青藏铁路多年冻土路基热—力稳定性数值仿真分析

结合冻土流变学、冻土物理学、冻土力学和传热学等相关学科的基本理论,并考虑水分场与温度场的耦合作用及温度对冻土路基力学特征的影响;同时引入冻土野外试验蠕变方程,进而建立了冻土路基的水、热、力(蠕变)分析数学模型,并编制了相应的有限元计算程序。随后,以青藏铁路某试验段路基为例,对多年冻土区路基的热—力稳定性问题进行了系统研究,并通过与现场实测数据对比发现,所建立的冻土路基热—力理论模型正确合理,较好地分析预测了青藏铁路多年冻土路基的长期稳定性。     

泛北极多年冻土及重大线性工程稳定性状况

泛北极是中国“一带一路”倡议的主要合作示范区域,已有的重大线性工程及新的基础设施建设均面临着与多年冻土相关的冻融灾害及工程病害问题。在全球气候变暖及人类活动增强的背景下,泛北极多年冻土主要呈现地温升高、活动层厚度增加趋势,且低温多年冻土地温升高更加明显,20世纪70年代以来年平均地温(MAGT)升温最高可达3 ℃; 自北向南多年冻土活动层厚度增加,且增厚趋势趋于明显,在俄蒙边境地区活动层厚度增速为3～5 cm·年^-1。多年冻土退化诱发系列与热喀斯特过程相关的地质灾害,主要包括热喀斯特滑坡与热喀斯特湖,且灾害数量急剧增加,如加拿大Banks Island地区1984～2015年热喀斯特滑坡数量增加了约60倍。在多年冻土退化、热稳定性降低的背景下,泛北极铁路、公路和管道等重大线性工程出现了沉陷、裂缝等不同类型、不同程度的病害,整体上多年冻土区道路工程病害率大于30%。热融灾害及工程病害的发育均与气候及岩土、冻土条件相关,但工程病害还与工程运营期限、工程结构形式密切关联。对比泛北极道路、管道等线性工程状况及其与工程结构的关系,以及病害特征和防治措施效果,表明基于保护冻土的“主动冷却”设计原则依然是多年冻土区工程设计的主导思想。     

青藏铁路粒径改良路基温控效果分析

基于青藏铁路北麓河粒径改良路基试验段地温监测资料,分析了粒径改良路基地温变化规律及其温控效果,并同其他保护冻土措施进行了对比分析。结果表明:在一定深度范围内,粒径改良路基地温呈现年季变化、呈正弦曲线变化特征;同普通路基相比,在年平均地温曲线方面表现出具有冷却路基,保护冻土的效果;同普通通风路基相比,粒径改良路基虽在冷季冷却效果弱于通风路基,但在暖季热屏蔽效果好于通风路基,从年平均地温方面已表现出较好的保护冻土的态势,是一种积极主动的保护措施。     

块碎石夹层结构冻土路基温度分布数值分析

为研究青藏铁路普通道碴路基和本文提出的块碎石夹层路基的温度场分布,本文将铁路道碴和块碎石夹层的对流换热简化为多孔介质的热传导问题,根据多孔介质中流体热对流的连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程,应用伽辽金法导出了多孔介质对流换热的有限元公式,并对普通道碴路基和抛石路基在未来50年的十月份温度场进行数值分析与比较。计算结果表明:在普通道碴路基中,路基下冻土的温度升高和退化,路基阴阳坡下温度的不对称性极为发育,阳坡有明显贯穿路基高温区且坡脚高温聚集,其路基结构很难保持路基及冻土的稳定性和路基的温度对称性性;而在块碎石夹层路基中,路基下冻土上限缓慢抬升且冻土地温保持良好的对称性,阴阳坡下路基温度差异较小且对称分布,坡脚没有温度聚集现象,其路基温度分布有利于保持路基及冻土的稳定性,同时说明了块碎石路基具有良好的调节路基温度的能力。     

