Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fish, 2009

The threat status of 74 freshwater and estuarine fish present in New Zealand was determined. Fifty-one native taxa were ranked of which 67% were considered Threatened or At Risk. A single species was classified as Extinct, the New Zealand grayling, which has not been observed since the 1920s. Four taxa were classified in the highest threat category, Nationally Critical, and a further 10 taxa as Threatened (Nationally Endangered or Nationally Vulnerable). Twenty taxa were ranked in the At Risk group with the majority ranked as Declining. Endemic galaxiids (Galaxiidae) dominated the Threatened and At Risk taxa. The majority (68%) belonged to the Galaxias genus, comprising 81% of recognised taxa in this genus and all five species in the genus Neochanna were also ranked as Threatened or At Risk. In addition to 51 native taxa, a further three fish species were considered colonists and 20 introduced species were classified as naturalised, although two of these are considered rare. The majority of the Threatened species occur in the Canterbury and Otago regions where a suite of rare non-migratory galaxiids exist. Threat mechanisms that were identified as causal in the decline of freshwater fish species were the impact of introduced fish species, declining water quality, effects of water abstraction, loss of habitat via land-use change and land-use activities, and river modifications.     

鱼类生长激素的异源表达、应用及安全性评价

鱼类生长激素对鱼的生长发育起着重要的调节作用，能促进鱼体快速生长，提高饵料转化率，在水产养殖业中具有重大应用价值。转生长激素基因鱼具有快速生长效应，可以缩短养殖周期，降低养殖成本和风险。鱼类生长激素基因异源表达体系的建立和发展，使获得大量廉价的鱼类生长激素产品成为可能，为鱼类养殖业新型饵料添加剂的研制开辟了新的途径。本文综述了转生长激素基因鱼和鱼类生长激素基因的异源表达两方面的研究及其安全性评价。     

龙须菜在鱼藻混养系统中的生态功能

近年来，随着海水养殖产业的迅速发展，养殖规模的不断扩大，养殖区的自身污染问题也日益显露，以人工投饵和网箱养殖方式为主的浅海鱼类养殖，残饵和鱼体的代谢产物往往导致水体的富营养化和底质的有机污染，既影响周围环境，又不利于鱼类的生长和健康，长远意义上还会制约整个鱼类养殖业的持续发展。怎样减轻海水养殖造成的自身污染和对生态环境的破坏，已成为人们日益关注的问题，国内外学者已提出多种解决这一问题的途径，其中一条重要途径是通过优化养殖结构，实施综合养殖，发展生态养殖技术(杨圣云等，1996；杨红生，2000；阎希柱等，2000)。目前国际上，主要的综合养殖方式包括鱼藻混养、鱼贝混养、鱼类与底栖沉积食性动物混养等。近年来的研究又发现，在富含营养盐的鱼类养殖水体中养殖大型海藻，不仅能显著降低养殖废水中的溶解营养盐，而且能提高海藻的产量(Troell，1999)，鱼藻的相互作用重新激起了人们的兴趣，但大型海藻与鱼类混养的基础理论和关键技术还刚刚起步，养殖容量和养殖配比等方面尚亟待研究。 江蓠属龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)是一种大型红藻，具有适温范围较广(12-23℃)、生长快、适应环境能力强和经济价值高等优点，是改善生态环境、提高经济效益的理想品种。本项研究利用室内海水养殖系统，将龙须菜和我国北方海域的代表性养殖鱼类——黑鲪(Sebastodes fuscescens)进行混养，设计不同的养殖密度，测定若干水环境和生物因子指标，旨在查明江蓠在鱼类养殖系统中的生态效应，初步寻求合理的养殖配比，为今后大规模运用大型海藻改善养殖区环境提供科学依据。     

Prevalence of Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa) in South African sardine Sardinops sagax,kingklip Genypterus capensis,and Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus

Prevalence of infection with the myxozoan parasite Kudoa thyrsites is not well documented in sardine Sardinops sagax, the Cape hakes Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus, and kingklip Genypterus capensis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine the prevalence of K. thyrsites in wild-caught S. sagax (n?=?296), Merluccius spp. (n?=?162) and G. capensis (n?=?70), harvested in 2015. Sardinops sagax were harvested from the east, south and west coasts of South Africa, whereas M. capensis, M. paradoxus and G. capensis were taken from the west coast only. Relationships between K. thyrsites infection prevalence and fish capture locality, season, sex and size were determined with Chi-square tests. Prevalence was highest in S. sagax (91%), followed by M. capensis and M. paradoxus (87%) and G. capensis (40%). Prevalence was independent of sex of the host for all fish species. In the case of S. sagax only, the prevalence of infection was independent of locality of capture but depended on season, with prevalence lowest during spring and highest during autumn. No significant relationship (p?>?0.05) was found between infection prevalence and host size for any of the fish species.     

