黄河水资源问题与对策研究

黄河是中国的第二大河.黄河下游由于水资源缺乏近些年来频频发生的断流引起了人们的极大关注.黄河水资源问题日益重要,继黄河洪水、泥沙之后,成为举世瞩目的又一个热点问题.黄河水资源问题有其自身的特点,人们一直在探寻解决这个问题的好方法.本文根据长期实测资料分析介绍了黄河水资源的概况,剖析了黄河水资源开发利用中存在的问题,并对如何解决这些问题提出了建议.     

一维河网不稳定流模型在黄河下游枯季水量调度中的应用

随着黄河下游工农业生产的不断发展,人民群众生活质量不断提高,黄河水资源供需矛盾越来越突出.确保黄河不断流必然面临着越来越大的压力,必须提高水量调度的快速反映能力.本文讨论了一维河网不稳定流数值计算模型在黄河下游枯水演进中的数学基础、 实现方法和在此基础上建立的枯季水量调度软件的应用.从对八十年代以来的枯水年份的模拟情况来看,流量拟合结果均能达到乙级以上,这对于水资源短缺的黄河下游的引黄调度具有重要的参考价值.     

流域水资源初始产权界定初探一以黑河流域中游为例

随着水资源短缺程度的加剧,可交易水权制度逐渐成为当今世界水资源管理制度发展的新方向.水资源初始产权是水资源管理的基础和前提.在干旱区内陆河流域,产权初始配置要在生态环境可持续的前提下,坚持公平、效益相结合的分配目标和配置原则.通过建立初始水权配置指标体系,对黑河流域进行实地问卷调查,在此基础上对用户调查结果进行专家判断修正,应用层次分析法研究了各分配指标的权重分布.以黑河流域张掖地区为例的界定结果表明,除上游的肃南县和山丹县外,其余各县市的实际用水量都超过了各自界定的初始水权,这种差别为水资源产权交易管理提供了现实依据,为开展流域上游的生态保护补偿提供了理论基础.     

流域管理若干问题的研究

流域管理是以水资源的自然流域特性和多功能属性为基础的管理制度,它的目标是使有限的水资源实现优化配置和发挥最大效益.流域管理的问题直接关系到以水资源的可持续利用支持经济社会的可持续发展的大局.通过分析我国流域管理存在的问题,借鉴国外成功的流域管理经验,提出要进一步明确流域管理和行政区域管理的事权,加快流域管理相应的法律法规建设,加大流域管理的支撑保障能力建设,充分发挥流域管理机构科学规划决策、有效配置调控和有力监督控制的作用,进一步探索适合不同流域的管理模式,加大构建公共参与和民主协商机制力度,探索建立流域水资源管理可持续利用的市场机制.     

数字流域环境数据集成与共享研究

作为数字地球的有机组成部分,数字流域是一个异构的、分布式的巨型信息系统.数据集成与信息共享是数字流域的基本要求和技术难点.没有良好的数据集成与共享机制,各地区、各部门的数字流域建设只能停留于"信息孤岛"的水平,不能充分发挥数字化建设的整体效益.本文提出了基于XML技术的三层架构解决数字流域数据集成与共享问题,即应用层,中间层和XML包装器.其中,应用层向中间层发出数据请求,按给定协议接受并处理来自中间层的XML文档;XML包装器是各种异构数据的提供者,中间层是连接应用层和XML包装器(wrapper)的桥梁.文章最后结合我国水资源和防洪管理模式,给出了符合我国实际的一个数字流域数据集成与共享实现框架.     

流域综合管理发展的历程、经验启示与展望

探索流域管理的理论与实践,不仅有助于理解流域演变的客观规律、提高管理效能,而且能为流域综合管理科学的逐步形成与完善以及流域综合管理实践提供有益参考.文章在总结回顾流域管理发展历程的基础上,着重分析流域管理发展的现状与问题,认为流域资源、环境与经济发展的综合协调与管理,建立行之有效的新型流域综合管理体制和管理机制,流域问题的跨学科综合研究与先进技术的应用等四个方面将是流域综合管理未来研究的主要趋势.     