黑龙江冻土路基融沉防控热棒技术及效能分析

为探寻高纬度多年冻土地区路基融沉防控有效措施,以京漠公路瓦拉干至樟岭段为试验路段,设计热棒路基试验方案,针对现场4年5次采集的地温数据、路基变形监测数据进行对比分析。结果显示,试验段热棒的有效工作半径为3 m,最大工作半径可达4.5 m,热棒路基土层地温稳定深度范围在4.5 m以下,稳定温度为0℃左右,且试验路段路基底面的冻土稳定,未发生融沉现象,热棒技术对防控多年冻土路基融沉效果明显,但深度在0～4.5 m之间土层地温的变化受外界温度影响较大。     

高原冻土地区地质特点及路基施工技术

在高原冻土区进行道路建设时,必须重视路基的安全性和稳定性,路基是确保冻土高原地区道路建设质量的基础保障,也是目前冻土高原工程建设的重点和难点.基于此,本文对高原地区公路地质特点进行了阐述,分析了高原多年冻土区路基工程的施工原则,并提出了高原冻土地区路基施工技术要点和优化措施,以提高道路建设质量.在路基施工技术中,主要介...     

青藏高原多年冻土地区铁路路基施工技术

高原多年冻土地区工程施工中,需要通过相应的工程结构和工程措施控制多年冻土的活动层(季节融化层)变化,使其上路基的运营变形控制在允许范围内.在介绍青藏高原地区多年冻土工程特性基础上,结合工程具体施工实践,针对冻土的冻融特性和多年冻土区的铁路路基各种处理类型的工作原理及施工工艺进行了简要阐述.     

通风管-块石复合路基降温效果的数值分析

在考虑未来50 a气温上升1℃的情况下,通过数值模拟来研究通风管-块石(封闭)新型复合路基的降温效果.结果表明:普通路基下冻土上限从第1年的-1.86 m下降到第50年的-4.85 m;50 a后,普通通风管路基和封闭块石路基下部多年冻土的0℃等温线分别位于天然地表下-0.89 m和-0.22 m处,通风管-块石(封闭)路基下部0℃等温线在50 a内始终高于天然地表,第50年的0℃等温线位于天然地表之上0.04 m处;在暖季,通风管-块石(封闭)路基与天然地表交界面的正热流密最小,普通通风管路基中的通风管热流密度为正,而通风管-块石(封闭)路基中的通风管热流密度为负,这表明复合路基中封闭块石弥补了通风管暖季吸热的缺陷;在高温高含冰量地区推荐使用通风管-块石(封闭)路基作为公路路基结构.     

利用封闭式块石护坡调节通风管路基阴阳坡效应

为研究多年冻土区通风管路基和通风管封闭碎石护坡路基在阴阳坡温度差异影响下,温度场的不对称特征和下部冻土上限间的差异,评价封闭块石护坡对通风管路基温度场的调节效果,利用北麓河通风管路基实测温度资料,并考虑气候变暖的影响,分别对这两种路基温度场进行数值模拟分析.分析结果表明,通风管路基具有一定的降温能力,但阴阳坡下冻土上限间差异显著,路基温度场呈现明显的不对称性;在通风管路基阳坡增加封闭块石护坡后,可以降低阳坡下土体温度,减小阴阳坡下冻土上限间差异,能有效调节路基阴阳坡效应.对第50年路基与天然地表交界处年平均热流密度的分析表明,增加封闭块石护坡后的路基结构优于通风管路基,且两种路基均处于吸热状态.     

