儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表的中国城市常模

背景：目前国内尚无有关儿童焦虑障碍评估量表的中国常模：制定儿童焦虑障碍筛查表的中国城市常模对于评估中国城市儿童焦虑性障碍，辅助临床诊断、科研及流行病学调查提供筛查工具具有实用意义。目的：建立儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED)的中国城市常模并检验其信度和效度。设计：2001—10／2002—04以全国14个城市的小学2年级至初中年级的学生以及长沙市、济南市、深圳市儿童心理门诊的焦虑障碍儿童为研究对象的抽样调查。单位：一所省级精神专科医院的精神科。对象：2001—10／2002—04在全国14个大中城市抽样，样本来自北京市、天津市二个直辖市及华北(太原市)、东北(四平市)，华中(武汉市、长沙市)，西北(西安市)，华南(深圳市)，西南(绵阳市)，华东(济南市、福州市、宜春市)6个行政区采样2019名(男1012名，女1007名)，平均年龄(11&;#177;2)岁，由学生及其父母分别填写SCARED．组成常模组。同期在长沙、济南、深圳儿童心理门诊收集焦虑障碍儿童90名，组成焦虑组。方法：在课堂上由主试者宣读指导语，学生填好后当堂回收，并带一份儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表父母问卷请家长填写：同时在长沙市请家长填写CBCL，儿童填写PHCSS。检验SCARED的信度和效度。主要观察指标：SCARED的信度和效度。结果：SCARED的重测信度为0．567～0．608，半分信度为0．88，Crobach a系数为0．43～0．89，项目与总分的一致性在0．43～0.74。量表的效度较好，与Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)、Piers-Harris儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)的相应分量表相关(r=0．564，0．603；P均&;lt;0．05)：焦虑组儿童SCARED得分高于常模组(t=8．06～12．89，P=0．000)，对焦虑症性障碍诊断的灵敏度为0．74，特异度为0．79。结论：儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表信度和效度符合计量学要求，可用于中国儿童焦虑症状的评估。     

癫痫儿童生存质量自评量表的编译及其信度、效度检验

目的：编译癫痫儿童生存质量自评量表；检验该量表的信度和效度，初步建立中文版癫痫儿童生存质量自评量表。方法：①首先对量表进行翻译及回译，然后进行文化调适，再作预测试；②通过对32例癫痫儿童的生存质量进行测评，检验中文版癫痫儿童生存质量自评量表的信度和效度。结果：①经对原量表翻译及回译，核心工作组的修改，预测试等步骤而定稿为中文版癫痫儿童生存质量自评量表；②该量表的信度检验显示．量表总分及其4个因子的重测相关系数大于0．7；量表总分及其4个因子的Cronbacha系数大于0．7；③效度检验显示，该量表具有较好的内容效度；结构效度也较好。结论：中文版癫痫儿童生存质量自评量表的信度、效度较好，达到了心理测量学的要求．适用于中国儿童。     

脑卒中后吞咽困难9个评价量表的信度及效度研究

目的：研究脑卒中后9个吞咽困难量表在国内使用的信度和效度。方法：56例连续住院的神经内科住院患者进行量表的评定及电视透视检查。量表的信度用kappa相关，校标效度用Spearman相关分析，预测效度用分组方差分析、Logistic回归分析及Spearman相关。敏感度采用效应尺度分析，量表间的相关性用Spearman相关分析。结果：所有量表均具有统计学意义的重测信度及评定者间信度。量表2的信度最好(重测信度Kappa值=0．87，P&;lt;0．01；评定者间信度Kappa值=0．665，P&;lt;0．01)，但量表2，5，6，7，9的效度指标(与VF下分级的相关性、误吸预测准确率、与住院期间肺炎和出院时皮脂厚度的相关性)总体来讲不满意，量表1和4的结构及侧重点相似，相关性较好(r=0．728，P&;lt;0．01)，但前者效度优于后者。量表3是9个量表中信度效度均佳的量表。     

