杀虫防病基因工程枯草芽孢杆菌的构建

分别以枯草芽孢杆菌大肠杆菌穿梭质粒pHB201和pRP22为载体,通过感受态转化方法,将Bt-HD-1杀虫蛋白基因cry1Ac导入了水稻纹枯病生防菌株枯草芽孢杆菌B916。工程菌株质粒酶切电泳分析、Southern印迹分析和杀虫生物活性测定结果证实了cry1Ac基因的导入及其在B916中的有效表达。抑菌测定证明工程菌株保持了原野生型菌株良好的抑菌活性。质粒稳定性分析表明以载体pRP22构建的工程菌株Bs2249具有良好的稳定性,而以载体pBH201构建的工程菌株Bs2014则不稳定。此外,实验还证实Bt基因的导入与表达对B916的生长没有不良影响。     

苏云金杆菌以色列亚种杀蚊蛋白Cyt1Aa在离中不粘柄菌中的表达

在蚊幼虫生活水域里的离中不粘柄菌(Asticcacaulis excentricus,Ae)中已成功表达苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种(Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.israelensis,Bti)杀蚊蛋白基因cry11Aa的基础上,将另一Bti杀蚊蛋白基因cyt1Aa转化入Ae中表达。构建并转化了分别单独含有cyt1Aa基因、及同时含有cry11Aa基因的表达质粒pSODCyt20和pSODCryCyt20,蛋白免疫杂交检测相应的Ae重组子分别表达产生了Cyt1Aa和Cry11Aa蛋白。为了探究Ae(pSODCryCyt20)重组子不能表达cyt1Aa的原因,提取了重组子总RNA、并与同是革兰氏染色阴性的大肠杆菌的总RNA比较,结果显示两者RNA系统显著不同,推测Ae中多个外源基因的表达,可能要求每个基因必需一个启动子。     

苏云金杆菌辅助蛋白基因p19和orf1-orf2对杀虫晶体蛋白Cyt1 Aa表达的影响(英文)

为检测苏云金杆菌辅助蛋白P19和ORF1 ORF2对杀虫晶体蛋白Cyt1Aa表达的影响 ,构建了 5个重组表达质粒。 5个质粒都含有cyt1Aa基因 ,但pT1只含有cyt1Aa基因 ,pT2同时含有p19基因 ,pT3同时含有orf1 orf2串联基因 ,pT4同时含有p19基因和p2 0基因 ,pT5同时含有orf1 orf2串联基因和p2 0基因。将这 5个表达质粒和质粒pWF4 5电转化到苏云金杆菌晶体缺陷型 4Q7中 ,分别获得转化菌株Bt T1、Bt T2、Bt T3、Bt T4、Bt T5和Bt WF4 5。SDS PAGE结果显示 ,菌株Bt T1、Bt T2和Bt T3只产生少量的 2 7kDCyt1Aa蛋白 ,而且部分降解为大约 2 4kD的蛋白。而Bt T4和Bt T5能产生大量的Cyt1Aa蛋白 ,但Bt T4和Bt T5的Cyt1Aa蛋白产量都明显少于Bt WF4 5。电镜观察和生物测定结果表明Bt T4和Bt T5与Bt WF4 5的晶体大小和杀蚊毒力没有显著性差异。研究表明P19和ORF1 ORF2对Cyt1Aa蛋白的合成显示可能有抑制作用。     

耐碱性木聚糖酶基因在短小芽孢杆菌中高效分泌表达的研究

从木聚糖酶高产短小芽孢杆菌 (Bacilluspumilus)BP5 1中克隆得到木聚糖酶基因xynA ,将其构建在芽孢杆菌表达载体pWH1 5 2 0中得到重组质粒pWSX1 1。xynA由木糖诱导xylA启动子调控xynA表达。采用同源高效表达策略 ,以原生质体转化方法将pWSX1 1转回原始菌株BP5 1中 ,获得重组菌株BPX1 1。通过木糖诱导重组菌株中的xy nA基因高效分泌表达 ,使木聚糖酶产酶活力比原菌株BP5 1提高了 87% ,同时对重组表达的木聚糖酶的酶学性质进行了初步研究     

球形芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌以色列亚种杀蚊毒素间的协同作用

本研究测定了分别表达苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry4Aa、Cry4Ba、Cry11Aa、Cyt1Aa和球形芽孢杆菌二元毒素Bin的转化菌株Bt B60 1、Bt B611、Bt B640、Bt U 30和Bt CW 3全发酵培养物两两或两两以上不同组合对抗性库蚊的毒力 ,分析了杀蚊毒素间的协同作用。结果表明 ,Bin和Cry4Aa、Bin和Cry 4Ba间有明显的协同作用 ,此外 ,Cry4Aa和Cry4Ba、Cry4Aa和Cry11Aa、Cyt1Aa和Cry4Aa之间也有明显的协同作用     

苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry2A芽孢期启动子和分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2对Cry11Aa蛋白表达的影响

[目的]分析苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry2A型芽孢期启动子对晶体蛋白Cry11Aa的协调作用和分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2对Cry11Aa表达的促进功能.[方法]3个包括cry11Aa编码区的重组质粒pHcy1、pHcy2和pHcy4被构建并电激转化到苏云金芽孢杆菌晶体缺陷株4Q7中,其中pHcy1质粒携带cry11Aa基因自身启动子和分子伴侣p19基因,pHcy2携带cry2A型芽孢期启动子和分子伴侣orf1-orf2基因,pHcy4质粒在pHcy1的上游插入了cry2A型芽孢期启动子和分子伴侣orf1-orf2基因.SDS-PAGE分析了Cry11Aa蛋白在各重组苏云金菌株中的表达情况,并通过生物测定确定了其对蚊虫的生物活性.[结果]SDS-PAGE结果表明,Cry11Aa蛋白在4Q7(pHcy1)和4QT(pHcy4)均获得了表达,在4Q7(pHcy2)中未检测到Cry11Aa蛋白,推测晶体蛋白Cry11A不能利用cry2A型启动子进行表达调控;Cry11Aa蛋白在等体积4Q7(pHcy4)培养液中的表达量是4Q7(pHcy1)菌株的1.25倍,暗示着分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2在某种程度上能提高Cry11Aa的蛋白表达量.4Q7(pHcy1)和4Q7(pHcy4)形成的Cry11Aa蛋白晶体的形状和大小相似,两者对致倦库蚊的生物活性没有明显差异,LC50s分别为59.33 ng/mL和66.21 ng/mL,.[结论]推测晶体蛋白Cry11A能否成功表达与其使用启动子的类型和两者的协调配合有关.分子伴侣ORF1-ORF2虽然在某种程度上能提高Cry11Aa的蛋白表达量,但对提高Cry11Aa蛋白的杀蚊毒力没有显著性帮助.     

cry4Aa、cry4Ba和cry11Aa基因在苏云金杆菌无晶体型菌株中的表达

利用穿梭载体pBU4,将苏云金杆菌以色列亚种 (Bti)的cry4Aa、cry4Ba和cry11Aa基因分别转入Bti无晶体突变株 4Q7中 ,获得了转化菌株Bt B60 1、Bt B61 1和Bt B640。SDS PAGE结果显示 :Cry4Aa、Cry4Ba和Cry11Aa蛋白均分别获得了表达。透射电镜下观察 ,转化菌株能产生球形或菱形伴胞晶体。转化菌株对敏感和抗性致倦库蚊及白纹伊蚊幼虫的生物测定结果显示 :Cry4Aa、Cry4Ba和Cry1 1Aa蛋白对     

绿色荧光蛋白基因原核表达载体的构建及其在昆虫肠道短短芽孢杆菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌中的表达

【目的】构建带有苏云金芽孢杆菌cry3a基因非芽孢依赖启动子和绿色荧光蛋白基因gfp(Green Fluorescent Protein)的原核表达载体,并转化从桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道分离的两株常驻细菌短短芽孢杆菌CQUBb和苏云金芽孢杆菌CQUBt,以检测cry3a启动子在昆虫肠道常驻菌中的启动子活性,获得GFP标记菌株,为常驻菌在昆虫幼虫肠道中的定殖情况和杀虫工程菌的构建奠定基础。【方法】采用重叠延伸PCR将cry3a基因启动子和gfp基因进行融合,并与pHT304载体连接构建重组质粒pHT3AG,获得的重组质粒以电脉冲转化肠道常驻菌短短芽孢杆菌CQUBb和苏云金芽孢杆菌CQUBt,于可见光和荧光显微镜下观察荧光并通过SDS-PAGE分析重组菌株的蛋白表达情况,然后对重组菌株进行生长动力学分析和稳定性测试。【结果】重组菌在营养期大量组成型表达GFP,经电泳分离在凝胶上出现约29kDa的特异蛋白条带;重组菌生长曲线与出发菌没有显著差异,说明外源质粒未对宿主菌的生长带来明显不利影响;抗性条件下传代30次后两菌株外源质粒稳定性仍可达95%、67%;两个菌株比较,CQUBb比CQUBt质粒转化率高、重组菌GFP表达时间长、表达量大,并且重组菌株稳定性好。【结论】成功地将cry3a基因核心启动子和gfp基因转入桑粒肩天牛幼虫肠道常驻菌,实现了该启动子在Bt之外的菌株中发挥作用,构建了两个GFP标记菌株;重组基因工程菌株表达量大,稳定性好,可以用作昆虫肠道内微生态研究和芽孢杆菌表达系统以及杀虫菌株的构建。     