土工格栅在冻土路基中的应用及展望

冻土地区路基冻融病害的整治,一直被视为世界性的难题。现有的常规施工工艺和方法在冻土地区均存在着一定的局限性。土工格栅凭借其独特的网状结构和镶嵌咬合能力,在国内外岩土工程中得到了广泛的应用。本文基于土工格栅的加筋特性和现有的格栅加筋工程的实际经验,建议可选择土工格栅可对冻土路基冻融灾害进行防治,并分别针对冻土地区常见的冻胀、融沉及翻浆灾害问题,从理论研究和工程实践方面阐述了其具有一定的实际应用性,并对其进行了应用展望。     

多年冻土区粒径改良路基稳定性分析

路基稳定性是指路基受到车辆动态作用及各种自然力影响所出现的路面陷槽、翻浆冒泥和路基剪切滑动与挤起等情况的适应能力,包括热稳定性和强度稳定性。热稳定性是指路基的热状况对外界条件响应的敏感程度,是多年冻土区路基稳定性的核心。文中对国内外多年冻土区路基热稳定性研究进行了分析,并对热稳定性判断原则进行探讨。通过对现场粒径改良路基两个多冻融循环观测数据进行研究,分析了粒径改良路基的冻融循环地温变化规律及变形规律,得到了粒径改良路基具有抬升多年冻土上限的作用,并根据判断原则,认为粒径改良路基是一种稳定的新型路基结构形式。     

Numerical study on the influence of geometrical parameters on natural convection cooling effect of the crushed-rock revetment

The crushed-rock revetment, considered as a highly porous medium, is often applied to embankment slope to protect the underlying permafrost and ensure the thermal stability of roadway in permafrost regions. In this paper, in order to increase and optimize the cooling capacity of crushed-rock revetment in cold regions roadway engineering, based on the thermal convection theories, the practical geometry and the temperature characteristics of in-situ crushed-rock revetment, convective pattern and cooling effect of crushed-rock revetment are numerically studied, with a thickness of 1.0 m under different geometrical parameters, e.g. sloped angle and aspect ratio. The results indicate that, with a thickness of 1.0 m and a temperature difference of 10.0 ℃ between top and bottom boundaries, due to the existence of natural convection, the effective thermal conductivity of crushed-rock revetment can be increased and the thermal "semi-conductor" characteristics are endowed. However, the convective pattern changes with the variation of the sloped angle, namely, with the increase of the sloped angle, the convection cell number decreases; furthermore, when the flow changes from various cells to a single cell at a sloped angle, the Nu number is the smallest and the cooling effect is the worst, therefore, the corresponding sloped angle is considered as the worst cooling sloped angle. Besides, with the increase of the aspect ratio, the worst cooling sloped angle increases and tends to 32°, also approaching to the in-situ crushed-rock revetment angle 33.7°. Therefore, when the crushed-rock revetment em-bankment is too high, that is to say, the aspect ratio of the sloped crushed-rock revetment is too large, some measures should be taken to enhance its cooling effect, which have been researched and discussed in this paper. It is hoped that some scientific references can be supplied to the design and maintenance of the crushed-rock revetment embankment in cold regions.     

地震折射层析法在青藏铁路路基开裂调查中的应用

青藏铁路有约500km路基处于冻土地带。铁路运行一年来,在少冰和多冰冻土段上的部分路基发生了开裂．影响到铁路安全。为了了解路基下冻土的分布状态,消除冻土变化对路基的影响,笔者采用了地震折射层析法勘查路基下冻土发生的变化。通过对这些资料的分析,发现路基下的冻土发生了变化,并推测这些发生在路基两侧的不对称、不均匀变化是造成路基开裂的主要原因。     

Numerical analysis on thermal regime of wide embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai−Tibet Plateau

This study investigated the temperature field and thawing depth of wide embankment for expressway in permafrost regions based on numerical analysis by using finite element method(FEM).According to specific embankment section of Qinghai-Tibet highway,computational region for numerical analysis was defined.And numerical model was developed through FEM software named as ABAQUS and was verified by field observed data.The effects by width and height of embankment on the thermal regime of computational region were analyzed based on FEM modeling.Numerical analysis showed that embankment construction has serious disturbance on the thermal stability of ground permafrost showing as annual average ground temperature and the maximum thawing depth keeps increasing with service time increasing.And larger embankment width leads to poorer thermal stability and more serious uneven temperature field of embankment.Raising embankment height can improve the thermal stability; however,the improvement is restricted for wide embankment and it cannot change the degradation trend of thermal stability with service life increasing.Thus,to construct expressway with wide embankment in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,effective measures need to be considered to improve the thermal stability of underlying permafrost.     