黄河口及附近海域鱼卵和仔鱼种类组成及分布特征

根据2009年5月和8月2个航次对黄河口及附近海域18个站位的鱼卵和仔鱼调查资料,对该水域鱼卵仔鱼的种类组成和数量分布特征进行了分析和探讨.结果表明,鱼卵仔鱼的种类组成和数量分布呈现明显的季节变化特征;春季鱼卵仔鱼种类数高于夏季,平面分布范围大于夏季,主要优势种季节更替明显;与历史同期资料相比,鱼卵仔鱼种类和数量大幅下...     

鱼生长激素在水产养殖中的应用

鱼生长激素是鱼类脑垂体中分泌的促进生长的单一亚基的蛋白激素.它参与鱼的生长代谢，能够加速蛋白质合成和脂类降解等生理功能.鱼生长激素能够大大地加快鱼类的生长，在鱼类的水产养殖领域有重大的应用价值，日益引起了人们的关注.现阶段鱼生长激素的应用研究主要集中在转生长激素基因鱼的育种和鱼生长激素的基因工程表达两个方面，且都取得了很大的进展.     

太平深海带鱼仔稚鱼的形态特征

本文观察了太平深海带鱼早期发育形态,主要特征是背鳍第一棘延长呈鞭状,向后可达体长的1/2以后,随着鱼体的长大,延长的鳍棘退化。到后期仔鱼,腹鳍和臀鳍分别生有刺和棘,形状尖利。发育到稚鱼期臀鳍第二棘长大,似蝉翼状。随着鱼体长成幼鱼时,腹鳍刺和臀鳍棘相继退化。     

鱼类种群行为及其与环境变化的关系

任何渔业的重要生物特征是鱼类种群的变动.经典的鱼类种群动态模型是以稳定的种群行为为基础的.作者阐述了鱼类种群的行为,并划分为三种类型: (1)稳定型:种群在较稳定产量上维持较长时间(反应系数0.02).(2) 周期型:种群表现出周期性的高产量和低产量(反应系数0.22).(3) 不稳定型:种群产生高产量后无可挽回地崩溃了(反应系数0.3).在环境变化较大时,白色噪音水平(变动系数)增加至35%,稳定型种群变为不稳定型.在白色噪音水平(变动系数)增加至20%时,周期型种群变为不稳定型.     

眼斑拟石首鱼胚胎及仔鱼、稚鱼发育的初步观察

本文初步观察描述了眼斑拟石首鱼胚胎发育及仔鱼、稚鱼的形态特征。眼斑拟石首鱼的卵径平均为０．９５ｍｍ,大多数含１个油球,约＜１０×１０－２含２个油球,１ｃｍ３卵含量约１０００粒。受精卵在２３～２４．３℃约２６ｈ孵化出仔鱼。在２５℃条件下,前半个月仔鱼日增长约０．２ｍｍ,稚鱼期日增长约１．０ｍｍ,幼鱼期日增长约１．５ｍｍ。仔鱼鳍的发育顺序为尾鳍、臀鳍、背鳍和腹鳍,最后为胸鳍。     

Composition and ecological distribution of ichthyoplankton in eastern Beibu Gulf

Surveys were conducted in four seasons in the eastern Beibu Gulf from July 2006 to November 2007,to determine the ichthyoplankton composition,abundance,as well as environmental factors impacted on their spatiotemporal distributions.The fish eggs and larvae were sorted from 303 zooplankton quantitative samples,in which at least 1 order,60 families,31 genera and 61 species of fish eggs and larvae were identified.The species number was highest in summer whereas lowest in winter.With the most abundant fish egg (the average density was 2.41 ind./m 3),spring was the main spawning season,while the greatest mean density of fish larva was 1.35 ind./m 3 in summer.In the whole year around,fish eggs had the trends to aggregate in the nearshore of Guangxi coast,fish larvae were more abundant in the northern water.Relationships between fish eggs and larvae abundance and environmental factors were analyzed by using the Yield-Density model.The spatiotemporal distribution of ichthyoplankton in eastern Beibu Gulf was closely related to the Chl a concentration,and the optimal temperature,salinity and Chl a were 19.4-21.7 C,31.8-33.1 and 1.5-4.8 mg/m 3,respectively.Additionally,the distribution of fish larvae could be effected by ocean currents in summer and autumn.     