植物内生枯草芽孢杆菌纳豆激酶同源基因的序列分析及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

利用基因组学和生物信息学的方法,从一种植物内生枯草芽孢杆菌菌株Bs0922的基因组DNA中克隆了纳豆激酶的同源基因NK-Bs0922,长度为1 149 bp。通过重组和转化在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达了一个大小为48.0 kD的重组蛋白。     

炭疽芽孢杆菌EA1蛋白的融合表达和纯化

目的：原核表达重组炭疽芽孢杆菌EA1蛋白。方法：用PCR方法从炭疽芽孢杆菌A16R疫苗株染色体中扩增编码EA1蛋白的eag基因序列,经过纯化、酶切后克隆到含有GST标签的原核表达载体pGEX-6P-2中,构建重组载体pGEX-EA1;将空载体（作为对照）、重组载体转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）菌株获得表达工程菌株,对其表达和纯化条件进行优化;利用Western印迹检测融合蛋白的表达。结果：构建了EA1蛋白的融合表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达;经Glutathione Sepharose 4B纯化获得了EA1蛋白;Western印迹表明,此蛋白可与GST标签抗体反应。结论：在原核表达系统中表达并纯化得到EA1融合蛋白,为进一步对其进行功能研究奠定了基础。     

Identity of hemolysins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus

A hemolysin (Bt-hemolysin) produced by Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1 producing crystalline toxin(s) was purified by successive treatments of ammonium sulfate (45-65%) and column chromatography using DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-75 and KB-002 (a hydroxyapatite column for fast protein liquid chromatography). A hemolysin (Bc-hemolysin) produced by B. cereus HG-6A was also purified by the same procedure. The purified Bt-hemolysin and Bc-hemolysin, both of which are thiol-activated hemolysins, were biologically, physicochemically and immunologically identical. These findings provide further evidence of the similarity of B. thuringiensis, which is being used as a biological insecticide, to B. cereus, a toxigenic organism of food poisoning.     

Cloning in Bacillus subtilis of temperature-dependent promoter fragments from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Using promoter-probe plasmids, more than 200 promoter-containing fragments from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis were cloned in B. subtilis . Among these, 15 promoter fragments were highly temperature-dependent in activity compared to the promoter sequence (TTGAAA for the −35 region, TATAAT for the −10 region) of the amylase gene, amyT , from B. stearothermophilus . Some fragments exhibited higher promoter activities at elevated temperature (48°C), others showed higher activities at lower temperature (30°C). Active promoter fragments at higher and lower temperatures were obtained mainly from the thermophile ( B. stearothermophilus ) and the mesophile ( B. subtilis ), respectively. A promoter fragment active at high temperature was sequenced, and the feature of the putative promoter region was discussed.     

Bacillus and relatives in foodborne illness

Species of Bacillus and related genera have long been troublesome to food producers on account of their resistant endospores. These organisms have undergone huge taxonomic changes in the last 30 years, with numbers of genera and species now standing at 56 and over 545, respectively. Despite this expansion, relatively few new species have been isolated from infections, few are associated with food and no important new agents of foodborne illness have been reported. What has changed is our knowledge of the established agents. Bacillus cereus is well known as a cause of food poisoning, and much more is now understood about its toxins and their involvement in infections and intoxications. Also, although B. licheniformis, B. subtilis and B. pumilus have occasionally been isolated from cases of food‐associated illness, their roles were usually uncertain. Much more is now known about the toxins that strains of these species may produce, so that their significances in such episodes are clearer; however, it is still unclear why such cases are so rarely reported. Another important development is the use of aerobic endosporeformers as probiotics, as the potentials of such organisms to cause illness or to be sources of antibiotic resistance need to be borne in mind.     

Diarrhoeal enterotoxin production by strains of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from commercial Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides

Abstract Strains of Bacillus cereus and B. thuringiensis were tested by the Tecra VIA kit for the ability to produce a diarrhoeal enterotoxin. The strains of B. thuringiensis were isolated from commercial B. thuringiensis -based insecticides (Bactimos^TM, DiPel^TM, Florbac^TM FC, Foray^TM 48B, Novodor^TM FC, Turex^TM, VecTobac^TM, XenTari^TM). The production of diarrhoeal enterotoxin varied by a factor of more than 100 among the different strains tested. B. cereus (F4433/73) produced the highest amount of enterotoxin and the B. thuringiensis strain isolated from DiPel^TM the lowest. The products were tested for their content of diarrhoeal enterotoxin and all products, except MVP^TM which does not contain viable B. thuringiensis spores, contained diarrhoeal enterotoxins. The results indicates an potential risk for gastroenteritis outbreak caused by B. thuringiensis .     