Innovative designs of permafrost roadbed for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway

Under global warming scenarios, the passive method of simply increasing the thermal resistance by raising the embankment height and using insulating materials has been proven ineffective in warm and ice-rich permafrost areas and therefore could not be used in the Qinghai-Tibet Railway engineering. Instead, a proactive "cooled-roadbed" approach was developed and used to lower the ground temperature in order to maintain a perennially frozen subgrade. The concept that local and site-specific factors play an important role in the occurrence and disappearance of permafrost has helped us to devise a number of measures to cool down the roadbed. For example, we adjust and control heat transfer by using different embankment configurations and fill materials. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway project demonstrates that a series of proactive roadbed-cooling methods can be used to lower the temperature of permafrost beneath the embankment and to stabilize the roadbed. These methods include solar radiation control using shading boards, heat convection control using ventilation ducts, thermosyphons, air-cooled embankments, and heat conduction control using "thermal semi-conductor" materials, as well as combinations of above mentioned three control measures. This road-bed-cooling approach provides not only a solution for engineering construction in sensitive permafrost areas but also a countermeasure against possible global warming.     

青藏直流联网工程±500kV输电线路的工程问题分析

青海至西藏±500kV直流联网工程为我国首次在青藏高原多年冻土区全线铺设的高等级输电线路,该工程建设完成将对西藏经济与社会的发展起到重要的保障和支撑作用。由于输电线路将跨越青藏高原多年冻土区,冻土特有的工程问题将对工程设计、施工和安全运营产生重要影响。为保证工程建设的顺利进行项目组就其中的冻土、冻土工程等问题进行了较为系统的研究,并进行沿线的冻土调查和现场的试验研究。研究结果表明：输电线路布设与青藏公路基本相同,其中高含冰量冻土约占多年冻土线路段的59%,低含冰量冻土约占多年冻土线路段的25%;输电线路的主要工程问题为冻胀融沉、冻拔问题,不良冻土现象、气候变暖、冻土退化等问题会对线路工程稳定性产生影响;笔者还就输电线路选线选位原则、冻土勘察方法与原则、冻土区工程施工方法的选择等关键问题开展了系统研究。研究成果将为即将开工的±500kV青藏直流联网工程塔基定点、设计和施工以及线路选择提供科学依据。     

Changes in permafrost environments caused by construction and maintenance of Qinghai-Tibet Highway

The sideward permafrost along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway (QTH) contains massive ground-ice and is at a relatively high temperature. Under the influence of the steady increase of human activities, the permafrost environment has been changed greatly for a long time. At present, the permafrost becomes warm and rapidly degenerates, including the decline of the permafrost table, rising of the ground temperature, shortening of the length of frozen section, and extension of range of melting region. Some thaw hazards (e.g. thaw slumping and thermokarst pond) have widely occurred along both sides of the roadbed. In addition, due to the incomplete construction management, the vegetation adjacent to the highway is seriously damaged or eradicated, resulting in the land desertification and ecosystem out of balance. The dust, waste and garbage brought by drivers, passengers, maintenance workers, and transportations may also pollute the permafrost environment.     

土工格栅处理拓宽路堤不均匀沉降有限元仿真

采用AD INA非线性有限元分析软件,对土工格栅处理武黄高速公路武汉市三环线共线段拓宽路堤变形和应力进行仿真计算和分析,对土工格栅处理拓宽路堤不均匀变形的作用效果进行分析.结果表明,土工格栅对减小路堤不均匀竖向附加变形、侧向位移以及基底不均匀附加应力有显著效果,为拓宽设计提供了理论依据.为了检验仿真效果,拟进行工后路堤变形跟踪观测,对不同高路堤分别布置沉降观测点,利用实际观测结果对计算模型进行验证和修正,为该仿真成果推广应用积累经验,并作进一步研究之用.