河南省黄河流域水资源—经济—生态系统耦合协调评价及预测

水资源、经济、生态是我国社会高质量发展的重要组成部分,为助力水资源、经济、生态高质量协调发展,以河南省黄河流域为例,收集了3个子系统27个指标的长系列资料,阐明了指标现状值与目标值的关系,探究了 27个指标的时空分布特征,采用组合权重法确定27个指标权重,建立河南省黄河流域水资源—经济—生态系统耦合协调度评价模型,并应...     

叙利亚沙漠(Badia盆地)的雨水收获技术

叙利亚阿拉伯共和国地处地中海东岸,北炜32-37.5,东经35.5-42,属于干旱、半干旱地区,是水资源最缺乏的国家之冬季时短多雨,夏季时长干旱.沿海与内陆降雨分布差别很大.按降雨量分,叙利亚可以分为5个农业区.第五个区(Badia盆地）面积占全国的55%,年降雨约150mm,在五个区中最小,被称为叙利亚沙漠.该地区以平原为主,另有一些山脉,土壤特性为含砂粘性土,长年少雨,夏季多风,蒸发率大,相对湿度随着温度的变化而变化.叙利亚沙漠地区的环境适合草地生长,正因为如此, 这里一直是主要的畜牧场所.为了解决该地区雨水不足的问题,政府兴建了很多重大基础工程来改善这里的植被状况.通过雨水收集工程来解决某些地区的饮用水,牲畜用水和灌溉用水.在不同区域建立了 37 座不同规模的大坝、50座小型水库和在平原谷地、梯田地区修建7个拦水坝,还挖掘了很多水井来储存冬季径流,因地制宜种植植物.所有这些工程都是为了最大限度的利用该地区的降水来发展植被、畜牧业和保证沙漠里牧民生活的基本稳定.这篇论文研究了叙利亚沙漠的多种要素(自然因素,气候因素,植被,牲畜,居民……）,以及该地区水资源管理方法鹤和关于雨水收集的技术、条件、方法选择及管理等.     

变暖背景下黄河源区气候响应特征及对径流的影响

在全球变暖背景下,过去几十年里黄河源区的气候和径流发生了明显变化,影响着黄河流域的水资源和生态环境安全.利用唐乃亥水文站的径流数据、黄河源区及周边气象台站的观测数据以及多种蒸散发数据集,本文分析了黄河源区径流和部分气候因子的变化情况,结果显示:黄河源区径流在1960～1989年相对偏多,此后径流锐减; 2005年后有所恢复,但相对于1960～1989年仍然偏少10%;源区降水变化与径流变化相似,在20世纪90年代相对偏少,但2003年后明显增加且比1960～1989年平均增加31.4mm,相对偏多6%;黄河源区气温在1960～2017年持续增加, 1990年后蒸散发也呈上升趋势.进一步分析了黄河源区气候因子时空变化对径流的影响,结果表明:1990～2002年间源区降水量和强降水发生频数的减少是导致该时段径流偏少的重要原因; 2003年以后源区东南部主要产流区的降水增加有限但整个源区蒸散发随温度升高而普遍增加,使得源区各子区域的实际产流能力可能依然偏低,导致源区径流持续偏少.黄河源区的这种气候响应将不利于未来径流的增加,希望本研究能为变暖背景下黄河源区及黄河流域水资源的未来规划和管理提供...     

黄河龙门段商周转折时期的古洪水事件及气候背景

通过野外观察研究,在黄河中游晋陕峡谷龙门段乡宁-韩城大桥西端支沟内,发现了全新世古洪水滞流沉积物.通过野外观察和室内实验分析,证明它们是黄河特大洪水悬移质泥沙在高水位滞流环境下的沉积物,记录了黄河晋陕峡谷段一期4次特大古洪水事件.通过地层学对比分析和光释光测年,确定这4次洪水发生在全新世中期-晚期转折阶段,即我国历史上商代末期-西周初期的气候突变转型期.利用"古洪水滞流沉积物厚度含沙量法"恢复古洪水洪峰水位,运用HEC-RAS模型估算出4次古洪水事件洪峰流量介于46280~48800 m~3/s之间.这些成果为黄河中游地区的防洪减灾、水资源开发利用、流域生态环境综合治理等方面提供了可靠的超长尺度水文数据.这为深入理解黄河流域水文系统对于全球变化的响应规律提供了新的证据.     

