将测量结果进行对比分析。     

Fractionation of commercial frying oil samples using sep-pak cartridges

Commercial frying oil samples were fractionated by column chromatography on hydrated silicic acid according to the standardized DGF-IUPAC-AOAC method. The non-polar fraction was isolated using a mixture of petroleum ether:diethyl ether (87:13), while the polar fraction was eluted by diethyl ether. These used frying oil samples were also fractionated using Sep-Pak cartridges. The non-polar fraction was eluted with 20 ml of a mixture of petroleum ether:diethyl ether (92:8), while the polar fraction was eluted with methanol. The purity of each fraction was studied by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and by the Iatroscan TLC/FID system using a mixture of hexane:tetrahydrofuran:acetic acid (97:3:1) as solvent system. The Sep-Pak and the standardized methods gave similar results. This indicates that the state of degradation of a frying oil (detection of polar components) could be studied using Sep-Pak cartridges, which is less time- and solvent-consuming than column chromatography.     

石油醚W/O乳状液及其液膜稳定性

以破乳率为衡量标准,借助显微镜直接观察,探讨了乳状液含水量、表面活性剂用量、乳化时间、乳化强度等因素对石油醚W/O型乳状液体系稳定性的影响。在实验范围内,乳状液含水量的提高及表面活性剂用量的增加,有利于乳状液的稳定;存在较优的乳化时间20min和乳化强度4000rmin-1。选取脂肪烃、芳香烃、混合烃共6种不同油相制备乳状液,对比其稳定性的差异。此外,还初步考察了石油醚W/O/W液膜溶胀和泄漏问题,结果表明该乳状液膜泄漏率低于3.5%,表观溶胀率约为20%。     

Influence of materials dielectric properties on the petroleum oil removal from waste under microwave irradiation

The effects of dielectric materials on the petroleum oil removal from solid waste under microwave heating were fully detailed within this research. The experiments clearly show that although water has high dielectric properties, it is not efficient to remove heavy oils due to its volatility. Salt water having high loss factor contributes to the oil removal at low concentration, whereas high concentration results in less. Activated carbon was proved to be more efficient for either light or heavy petroleum oils. The simulation results yielded good estimations of power density throughout the sample. The simulated temperature distribution clearly explains the experimental results and can be used to predict the efficiency of organic removal from solid wastes. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

毛细管气相色谱法分析液化石油气中二甲醚含量

通过恒温水浴完全气化样品,建立了用毛细管气相色谱法测定液化石油气中二甲醚含量的方法。采用PLOT/Q（30 m×0.53 mm×40μm）毛细管柱,以热导池检测器检测,氦气为载气,以面积校正归一化法计算二甲醚含量。结果表明,该方法操作简单,实用性强,重复性好,可以用于液化石油气中二甲醚含量的分析。     

Removal of naphthenic acids from a vacuum fraction oil with an ammonia solution of ethylene glycol

A new method to remove and purify the naphthenic acids in heavy fractions of petroleum is studied in this paper. An ammonia solution of ethylene glycol was used as the acid removal reagent by mixing with the petroleum fraction and then allowing the two phases to separate, with the naphthenic acids being extracted from petroleum fractions. The naphthenic acids were recovered by heating the ammonia solution containing naphthenic acids to release NH₃ and decompose the naphthenic acid ammonia salt. Petroleum ether was used to purify the naphthenic acids by extracting the neutral oils from the acid removal reagent. Data indicated that the optimal extraction temperature was in the range of 50–60 °C and the optimal NH₃ content in ethylene glycol was 3–5%. The contact time should be more than 10 min with the reagent/oil ratio being more than 0.3 (wt/wt). Acid removal can be greater than 85%. After purification by petroleum ether, the purity of naphthenic acids can be greater than 90%.     

月桂酸改性生物质材料处理乳化油的机理

油污染对环境、生物和经济产生了不利的影响。目前,诸多研究均希望得到一种有效、简单且价廉的除油方法。为了提高对含乳化油废水的处理效果,以玉米芯和花生壳为原料,采用月桂酸对其进行改性,并且利用扫描电镜、比表面积测试和红外光谱等测试手段研究生物质材料的改性和处理含乳化油废水的机理。研究发现,月桂酸改性是利用月桂酸上含有的羧基和生物质材料的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素上含有的羟基发生的酯化反应,形成的酯基链接月桂酸本身的烷基链,增强了亲油疏水性,同时也有造孔的作用即进一步增大微孔和提高孔隙率,由于改性材料是通过亲油性烷基链和微孔吸附油粒子,因此这两者的共同作用提高了材料的吸油能力。利用石油醚萃取水中油分,采用紫外分光光度法测定水中的油浓度。这种方法能够更加直接地看出含乳化油废水的处理程度,也更加贴近实际工程概况。研究表明,原始玉米芯和花生壳对含乳化油废水的油吸附容量分别是6.86 mg·g^-1和5.21 mg·g^-1,经月桂酸改性后,其吸附容量有了较大提高,分别达到了10.79 mg·g^-1和7.44 mg·g^-1。因此,当处理含乳化油废水时,利用月桂酸改性玉米芯和花生壳不仅能高效率除油,而且基于以废治废,是一项相当环保的措施     

新疆混合原油减三线馏分生产橡胶油工艺研究

利用糠醛、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)等极性溶剂,正戊烷、正庚烷、石油醚等非极性溶剂对新疆混合原油减三线馏分进行萃取、反萃取,结合Al2O3色谱柱吸附、洗柱等方法,从副产物中生产出主要质量指标合格的高芳烃橡胶油和环保型橡胶油。高芳烃橡胶油芳烃质量分数达80%以上,环保型橡胶油多环芳烃(PCA)质量分数在3%以下。剩余原料的杂质含量降低、碳型分布合理、黏度指数提高,比较适合做润滑油原料。做为催化裂化原料时轻质油收率提高2.9%、焦炭产率下降1.3%。     

Factorial evaluation of operational variables of a DAF process to improve PHC removal efficiency

A dissolved air flotation (DAF) process is used for removing oil from oil—water emulsions. Operational conditions that increase shearing and disturbance of liquid during the operation of large-scale DAF systems can significantly reduce oil removal efficiency. Objectives of this study were to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of the operational variables of the DAF process on removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons from water sources contaminated with fuel oils. A series of batch and continuous experiments (utilizing full pressurization and effluent recirculation) were conducted using a 60-L DAF system which could be operated either in batch or continuous modes. The experiments were conducted as a factorial design to evaluate both the individual effects and the interactions of the operational variables which included oil concentration, detention time, water type (brackish and pond), coagulant use, and operational mode. The factorial analysis showed that for the batch mode of operation, oil concentration, detention time, coagulant use, and water type had a significant effect on PHC removal. However, for the continuous DAF runs, the only variable that was significant at the 95% confidence level was detention time. Coagulant use did not have a significant effect on PHC removal efficiency for the continuous runs due to shearing of the flocs.     

气相色谱法测定地表水中的五氯苯

本文采用HP-5毛细柱气相色谱法,石油醚萃取等前处理手段,建立了地表水中五氯苯的测定方法。考察了萃取溶剂种类、不同色谱柱对分析结果的影响。当水样体积为250 mL时,检出限为0.003μg/L,平均加标回收率为93.84%,相对标准偏差为5.5%。该方法检出限低、线性良好、加标回收率高,且简便快速,是一种较好的五氯苯测定方法。