浙江省浙能技术研究院

正浙江省浙能技术研究院(Zhejiang Energy Group RD)隶属于浙江省能源集团有限公司原为浙能技术中心,成立于2009年,是浙能集团唯一的科研机构和技术服务平台,也是浙江省属企业研究院。浙能技术研究院是集科技研发、技术服务、信息技术、产业技术经济研究以及人才培养基地为一体的能源科     

生物质液化技术面临的挑战与技术选择

生物质液化技术可将低品位的固体生物质完全转化成高品位的液体燃料或化学品,是生物质能高效利用的主要方式之一。按照机理,液化技术可以分为热化学法、生化法、酯化法和化学合成法(间接液化),热化学法液化又分为快速热解技术和高压液化(直接液化)技术。生物质热化学法液化已成为国内外生物质液化的研究开发重点和热点,快速热解液化技术和高压液化技术是最具产业化前景的生物质能技术,生化法液化技术也是生物质能的研究热点。化学合成法液化技术并不适用于生物质液化,而利用生物柴油进一步生产生物航空煤油是得不偿失的,不仅成本高、资源利用率低,而且全生命周期碳排放增加,还不符合未来生物航煤的发展趋势。生物质含水量的高低是影响生物质液化过程中能耗、效率、污染指数和经济性指标等的关键因素,应根据含水量合理选择生物质液化技术。快速热解液化技术适用于低含水农林废弃物,高压液化和生化法液化技术适用于高含水生物质,酯化法液化技术适用于不可食用油脂,而各种液化技术均不适用于城市生活垃圾的处理,建议将其用作燃气型气化原料。     

提高采收率技术矿场应用进展与发展方向

通过对不同国家提高采收率技术(EOR)应用情况进行分析、统计,了解提高采收率技术的应用状况和发展趋势。2014年,世界EOR产量约为46.1×104m3/d,约占世界产油量的3.3%。稠油热采、气驱和化学驱技术是世界工业化应用的三大提高采收率技术。其中,稠油热采技术相对成熟,应用规模最大,其产量接近世界EOR产量的一半;气驱和化学驱技术发展较快,应用规模不断扩大,其产量约占世界EOR产量的四分之一。在高油价下,提高采收率技术得到更为广泛的关注,多个国家都重视新技术、新方法的研究与试验。美国、中国、加拿大、委内瑞拉和俄罗斯是提高采收率技术应用规模较大的5个国家,中国的化学驱和稠油热采技术及应用规模居世界前列,已成为提高采收率技术应用大国。适应苛刻油藏条件的驱油剂、驱油体系和流度控制技术,是制约提高采收率技术工业化应用的瓶颈;不同成熟技术的组合应用将是提高采收率技术的发展方向。     

国内外内燃机曲轴制造技术现状及发展趋势

曲轴是内燃机中的关键零件之一。本文从曲轴毛坯的铸造技术、锻压技术、机械加工技术、热处理和表面强化技术等几个方面 ,综合评述了国内外内燃机曲轴制造技术现状及发展趋势。     

世界海洋油气酸化压裂技术现状与展望

全球海洋油气资源丰富,海洋石油资源量约占全球石油资源总量的34%,探明率30%左右,尚处于勘探早期阶段。酸化技术是海洋油气开发增产、增注的重要手段,按作业工艺分为酸洗、基质酸化、酸压等。哈里伯顿公司的酸化技术代表了世界领先水平。酸化系列技术正向着实时化、信息化、可视化、集成化、自动化、智能化的方向发展。海上酸化是由作业船完成的,而作业船的综合压裂酸化是今后的一个重要发展方向。我国海洋油气酸化技术还处于起步阶段,应借鉴国际先进技术与经验,研制适合中国海洋油气环境及储层特点的酸化技术;同时提升现有酸化技术,发展酸化压裂组合技术;研发环境友好型及高产油、低产水的酸化技术;开发酸化实时监测软件和多功能增产作业船。     

奉贤区加快发展智能电网产业

智能电网是传统电网与现代传感测量技术、通信技术、计算机技术、控制技术、新材料技术高度融合而形成的新一代电力系统。与传统电网比较,智能电网更加清洁、高效、安全、经济,是未来智能城     

装煤与推焦除尘技术比较

浅析装煤、推焦各种除尘技术,比较干法地面站除尘技术与湿法除尘技术,说明干法地面站除尘技术中装煤、推焦二合一地面除尘站除尘技术在经济上是可行的。     

渣油加氢技术研究进展

渣油加氢技术是应对炼油行业所面临原料油供应日趋重劣质化、产品需求结构调整并响应“减污降碳,协同增效”的生态环境保护政策等多重挑战的有效手段,是提升炼油行业资源综合利用能力、经济效益和环境效益,增加企业核心竞争实力的关键步骤,是石油炼制行业发展的必然选择。重点分析了固定床、沸腾床、悬浮床、移动床四类渣油加氢技术的应用现状及发展前景。固定床渣油加氢和催化裂化组合技术是当前发展过程中的重要技术路线;沸腾床渣油加氢技术日渐成熟,是未来渣油加氢技术发展的重要方向;悬浮床渣油加氢技术具有独特的发展优势,工业化推广应用前景良好;移动床渣油加氢技术则主要用作固定床的预处理工艺。探索不同类型渣油加氢技术与其他重质原料油的优化组合加工工艺,建设大型化装置推进产业化进程,将会有效提升炼油行业的核心竞争力和经济效益。     

远红外预烘机电一体化系统的(百刂)划

一、必然性 机电一体化技术是一种机械技术同电子技术,特别是同微电子技术和信息技术相结合而成的新的综合性技术。实施远红外预烘机电一体化系统是提高纺织品加工质量和降低能耗的需要,是纺织行业技术发展的必然产物。 二、相关技术 1.远红外加热技术 远红外加热技术是本世纪70年代发展起来的一项新技术。 (1) 织物颜色与辐射波长的关系     

山西三合盛节能环保技术股份有限公司

<正>(证券简称:三合盛证券代码:831418)公司简介山西三合盛节能环保技术股份有限公司前身是山西三合盛工业技术有限公司,成立于1996年,是一家民营股份制高科技公司。公司于2014年12月5日正式在全国中小企业股权转让系统挂牌。我们主要致力于电力、化工、冶金等工业领域的节能减排技术研发、技术服务及技术改造。并与中科院和清华大学等科研机构有着长期密切的合作。公司主要优势技术有分控式相变换热技术、锅炉解耦燃烧器技术、火力发电厂原煤仓疏通技术、储能供热技术     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.