水质较好湖泊环境保护的理论基础及中国实践

目前,我国湖泊富营养化及蓝藻水华问题十分突出,国家高度重视湖泊的生态环境保护.自“九五”以来,国家就投入太湖、巢湖、滇池“老三湖”等重污染湖泊的治理,但成本巨大,且历经近30年才初见成效.按照湖泊污染程度,湖泊治理与保护可分为“污染治理型”“防治结合型”“生态保育型”3大类.“老三湖”的治理是典型的“先污染、后治理”的模式,水质较好湖泊主要属于生态保育型湖泊,因此,“老三湖”治理模式不适用于水质较好湖泊的保护.本文系统总结了我国水质较好湖泊优先保护理念的形成和水质较好湖泊专项实施的历程.根据水质较好湖泊的特点,及其生态系统退化与修复的一般过程,提出了水质较好湖泊保护的基本思路.从热力学角度,阐明了氮磷营养盐输入湖泊生态系统中是熵增过程,也是湖泊生态系统退化的根本原因,湖泊氮磷污染负荷源头控制是关键.湖泊流域生态安全格局是确保湖泊生态系统健康的基础,从景观生态学角度,阐明了优化湖泊流域水土资源利用、优化发展模式是减轻湖泊环境压力的重要途径.在浅水湖泊生态系统,以沉水植物占优势的“清水态”和以浮游植物占优势的“浊水态”转换过程不是沿着同一条途径,存在上临界阈值和下临界阈值,水生态修复过程表现出一种迟滞的现象.从湖泊水生态系统稳态转换理论角度,阐明了湖泊生态修复工程应在湖泊生态系统发生退化转变之前实施,才能获得较高的环境效益.通过国家财政专项对81个水质较好湖泊的支持,既能促进湖泊流域经济社会发展,又能确保湖泊水环境质量变好,湖泊水生态系统逐步改善.建议加强不同类型湖泊保护模式的总结,深入对水质较好湖泊生态系统演替理论和保护技术研究,支撑国家系统开展水质较好湖泊保护.     

Effects of climate and land-use change on green-water variations in the Middle Yellow River,China

Abstract

Water resources management should cover both blue water and green water. For green-water management at the river drainage basin scale, the green-water coefficient (C _gw) is adopted, defined as the ratio of annual green water to annual precipitation. Based on data from the Middle Yellow River basin, China, for the period 1950 to 2007, we studied the temporal variation in C _gw in response to some influencing factors. A decreasing trend in C _gw was found. The influence of changes in land management on C _gw, reflected by an increase in the area (A _sw) of soil and water conservation measures, is emphasized. Using multiple regression analysis, the contributions of A _sw and the 5-year moving averages of annual precipitation and air temperature were estimated as 51, 37 and 12%, respectively. The results may provide useful information for better management of water resources, including green and blue water flows in the Yellow River basin.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor D. Gerten

Citation Xu, J.-X., 2013. Effects of climate and land-use change on green-water variations in the Middle Yellow River, China. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (1), 1–12.     

Total consumption controlled water allocation management for multiple sources and users with inexact fuzzy chance-constrained programming: a case study of Tianjin,China

Environmental and ecological issues caused by water resources crisis have brought enormous challenges to the sustainable development of water-deficient area. Water resources allocation management balancing the relationship between the social-economic development and the ecological environment has become a hot topic in recent years. In this paper, an inexact fuzzy chance-constrained programming (IFCCP) approach is proposed for regional water resource allocation optimization with the aim of promoting the harmonious development of the social economic and the ecological environment, improving water utilization efficiency, and realizing water resources consumption control under uncertainties. The method is incorporated with interval parameter programming, fuzzy programming, and chance-constrained programming, for handling system uncertainties and balancing the optimal objectives with the risk of violating system constraints. Under this framework, an IFCCP model for water resources allocation management was successfully formulated and applied to a typical water-deficit area, Tianjin, China, for obtaining a better water resources plan among multiple users under resources and environmental limitation. Different total water consumption control policies are designed for assessing regional water allocation schemes. The results indicated that the gap of supply and demand will only be solved by foreign water, the transferred water from Luan River and Changjiang River would still be the main supplier in planning horizon. Moreover, the strict total water consumption control policy would guarantee the water requirement of ecological environment, lead to changes in the structure of water supply, actively guide on water conservation, and promote the large-scale utilization of desalted water and recycle water.     

Simulating spatiotemporal variability of blue and green water resources availability with uncertainty analysis

Due to rapid socioeconomic development, continuous population growth and urbanization, the world is facing a severe shortage of fresh water, particularly in arid and semi‐arid regions. A lack of water will put pressure on agricultural production, water pollution, as well as eco‐environmental degradation. Traditional water resources assessment mainly focused on blue water, ignoring green water. Therefore, analysis of spatiotemporal distribution of blue and green water resources in arid and semi‐arid regions is of great significance for water resources planning and management, especially for harmonizing agricultural water use and eco‐environmental water requirements. This study applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting algorithm (SUFI‐2) to calibrate and validate the SWAT model based on river discharges in the Wei River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River in China. Uncertainty analysis was also performed to quantify the blue and green water resources availability at different spatial scales. The results showed that most parts of the Wei River basin (WRB) experienced a decrease in blue water resources during the recent 50 years with a minimum value in the 1990s. The decrease is particularly significant in the most southern part of the WRB (the Guanzhong Plain), one of the most important grain production bases in China. Variations of green water flow and green water storage were relatively small both on spatial and temporal dimensions. This study provides strategic information for optimal utilization of water resources in arid and semi‐arid river basin. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water ecological function zoning in Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Rapid urbanization coupled with increase in population growth rate in recent years has accelerated economic pressure on the ecological environment leading to a gradual deterioration of global and regional environment. This has particularly resulted into water contamination and shortage of water resources thus posing a great threat to human survival. How to guaranteeing sustainable use of basin water resources has attracted more and more attentions. The Heihe River Basin is the secondary longest river inland China and the significantly water source of Hexi Corridor, the problem of water pollution, ecological environment deterioration and the shortage of water has seriously threatened the ecological system of the Heihe River Basin. In this study, through depicting the characteristics of natural environment, human activities, water ecosystem services and other factors in Heihe River Basin we delineated the water ecological function in Heihe River using the principal components analysis and the K-means clustering method. In the study, Heihe River Basin is divided into 3 primary level areas and 8 secondary level sub-areas. Water ecological characteristics analysis showed that the spatial distribution of the water ecological function of Heihe River Basin was not uniform, which are mainly showed in three aspects, function of windproof and sand fixation, function of soil erosion prevention and function of water sources conservation. The results of this study can provide effective and scientific theoretical references for the integrated water sources management and the ecological function optimization of the Heihe River Basin.     

Temporal and spatial patterns of low-flow changes in the Yellow River in the last half century

Low-flow is widely regarded as the primary flow conditions for the anthropogenic and aquatic communities in most rivers, particularly in such an arid and semi-arid area as the Yellow River. This study presents a method integrating Mann–Kendall trend test, wavelet transform analysis and spatial mapping techniques to identify the temporal and spatial patterns of low-flow changes in the Yellow River (1955–2005). The results indicate that: (1) no trend can be identified in the major low-flow conditions in the upper Yellow River, but downward trends can be found in the middle and lower Yellow River; (2) similar periodic patterns are detected in the 7-day minima (AM7Q) in the upper and middle Yellow River, while different patterns are found in the lower Yellow River; (3) the increasing coefficients of variance in the primary low-flow conditions suggest that the variability of the low-flow is increasing from the upper to lower stream; (4) climate change and uneven temporal-spatial patterns of precipitation, jointly with highly intensified water resource utilization, are recognized as the major factors that led to the decrease of low-flow in the lower Yellow River in recent decades. The current investigation should be helpful for regional water resources management in the Yellow River basin, which is characterized by serious water shortage.