《心脏疾病儿童生活质量量表》（中文版）的信度和效度评价

目的对《心脏疾病儿童生活质量量表》（中文版）进行信度和效度评价,为临床应用该量表提供依据。方法将心脏疾病儿童生活质量量表翻译成中文并回译,再进行量表的信度和效度评价。采用便利抽样法选取2008年在上海某儿童医学中心接受心脏外科手术的2～12岁先天性心脏病患儿进行调查,共发放问卷821份,回收有效问卷253份,回收率为31.32%,量表填写由患儿及父母共同完成。量表信度评价通过Cronbach’sα信度系数和评定者间信度结果表示,效度评价包含内容效度和结构效度评价。结果量表的Cronbach’sα系数为0.75～0.96,评定者信度系数为0.75。各维度与量表间的相关系数为0.41～0.75。结构效度中因子分析结果共提取5个公因子,分别是心脏疾病和治疗问题、治疗焦虑、交流、认知问题及对身体外貌的感受,可解释总变异的72.46%,因子分析结果与原量表的维度结构一致。结论《心脏疾病儿童生活质量量表》（中文版）具有较好的信度和效度,可有效评价国内先天性心脏病患儿的生活质量,为改善患儿生活质量提供可靠的评价依据。     

疲劳严重度量表中译本应用于脑梗死患者的临床与评价

目的引入疲劳严重度量表并测定其信度、效度。方法将疲劳严重度量表译成中文并回译，对153例脑梗死患者做问卷调查，采用描述性、推断性分析等方法，测评量表的信度、效度。结果因子分析得出一个公因子，累积贡献率为64．982％，莫克多条目量表分析方法得到维度结果为单维量表，H值为0．6125，克朗巴赫系数为0．9287。结论疲劳严重度量表中译本的信度、效度比较满意，适合中国脑梗死患者疲劳状况的评价。     

CCU护理干预分级量表的编制及信效度检测

目的制定及研究CCU护理干预分级量表的信效度。方法成立量表编制专家小组,制定量表条目、结构及评分方法,并用其对CCU住院的406例患者进行临床试验性应用,评价量表的内部一致性信度、重测信度、内容效度和结果效度。结果该量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0．909,分半信度为0．838,重测信度为0．704,信度较高,各条目分值与总分值Pearson相关系数为0．210—0．818,内容效度较好,主成分因子分析,提取3个公因子,解释61．77％的总方差变异,结构效度较好,与量表设计初衷基本符合。结论CCU护理干预分级量表具有较好的信度和效度,适用于辅助CCU护理干预分级。     

慢性疼痛自我效能感量表应用于慢性癌痛病人的信效度研究

[目的]评价中文版慢性疼痛自我效能感量表（chronic pain Self-efficacy acale，CPSS）在慢性癌痛病人中应用的信度和效度。[方法]采用中文版CPSS调查170例慢性癌痛病人，对结果进行信效度分析。信度包括内部一致性信度、分半信度和重测信度。效度包括结构效度、内容效度和效标效度。[结果]总量表和分量表的Cronbach＇s a系数是0.836-0.951，Guttmann分半信度系数是0.760-0.904。重浏信度系数是0.819-0.904。各分量表与总量表的相关系数是0.834-0.948；各分量表和总量表与数字疼痛强度量表评分的相关系数为-0.411－-0.477；因子分析中产生3个公因子，即疼痛管理自我效能感（PSE）、功能性自我效能感（FSE）、症状应对自我效能感（CSE），共能解释总变异的62．51％，并在相应项目上有较强的因子载荷（0．532-0．819）。[结论]中文版CPSS应用于慢性癌痛病人具有较好的信度和效度。     

中文版骨质疏松症自我效能量表应用于社区中老年人的信效度分析

目的：评价中文版21条目骨质疏松症自我效能（ OSE）量表的效度及信度。方法由专业英语教师及社区医护专家共同对量表条目进行翻译形成中文版OSE量表（21条）,对297名社区中老年人进行调查,评价其效度及信度。结果中文版OSE总量表及分量表的Cronbach ’ s α系数分别为0．885,0．927及0．929,均大于0．7;折半信度（ Split-half reliability ）系数分别为0．812,0．875及0．719。结论中文版OSE量表具有较高的效度及信度,可应用于中国社区中老年人预防骨质疏松症的方法研究。     

脑性瘫痪儿童精细运动功能评估量表的心理测量学特性研究

目的分析0—3岁脑性瘫痪儿童精细运动功能评估量表（FMFM）的信度、效度和反应度等心理测量学特性。方法共有375名0—3岁脑性瘫痪儿童参加了此项研究，分析FMFM精细运动能力分值的重测信度与评定员之间信度（等级相关系数分析）、平行效度（与PDMS-FM原始分的Pearson相关分析）、结构效度（样组间差异分析）和反应度（效应尺度）。结果FMFM量表精细运动能力分值具有良好的重测信度（ICC=0．9833）和评定员之间信度（ICC=0．9924）；与PDMS-FM量表原始分之间的相关系数为0．9199：能有效地区分同一偏瘫儿童健患侧上肢精细运动能力分值之间差异，同时也能有效地区分相同月龄段双瘫和四肢瘫儿童精细运动能力之间的差异；此外本量表具有较好的效应尺度。结论FMFM量表具有良好的信度、效度和反应度，可以有效地评定脑性瘫痪儿童精细运动能力。     

患者健康问卷抑郁量表在颈椎病患者中的信度和效度研究

目的探讨患者健康问卷抑郁量表(PHQ-9)在颈椎病患者中的信度和效度。方法应用PHQ-9及抑郁自评量表(SDS)对100例颈椎病患者进行测查,同时应用美国《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第4版)》(DSM-Ⅳ)临床定式访谈(SCID)抑郁量表进行评定。抽取30例患者在初次测评1周后再次进行PHQ-9的评定。采用同质性信度Cronbach'sα系数、重测信度两个指标检测量表的信度。应用PHQ-9总分与SDS总分的相关分析检验效标效度,应用探索性因子分析检验结构效度。结果 PHQ-9 Cronbach'sα系数为0.930。各条目与量表总分的相关系数为0.608~0.888,各条目间的相关系数为0.289~0.878,均具有相关关系(P<0.01)。1周后重测信度为0.959。PHQ-9总分与SDS总分的相关系数为0.845(P<0.01)。探索性因子分析提取2个公因子,方差贡献率为77.399%。以PHQ-9≥10分为划界分,PHQ-9的灵敏度为93.88%,特异度为94.12%,与SCID评定的一致性Kappa值为0.88(u=18.35,P<0.01)。结论 PHQ-9应用于颈椎病患者具有良好的信度和效度。     

Experiential Avoidance and Bordering Psychological Constructs as Predictors of the Onset,Relapse and Maintenance of Anxiety Disorders: One or Many?

To investigate (a) the incremental predictive validity of experiential avoidance over and above bordering psychological constructs (i.e., rumination, worry, neuroticism and anxiety sensitivity) in predicting onset, relapse and maintenance of anxiety disorders; and (b) whether these related constructs can be represented by a single, higher-order latent factor with similar predictive power as the separate psychological constructs while offering a more parsimonious predictive model. Longitudinal cohort study with repeated assessments after 4 years in a sample of 2157 adults aged 18–65, consisting of 1614 persons with past or current anxiety disorder (Panic Disorder with or without Agoraphobia, Social Anxiety Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Agoraphobia without panic) according to the Composite Interview Diagnostic Instrument (CIDI) and 543 controls. Experiential avoidance (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-I) manifested substantial overlap with bordering cognitive constructs. Experiential avoidance and anxiety sensitivity both uniquely predicted maintenance of anxiety disorders and neuroticism uniquely predicted relapse of anxiety disorders, over and above the effect of the other cognitive constructs. Moreover, a latent factor of psychological vulnerability loaded strongly on each of these psychological constructs. This latent factor predicted onset, maintenance and relapse of anxiety disorders. The tendency to frequently experience strong negative emotions, to evaluate these experiences as aversive and to engage in avoidant coping strategies may constitute a transdiagnostic factor predictive of anxiety disorders. Further developing and testing of interventions targeting transdiagnostic construct underlying anxiety and mood disorders seem warranted.     

Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population

BACKGROUND: The 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) is a practical self-report anxiety questionnaire that proved valid in primary care. However, the GAD-7 was not yet validated in the general population and thus far, normative data are not available. OBJECTIVES: To investigate reliability, construct validity, and factorial validity of the GAD-7 in the general population and to generate normative data. RESEARCH DESIGN: Nationally representative face-to-face household survey conducted in Germany between May 5 and June 8, 2006. SUBJECTS: Five thousand thirty subjects (53.6% female) with a mean age (SD) of 48.4 (18.0) years. MEASURES: The survey questionnaire included the GAD-7, the 2-item depression module from the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and demographic characteristics. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses substantiated the 1-dimensional structure of the GAD-7 and its factorial invariance for gender and age. Internal consistency was identical across all subgroups (alpha = 0.89). Intercorrelations with the PHQ-2 and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were r = 0.64 (P < 0.001) and r = -0.43 (P < 0.001), respectively. As expected, women had significantly higher mean (SD) GAD-7 anxiety scores compared with men [3.2 (3.5) vs. 2.7 (3.2); P < 0.001]. Normative data for the GAD-7 were generated for both genders and different age levels. Approximately 5% of subjects had GAD-7 scores of 10 or greater, and 1% had GAD-7 scores of 15 or greater. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence supports reliability and validity of the GAD-7 as a measure of anxiety in the general population. The normative data provided in this study can be used to compare a subject's GAD-7 score with those determined from a general population reference group.     

Validity of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Youngsters with Autism Spectrum Disorders

There is mounting evidence that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides an appropriate conceptualization for psychiatric disorders in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The current study examined symptoms of disruptive behavior, anxiety, and mood disorders and how IQ and language skills impacted their manifestation in a sample of 61 children with ASD and significant emotional/behavioral problems. Subsyndromal presentation and the role of behavior equivalents were also explored. Analyses indicated that children with IQ < 70 had fewer reported symptoms than those with IQ ≥ 70. Symptoms endorsement also varied based on language levels. Individuals with IQ < 70 were more likely to be subsyndromal for Generalized Anxiety Disorder and nonverbal individuals were more likely to be subsyndromal for Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Only one of the seven behavior equivalents was associated with internalized disorders. Special considerations may be necessary when applying some DSM criteria to assess comorbid disorders in individuals with ASDs.     

Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the State Anxiety Scale for Children

The assessment of anxiety in children undergoing surgery must be addressed before any intervention can be appropriately planned, provided, and evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the State Anxiety Scale for Children. Two hundred and thirty-seven children from a primary school and 112 children admitted for day surgery were recruited for this study. The instrument demonstrated adequate internal-consistency reliability, appropriate concurrent validity, and construct validity. Factor analyses further confirmed the construct validity of the scale, with a good fit between the factor structure of the scale and the observed data. Results suggest that the Chinese version of the State Anxiety Scale for Children can be used as a self-report assessment tool in measuring the anxiety level of Chinese children ages 7-12 years.     

死亡焦虑量表的跨文化调适

目的立足本土，对死亡焦虑量表（T-OAS）进行跨文化调适形成中文版量表。方法通过跨文化调适和正式调查2个阶段，修订成中文版死亡焦虑量表，对450名大学生及50名临终关怀医务工作者进行调查，7～10d后重测其中的60名大学生。对数据进行信度、效度分析。结果中文版T—DAS语言通俗易懂，绝大多数受调查者能在5—10min完成，量表有效回收率97．4％。与单条目量表得分做相关分析得出效标效度r=0．516；通过结构方程模型结构效度分析，发现模型拟合程度较好。对15个条目进行探索性因子分析，结果推选出4个公因子，累计方差贡献率为46．13％。内部一致性Cronbach’α系数仪值为0．71；总量表2次测量的相关系数为0．831。结论中文版T-DAS具有较好的效度和信度，为死亡焦虑的评价提供了一个有效的工具。     

Children's Perioperative Multidimensional Anxiety Scale (CPMAS): Turkish Validity and Reliability Study

PurposeTo test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Children's Perioperative Multidimensional Anxiety Scale (CPMAS).DesignMethodological research model.MethodsOne hundred children (81% male) aged 7 to 13 years undergoing elective surgery at a tertiary university hospital were included. Self-administered CPMAS and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Children were used to collect data at preoperative, operation day, and a month after the operation. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, parallel form reliability, and content and construct validity of the tools were determined across all three visits.FindingsThe CPMAS demonstrated good test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.51 to 0.78) and good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.78 to 0.81). Inter item correlation values were ranged from 0.20 to 0.62 at preoperative, 0.32 to 0.64 on the day of operation and 0.36 to 0.75 at a month after the operation. CPMAS single-factor construct and the explanatory percentages were 0.54 and above. After Pearson correlation analysis, CPMAS was moderately correlated with State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Children at T1 (r = 0.54, P < .01) and T2 (r = 0.56, P < .01).ConclusionsThe Turkish version of CPMAS has good reliability and validity score. Therefore, it is a suitable instrument to assess perioperative anxiety in 7 to 13 years old children in a clinical setting.     

Anxiety in Response to Sustaining Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders: When Should Clinicians Be Concerned?

ObjectiveTo recommend a cut-off score for the brief 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) measure for persons with spinal cord injuries/disorders (PwSCI/D) and to estimate anxiety occurrence within this population using the full 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7).DesignMulticenter retrospective analyses.SettingOne inpatient rehabilitation center and 2 community sites for PwSCI/D.ParticipantsPwSCI/D 18 years or older (N=909) were included for analysis using retrospectively collected GAD-2 and GAD-7 data.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome Measure(s)Occurrence of anxiety symptoms were compared using cut-off scores of ≥8 and ≥10 on the GAD-7. A cut-off score recommendation for the GAD-2 was determined using ROC curve, and sensitivity and specificity analyses.ResultsOccurrence of anxiety symptoms was 21% using a GAD-7 cut-off of ≥8 and 15% using a cut-off of ≥10. Analyses indicated optimal sensitivity for a GAD-2 score of ≥2 when a GAD-7 cut-off of ≥8 was used.ConclusionsAnxiety occurrence is elevated among PwSCI/D compared with the general population. For PwSCI/D, it is recommended that a cut-off score of ≥2 is used for the GAD-2 to maximize sensitivity and that a threshold of ≥8 is used for the GAD-7 to ensure the maximum number of individuals presenting with symptoms of anxiety are recognized for diagnostic interview. Study limitations are discussed.     

The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Trait Anxiety Scale for Children

The availability of a valid and reliable tool that accurately measures and differentiates pre-operative anxiety level of children is crucial before any intervention can be appropriately planned, provided, and evaluated. The purposes of this study were to translate the original Trait Anxiety Scale for Children into Chinese and evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly translated scale for its utility in clinical practice and research. Five hundred and nineteen children from a primary school were recruited for this study. The instrument demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability, and strong evidence of content and construct validity. Factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the scale with a good fit between the factor structure of the scale and the observed data. Results suggest that the Chinese version of the Trait Anxiety Scale for Children can be used as a self-report assessment tool in measuring trait anxiety level of Chinese children ages 7-12 years.     

Six versus twelve weeks of Swedish massage therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Preliminary findings

Acute treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder often requires 3 months or more of care in order to optimize response. As part of an exploratory grant we have previously demonstrated that six weeks of twice-weekly Swedish Massage Therapy (SMT) was more effective than an active control in decreasing Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Scores (HAM-A). An additional goal of this project was to determine if an additional six weeks of twice-weekly SMT led to greater clinical and statistical benefit. We found that HAM-A scores did continue to decrease with an additional six weeks of therapy but that the greatest benefit occurred during the first versus the second 12 sessions (−9.91 vs.−3.09, t = 2.21; df = 10; p = 0.052). These preliminary findings suggest that the majority of benefit in symptom reduction occurs in the first six weeks and that six weeks of twice-weekly SMT may be sufficient for the majority of patients.