A Bacillus thuringiensis strain producing a polyglutamate capsule resembling that of Bacillus anthracis

Bacillus thuringiensis serovar Monterrey strain BGSC 4AJ1 produced a microscopically visible capsule that reacted with a fluorescent antibody specific for the poly-gamma-d-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule of Bacillus anthracis. PGA capsule biosynthesis genes with 75%, 81%, 72%, 65% and 63% similarity, respectively, to those of the B. anthracis capBCADE cluster were present on a plasmid (pAJ1-1). Strain BGSC 4AJ1, together with five strains of Bacillus cereus that hybridized to a PGA cap gene probe, were analyzed phylogenetically using six housekeeping genes of a B. cereus multilocus sequence typing scheme. Bacillus thuringiensis BGSC 4AJ1 shared four identical alleles with B. anthracis and was the second most closely related to this bacterium of the 674 isolates in the multilocus sequence typing database. The other cap+ strains were distributed among various lineages of Clade 1 of the B. cereus group.     

Psychrotolerant species from the Bacillus cereus group are not necessarily Bacillus weihenstephanensis

Twenty-six strains of Bacillus cereus from different sources were determined to be either mesophilic or psychrotrophic by growth at 6 and 42 degrees C. The strains were also screened by two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods designed to discriminate between mesophilic and psychrotrophic types. Seventeen of the 26 strains were able to grow at 6 degrees C, but only four conformed to the new psychrotolerant species Bacillus weihenstephanensis. Among the 26 strains were two which caused outbreaks of food poisoning in Norway, and three others that were isolated from food suspected of causing illness. The presence of the gene components encoding production of enterotoxins Nhe, Hbl, EntT and a recently described cytotoxin K was determined by PCR. All the strains possessed genes for at least one of these toxins, and 19 of the 26 strains were cytotoxic in a Vero cell assay. We conclude that there are psychrotrophic B. cereus strains which cannot be classified as B. weihenstephanensis, and that intermediate forms between the two species exist. No correlation between cytotoxicity and the growth temperature of the strains was found.     

利用ERIC-PCR对苏云金芽胞杆菌与蜡状芽胞杆菌进行鉴定的研究

为了探索ERIC-PCR技术在苏云金芽胞杆菌和蜡状芽胞杆菌的鉴定及分型中的应用价值,本研究采用PCR方法初步检测苏云金芽胞杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因的组成,并对苏云金芽胞杆菌和蜡状芽胞杆菌的总DNA进行ERIC-PCR扩增,分析ERIC-PCR指纹图谱的特点并采用NTSYS2.10软件对其进行聚类。结果显示,各菌株的ERIC指纹图谱表现出不同程度的多态性,但图谱与菌株所含cry基因的类型存在一定的相关性。聚类分析结果显示,含有相同或相近cry基因类型的Bt菌株在进化树上趋向聚为一类,而不含cry基因的蜡状芽胞杆菌趋向于与不含cry基因的Bt菌株聚为一类或单独聚类。若在多种模式菌株的参考下,该方法可用于苏云金芽胞杆菌的初步鉴定和分型。     

The Bacillus cereus bceT enterotoxin sequence reappraised

Bacillus cereus is a known opportunistic human pathogen belonging to the B. cereus group. Establishment of the pathogenesis most likely involves several gene products. One of these gene products, a single gene component named bceT, has been cloned and described from B. cereus B-4ac [Agata et al., Microbiology 141 (1995) 983-988]. However, our sequences of the bceT region from 16 B. cereus group strains showed inconsistency with the published bceT sequence. Only part of the bceT sequence had homology to our sequences. This initiated a more thorough investigation of the bceT sequence. Restriction site search and database searches intimated that the cloned bceT was created by an incidental joining of four DNA fragments during ligation. One of these fragments had 93% homology to an open reading frame (ORF 101) located within the pathogenic island of the Bacillus anthracis pXO1 virulence plasmid. We suggest that the reported enterotoxic activity of the original cloned bceT construct could be due to either the fusion gene or the fragment with homology to ORF 101 in pXO1.     

Analysis of common antigen of flagella in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis

Abstract Flagellar antigen of Bacillus cereus H.1 was purified and tested for serodiagnostic antigen by ELISA. The antibody against the flagellar antigen of B. cereus H.1 reacted not only with the homologous specific antigen but also reacted with the flagellar antigens of 23 strains of B. cereus . This common flagellar antigen of B. cereus was found to be due to 61-kDa protein by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot assay. Monoclonal antibody H15A5 against common antigenic epitope of B. cereus also reacted with flagellar antigens of 21 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis by ELISA. This monoclonal antibody reacted with the 61-kDa protein of the flagella of B. cereus H.1 and H.2 and B. thuringiensis Kurstaki HD1, Alesti and Aizawai juroi by immunoblot analysis. These results indicated that the common antigenic epitope of the 61-kDa protein existed in the flagella both of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis .