坨五站中间乳化层快速增长原因及治理方案

胜利采油厂坨五站高含水(95％)原油化学预脱水中，二级沉降罐内油水相之间的中间乳化层增长迅速，引起了一系列问题。现场调查和大量室内测试结果表明，产生这一现象的原因有：油溶性破乳剂WD-1加入点不合理。有2／3的含水原油在通过油水分离器之后才与破乳剂混合；二级沉降罐进油口伸入油相内，油流的冲击达不到中间层；WD-1对坨五站混合原油中的稠油破乳脱水性能欠佳，不能适应坨五站混合原油组成和含水的变化。针对上述各种原因筛选出了性能更好的一种破乳剂1916。根据确定的几种原因采取了相应的措施：将破乳剂加入点改在3个并联油水分离器之前；将二级沉降罐的进油口移到水相内；改用筛选出的破乳剂1916，结果使中间乳化层的增长受到了抑制。图2表4参2。     

降粘剂BHJN-14在稠油管输中的应用

针对渤海某平台的稠油乳状液筛选出降粘效果最好的稠油降粘剂BHJN—14。它由阴离子表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂复配而成,可以将油包水（W／O）乳状液反相成为水包油（O／w）乳状液,大大降低产液的表观粘度,药剂中BHJN-14含量为1％时降粘率达到98．4％。进一步对BHJN-14开展浓度梯度和脱水影响试验,BHJN-14含量高于500μg时降粘率达到95％。现场应用结果表明,BHJN-14含量为120-500μg时即可稳定控制海管压降,效果优于同浓度下的破乳剂,保证井口压力的稳定和生产的正常进行,使用过程中不影响现用破乳剂的脱水效能。     

Demulsifier performance at low temperature in a low permeability reservoir

The crude oil in Longdong area is produced in the form of emulsion containing associated oil and water, which needs to be separated before dispatch to end user. Chemical demulsification under high temperature is the most widely used technology to break the emulsions. In this study a rheological method was used to determine the curve of viscosity-temperature and lower limit of temperature was determined. A series of experiments on low-temperature commercial demulsifies were implemented for studying demulsification performance by bottle test method. Mechanism of low-temperature demulsifier was studied by using spinning drop interfacial tensiometer to determine interfacial tension between the crude oil and demulsifier solution by considering the concentration. Turbiscan stability analyzer was used to study the effect of water content, temperature, and demulsifier concentration on emulsion stability. The corresponding relationship between interfacial tension and demulsification was verified through the study of low-temperature demulsifier effect on interfacial tension. Efficient low-temperature demulsifiers AR102, AR901, PR929, and PRC06 were selected. PRC06 was chosen to be the best at 40°C, and when the optimal concentration was 200 mg/L, dehydration rate was 99.51%.     

原油乳状液稳定性研究 Ⅱ.原油成分对原油乳状液稳定性的影响

原血成分的表面活性物质及其细微固体颗粒,在油水界面上相互作用是原油乳状液其有稳定性的主要原因。本文采用简单的方法将原油中众多的物质分成两大类,并根椐它们单独时或混合后对癸烷/水乳状液稳定性作用的特征,将其分别称为原油乳化剂和原油破乳剂。试验表明,原油乳状液稳定性的高低主要取决于所含的这两大类物质的多少和相对比例,其相对重要性可由界面张力定性地反映出来;并且由原油/水界面张力的大小可以定性地评估原油乳状液的稳定性。     

用动界面张力方法研究原油/盐水界面的性质Ⅰ.原油天然表面活性剂和破乳剂的竞争吸附现象

测定了原油 /盐水的动界面张力 ,比较了在无破乳剂存在时几种体系的动界面张力曲线。证明了原油天然表面活性剂分子渐渐扩散吸附到原油 /盐水界面上 ,当体系中有破乳剂存在时 ,破乳剂分子以竞争的方式扩散吸附到原油 /盐水界面上。用动界面张力方法研究原油天然表面活性剂和破乳剂在原油 /盐水界面的吸附速率对研究原油乳状液的破乳机理和优化破乳条件十分重要。     

电化学方法研究微生物表面活性剂对原油乳状液破乳的作用

选用一种微生物表面活性剂分别与 3种破乳剂GE 189、XE 12 0和XP 12 0复配 ,对模拟原油乳状液进行破乳脱水。结果表明 ,微生物表面活性剂的引入能够明显地提高破乳剂的破乳速率和效率 ,而且当破乳剂的浓度较低时 ,微生物表面活性剂的影响更加明显。通过界面张力的测定 ,证实了微生物表面活性剂和破乳剂之间的协同作用。利用电化学方法测定水 油 水界面的膜电容和膜电阻 ,探讨了微生物表面活性剂对原油乳状液破乳效果的影响机理。结果表明 ,单独使用微生物表面活性剂 ,观察不到膜电容和膜电阻的任何变化 ;微生物表面活性剂与破乳剂复配 ,界面膜电容随时间的升高与界面膜电阻随时间的下降幅度明显大于单独使用破乳剂时的情况 ,也表明了微生物表面活性剂与破乳剂之间的协同效应。而且由于微生物表面活性剂的加入 ,引起膜电容的迅速升高和膜电阻的迅速下降与乳状液破乳脱水速率的加快密切相关 ,说明该种电化学方法用于破乳机理的研究是可行的。     

Optimization of separation of oil from oil-in-water emulsion by demulsification using different demulsifiers

Separation of oil from oil-in-water emulsion is a major challenge in petroleum industries during the producing and refining process. The authors investigated characterization of oil-in-water emulsion and subsequently separation of oil from emulsion using different chemical dimulsifiers. The effect of settling time, pH, temperature, and demulsifier dosage on oil separation efficiency has been studied. It was observed that as time, temperature, and chemical dosage increased oil separation efficiency increased. Droplet size distribution of emulsions illustrated that the demulsifier could lead to the breakup of crude oil-in-water emulsions by flocculation and coalescence. More than 98% oil separations were observed with some demulsifiers under optimum operating conditions.     

原油复配破乳剂的配方设计

研究了水相pH值、非离子破乳剂和助剂对沙轻原油、阿曼原油、杰诺原油、胜利原油乳液稳定性的影响 ,考察了破乳剂与助剂的协同效应。结果表明 :沙轻原油在水相 pH =6～ 7时乳液的稳定性最差 ;破乳剂通过降低界面张力和使沥青质胶团向油相解缔而破坏乳液的稳定性 ;有机小分子助剂改变界面极性环境或增加芳香度使沥青质增溶而破坏乳液的稳定性 ,它们与破乳剂有很好的协同效应     

Optimum demulsifier formulations for Nigerian crude oil-water emulsions

The formation of crude emulsion during oil production and processing is a challenge of significant proportions to the oil producers. Studies show that about two third of Nigerian crude oil production is in form of water in oil emulsion. For economic and operational reasons, it is necessary to separate the water completely from the crude oil before transportation or refining.Efficiency of separation of crude emulsions is of major importance to producers. To this end, this study primarily seeks to investigate the formulation of effective demulsifier that can be used to achieve this aim; and in so doing, the optimal separation efficiency attainable by this demulsification process is determined. Six different samples of water and oil soluble demulsifiers were used on two different samples of synthetic emulsion (sample I and II (both water in oil emulsion) from different Nigerian oil fields). The bottle test method was used to determine the percentage water separation for each crude oil emulsion/chemicals (demulsifiers) mixture. The concentrations of the combined six chemicals (demulsifier samples A–F) in the mixture were related to the percentage water separation using response surface methodology central composite design (RSMCCD).Results show that the optimum concentrations of demulsifiers A–F are 59?ppm/39?ppm/29?ppm/20?ppm/29?ppm/13?ppm respectively for crude oil sample I. While 54?ppm/40?ppm/25?ppm/21?ppm/29?ppm/8?ppm respectively were observed as optimum concentration for crude oil II. The combination of these chemical was observed to return better performance than the existing commercial demulsifiers with percentage water separation of 92% and 94% compared to percentage water separation of 87% and 90% returned by one of the currently available demulsifier used in the petroleum industry for crude oil A and B respectively. Hence, the need to carry out optimization analyses on different emulsified crude oil cannot be over-emphasize.     

Influence of polymers on the stability of Gudao crude oil emulsions

The influence of different types and concentrations of polymers on the stability of Gudao crude oil emulsion was investigated by measuring the volume of water separated from the emulsions and the interfacial shear viscosity of the oil/water interfacial film. Experimental results indicate that the simulated water-in-oil emulsion with 40 mg/L of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide （HPAM） 3530S could be easily broken by adding demulsifier C and was readily separated into two layers. However, HPAM AX-74H and hydrophobically associating water-soluble polymer （HAP） could stabilize the crude oil emulsion. With increasing concentration of AX-74H and HAP, crude oil emulsions became more stable. Water droplets were loosely packed in the water-in model oil emulsion containing HPAM 3530S, but water droplets were smaller and more closely packed in the emulsion containing AX-74H or HAP. The polymers could be adsorbed on the oil/water interface, thereby increasing the strength of the interracial film and enhancing the emulsion stability.     

Experimental investigation of the effects of various parameters on viscosity reduction of heavy crude by oil–water emulsion

The effects of water content, shear rate, temperature, and solid particle concentration on viscosity reduction(VR) caused by forming stable emulsions were investigated using Omani heavy crude oil. The viscosity of the crude oil was initially measured with respect to shear rates at different temperatures from 20 to 70 C. The crude oil exhibited a shear thinning behavior at all the temperatures. The strongest shear thinning was observed at 20 C. A non-ionic water soluble surfactant(Triton X-100) was used to form and stabilize crude oil emulsions. The emulsification process has significantly reduced the crude oil viscosity. The degree of VR was found to increase with an increase in water content and reach its maximum value at 50 % water content.The phase inversion from oil-in-water emulsion to water-inoil emulsion occurred at 30 % water content. The results indicated that the VR was inversely proportional to temperature and concentration of silica nanoparticles. For water-in-oil emulsions, VR increased with shear rate and eventually reached a plateau at a shear rate of around350 s-1. This was attributed to the thinning behavior of the continuous phase. The VR of oil-in-water emulsions remained almost constant as the shear rate increased due to the Newtonian behavior of water, the continuous phase.     

沥青稳定剂对稠油脱水影响的实验研究

通过瓶试法测试了沥青稳定剂对海上模拟原油产液破乳效果的影响规律.结果表明,单独应用时,多种沥青稳定剂无论对高含沥青原油还是对几乎不含沥青的原油都没有明显破乳作用;但当其与破乳剂联合使用时,沥青稳定剂AS-1可明显提高高含沥青原油乳液的脱水效果,这表明对于高含沥青原油,破乳剂和沥青稳定剂AS-1之间有一定的协同作用;随着沥青稳定剂AS-1加量的增高,其协同破乳剂脱水的效果也逐渐增高,但当加量增加到一定程度后,其协助破乳的效果便不再提高;另外,乳状液的含水量对破乳剂与沥青稳定剂AS-1之间的协同作用的发挥有着重要影响,低含水时有利于AS-1作用的发挥.     

CW-01反相破乳剂的研究

油田开发进入高含水期和采用三次采油技术后,水包油(O/W型)乳状液普遍出现,需要使用反相破乳剂进行破乳。本文介绍了CW-01反相破乳剂(有效成份为含季铵盐侧基的聚醚)的合成、性能评价、现场工业试验以及应用注意事项。     

Treatment of Algerian crude oil using REB09305 OS demulsifier

Algerian crude oil was submitted to a treatment procedure using REB09305 OS demulsifier. Temperature, time of contact with charge and centrifugation speed were studied. Separation of water from crude oil was observed with a demulsification ratio of 100% in ambient temperature for 20?ppm demulsifier dose, 1200?rpm and 45?min of centrifugation time. The results obtained in this study showed that REB09305 OS demulsifier can be considered a promising product for the treatment of industrial crude oil and the removal of water from it.     

辽河油田洼82块特稠油降粘剂研究

以辽河油田洼82块3929井特稠油为研究对象,采用荧光法测定了该井特稠油乳化 最佳HLB值,优选聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯多元醇醚和混合型表面活性剂的最优复配比例,研制开发出适用于该油品特性的特稠油水基降粘剂优化配方.室内实验结果表明,该降牯剂对于洼B2块特稠油不仅具有良好的降粘性能(降粘率99%以上),而且与联合站破乳剂相配伍,具有较好的推广应用价值.     

Demulsification of Crude Oil Emulsion via Ultrasonic Chemical Method

Abstract

Lots of water and surfactants are poured into the oil well to enhance the exploiting efficiency, so the crude-oil emulsions exploited by this technology contain much water, which is very hard to be separated at present. The demulsifying and separating experiments of the crude-oil emulsion were conducted by using the thermal chemical method and the ultrasonic chemical method separately. The crude oil emulsion samples were provided by the Dagang oil field of China and the water content was 35% volume/volume (v/v). The key influencing factors on demulsification effect were explored by changing the ultrasonic output power, the irradiating time, and the demulsifier amount in the experiments. The dehydrating ratios were compared among the self-made emulsions of different water content with the ultrasonic chemical method. The demulsifying velocity and dehydrating ratio for the high water content crude-oil emulsion was better than that of the emulsion with lower water content in the demulsifying experiments with the ultrasonic chemical method. For the crude-oil emulsion used in this experiment, the result was a dehydrating ratio of 97.7% under the condition of 100 W of ultrasonic output power, 10 min of irradiating time, 50 mg/L of demulsifier, and 75°C of water bath temperature.     

Rate of hydrate formation in crude oil/gas/water emulsions with different water cuts

The formation of gas hydrates in gas and oil subsea pipelines can result in blockages and shutdowns. Understanding of the formation process and its kinetics will be helpful for predictions of the amount of hydrates expected to form under defined conditions. In the present work, mixed gas hydrates of methane, ethane and propane are formed in crude oil emulsions with different water cuts in a stirred constant volume high pressure cell. The rate of hydrate formation for each crude oil is evaluated at different stirring rates. The stability of the emulsion made by each crude oil is also tested at different water cuts and stirring rates. At 80% water cut, hydrate growth occurs in two steps. The first step displays slow growth. The transition between the steps corresponds with inversion of the emulsion. Regarding the stability of emulsion, more stable emulsions are correlated to higher rates of hydrate formation. The rate of hydrate formation at 50% water cut was higher than at 80% water cut independent of oil composition and stirring rate.     

原油乳状液稳定机理的分子模拟研究

沥青质在稳定原油乳状液方面发挥重要的作用,采用分子动力学研究了沥青质分子在甲苯 水界面的吸附聚集行为,用量子化学方法研究了沥青质和水分子间以及沥青质分子之间的相互作用能,探讨了沥青质稳定乳状液的作用机理。结果表明,沥青质分子和水分子间氢键的形成是沥青质能够在油 水界面吸附的主要原因,沥青质分子之间的氢键和π π作用使得沥青质构成超分子结构,此超分子结构将水分子包围在内,阻止了水滴的聚并。此外,模拟研究了一种化学破乳剂的破乳过程,结果发现,破乳剂可以通过沥青质分子的间隙,为后续的破乳过程提供了可能。     

泾河油田原油破乳剂的优选与复配

针对泾河油田原油密度大、非烃及沥青质含量高、脱水困难、破乳剂用量大等问题,测定了6种商品破乳剂对含水20%稠油的脱水效果。单剂破乳剂25-A和HL-1的脱水效果均优于其它破乳剂,破乳温度65℃、破乳剂浓度600 mg/L时的脱水率分别为65.6%和62.5%。复配破乳剂脱水效果明显优于单剂破乳剂,相同条件下,脱水率高出15.7%。通过破乳剂浓度和破乳温度等影响因素的分析得出,泾河油田原油的最佳破乳条件为:破乳剂浓度400 mg/L,复配比例2∶1,破乳温度80℃,沉降10 h后脱水率可达94.5%。     

原油电脱盐破乳剂的筛选与EC2425A油溶性破乳剂的应用

针对加工的原油品种变化后，原油电脱盐装置使用的水溶性破乳剂消耗量大、脱盐罐排水中油含量高的现状，在电脱盐装置上对几种油溶性破乳剂进行了筛选，筛选出的EC2425A型油溶性破乳剂不仅消耗量低，而且脱盐污水中的油含量也降低。工业应用表明，破乳剂加入量（以原油中破乳剂浓度表示）控制在5mg／L时，能够满足工艺指标要求（脱后原油盐浓度不大于3mg／L，水质量分数不大于0．3％），并且脱盐污水中油浓度仅为200mg／L左右。