Laboratory culture of Galaxias maculatus and potential applications

Galaxias maculatus has considerable potential as a laboratory animal. Laboratory techniques used to maintain, artificially spawn, hatch, and rear this New Zealand native freshwater fish are described. Potential research applications for the fish, the eggs, and the larvae are outlined. The development of the larvae is described.     

Ichthyoplankton spatial pattern in the inner shelf off Bahía Blanca Estuary, SW Atlantic Ocean

This study focuses on the composition, abundance and distribution of ichthyoplankton in the inner shelf area off Bahía Blanca Estuary on the SW Atlantic Ocean during late spring. Eggs and larvae of Brevoortia aurea, Engraulis anchoita, Parona signata, Sciaenidae spp. – such as Cynoscion guatucupa and Micropogonias furnieri –, and Odontesthes argentinensis were found. Species richness was low probably as a result of season and shallow depths. Ichthyoplankton abundance reached values close to 10 000 per 10 m⁻³ (eggs) and 4000 per 10 m⁻³ (larvae) and displayed a spatial distribution pattern with maximum abundance values restricted to a band parallel to the coast. Differences between egg and larval patterns, probably derived from a different displacement and hydrodynamic behavior, were observed. Egg and larvae distribution patterns were found related with spawning areas and to directly depend on salinity and mesozooplankton. The larvae distribution pattern, in particular, was found to inversely depend on particulate organic carbon. In addition, the geographic location of egg and larvae maxima strongly coincided with a saline front reported for this area in springtime, thus suggesting a direct relationship with it.     

盐度对鱼类生态生理学特征的影响

盐度对鱼类生态生理学作用的直接效应是引起鱼体对渗透压的调节，间接影响则表现为对鱼体与环境间物质交换与能量流动的影响(De Silva et al.，1976)。自上世纪50年代末开始，盐度一直是鱼类生理学和实验生物学的重要指标。为此，众多专家就广盐性洄游种类鲑鱼生长与盐度的关系(Ott，1971; Shaw et al.，1975; Macleod，1977; Brett，1979; Mckay et al.，1985; Mccormick et al.，1989; Morgan et al.，1991) 、耐低盐洄游性种类对海洋环境的适应(Peters et al.，1972; Hettler, 1976; Gut，1985; Malloy et al.，1991)，以及狭盐性种类在变化盐度水域中生长率与死亡率等方面进行了大量的研究。已有的研究结果显示，盐度对鱼类生长的影响效果不尽一致，甚至发生冲突(Brett, 1979)，但有关盐度对鱼类生态生理学特征的影响还未见综合比较分析报道。作者就盐度对鱼类生态生理学特征的影响在前人的基础上作了进一步分析研究，为今后开展这方面的工作提供了科学依据。     

Seasonal differences in catches of leptocephali in the East China Sea and Suruga Bay, Japan

The species composition, distribution, and size of eel larvae, or leptocephali, caught near the continental shelf in subtropical and temperate regions of East Asia were compared between two seasons (May–Jun and Oct–Dec) to learn about the seasonality of reproduction of marine eels. There was greater species richness and evidence of spawning by more species of marine eels during the late autumn surveys in both the East China Sea (ECS) and in Suruga Bay along the east coast of Japan. Small leptocephali <10 mm TL and a wide range of sizes of various taxa were collected during both seasons along the outer edge of the continental shelf in the ECS, indicating that some marine eels may spawn there all year. The lack of small leptocephali during the spring survey in Suruga Bay suggested that most eels have a clear seasonal cycle of summer or autumn spawning at the higher latitudes of coastal Japan where there is much greater fluctuation of water temperature throughout the year than in the ECS. At lower latitudes such as in the ECS, and in tropical areas where water temperatures are higher and more constant, some marine eels may spawn all year round.     

胶州湾鱼卵、仔鱼和稚鱼的分布

2003年1月-2004年1月在胶州湾海域逐月进行连续13个航次的调查,对胶州湾鱼卵、仔鱼和稚鱼的种类组成、丰度和主要种类的分布进行了研究。结果表明,采集到的鱼卵均为浮性鱼卵。鱼卵丰度最高值出现在8月(5.02粒/m3),次之为5月(4.97粒/m3)。共采集到仔、稚鱼10种,隶属9科10属,优势种为刺鱼叚虎鱼、斑鱼祭和玉筋鱼。根据出现的季节和出现时间的长短,将仔、稚鱼分为暖季类群、暖季短时类群和冷季类群三种类群。暖季类群较冷季类群占有明显的优势。暖季短时类群的种数、丰度和站位出现率都比较低。仔、稚鱼的丰度、种数的季节变化显著,最大值均出现在6月份,丰度是16.34尾/m3,种数为7种,与海水月平均温度的季节变化节律基本一致。