不同起搏模式心室起搏百分比与血浆脑钠肽水平的关系

目的观察患者置入具有工作模式转换功能的双腔起搏器术后心室起搏百分比与血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平的关系.方法入选置入双腔起搏器的患者22例,采用自身前后交叉对照研究方法,观察同一患者在AAISafeR和DDD两种工作模式下的心室起搏百分比,通过酶联免疫吸附法检测患者血浆BNP水平,并分析两者之间的关系.结果与术前相比,所有患者血浆BNP水平术后均显著升高,与AAISafeR模式相比,DDD模式时患者血浆BNP水平明显升高,比较有统计学意义.与DDD模式比较,AAISafeR模式下心室感知百分比明显增加[(34畅69±9畅02)% vs.(73畅18±13畅08)%,P<0畅05],心室起搏百分比明显减少[(73畅24±11畅38)%vs.(23畅11±7畅05)%,P<0畅05],有统计学差异.相关分析显示,心室起搏百分比与血浆BNP水平显著正相关(r=0畅157,P<0畅001).结论AAISafeR模式可有效减少心室起搏百分比,心室起搏可能产生起搏依赖性的心功能损害.     

氮末端脑钠肽与心血管疾病的关系

<正>自从1981年de Bold等在大鼠的心房组织中分离出心房利钠肽(ANP)以来,近20年以来相继发现脑利钠肽(BNP)、C型利钠肽(CNP)、树眼镜蛇利钠肽(DNP),ANP、BNP、CNP、利尿素(UD)、     

不同起搏模式对病窦综合征患者血浆脑钠肽的影响

[目的]探讨心脏起搏器不同起搏模式对病态窦房结综合征（病窦综合征）患者血浆脑钠肽（BNP）水平的影响.[方法]常规植入起搏器的病窦综合征患者30例,根据不同起搏模式分为心房起搏组[AAI（R）组] 12例和双腔起搏组[DDD（R）组] 18例;分别于术前、术后3个月、术后6个月测定血浆BNP水平.[结果]术后3个月时两组血浆BNP水平均升高,但差异无显著性[（113.8±31.3） pg/mLvs （95.7±53.2） pg/mL,（92.8±87.2） pg/mL vs （70.1 74.6±69.3） pg/mL;均P〉0.05];6个月时AAI（R）组血浆BNP水平与3个月时[（84.8±73.7）pg/mL vs （113.8±31.3 ）pg/mL]比较无升高,而DDD（R）组血浆BNP水平较3个月时进一步升高[（98.8±61.7）pg/mL vs （92.8±87.2 ）pg/mL],但差异仍无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.[结论]病窦综合征患者采用心房起搏AAI（R）和双腔起搏DDD（R）两种工作模式血浆BNP水平虽无明显改变,但长期双腔起搏模式下的右心室心尖部起搏可能有导致血浆BNP水平增高的趋势.     

脑钠肽在心力衰竭诊断中的应用

目的 观察脑钠肽在心力衰竭诊断及鉴别心源性和肺源性呼吸困难中的作用.方法 采用荧光免疫法测定健康对照组、心力衰竭组及肺源性呼吸困难组患者血浆BNP水平进行比较.结果 (1)心力衰竭组患者血浆BNP水平明显高于健康对照组和肺源性呼吸困难组.(2)心力衰竭程度越重,BNP水平越高,NYHA各等级之间两两比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 BNP测定有助于心力衰竭的诊断及鉴别心源性和肺源性呼吸困难.     

右室不同部位起搏对左室重构及脑钠肽的影响

目的 比较右室流出道间隔部(RVS)与右室心尖部(RVA)起搏对左室重构及脑钠肽的影响.方法 60例具备起搏器植入指征的患者,随机分为RVA组与RVS组,分别于治疗前及治疗后6、12、24个月采血应用夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平,超声测量左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左室舒张末期容积(INEDV)和左室射血分数(LVEF),观察2组患者起搏前后心室重构指标及BNP的变化.结果 RVA组起搏术后各个时间点BNP水平显著升高[术后6、12、24个月分别为(108.2±29.8)、(190.3±46.7)、(308.2±56.5)ng/L],与术前[(60.2±15.7)ng/L]比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);RVS组起搏术后仅24个月时BNP水平较术前升高[(75.2±15.8)ng/L与(63.9±15.1)ng/L],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).RVA起搏组随着起搏时间的延长,与术前相比,12个月时LVEDD、LVEDV增加,LVEF下降,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).而RVS组LVEDD无明显增大,LVEDV轻度增加,LVEF呈下降趋势,差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).结论 RVS起搏较RVA起搏能改善心肌重构,改善左室功能.减轻神经内分泌激活.     

心钠肽、脑钠肽与心房颤动复律关系研究

心房颤动（AF）是临床最常见的心律失常之一，如何恢复并维持窦性心律日益受到重视。心钠肽（ANP）、脑钠肽（BNP）与AF之间的关系少有文献报道。本研究通过AF患者复律前后血浆BNP、ANP变化，探导AF复律后并能维持窦性心律与血浆BNP、ANP变化的关系。     

血浆脑钠肽在中年心力衰竭患者中的临床应用

目的 探讨脑钠肽水平在中年心力衰竭患者中的临床价值.方法 选取中年心力衰竭患者235例,分为三组,测定BNP的浓度.结果 三组间基本临床特征差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).三组间两两组间BNP几何均数差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),各组BNP值均随NYHA心功能分级的递增而逐级升高(P＜0.05).结论 血浆BNP能较好地反映中年心力衰竭患者的心功能状态.     

快速血浆脑钠肽测定在心力衰竭分期中的价值

目的探讨免疫荧光标记的方法快速床旁测定脑钠肽(BNP)对心力衰竭(以下简称心衰)分期的临床应用价值。方法选择196例心衰危险人群和心衰竭患者,进行心衰分期并利用荧光免疫法快速测定BNP,进行心功能分级(NYHA)、超声心动图检测,观察不同分期血浆BNP水平的改变、NYHA分级、左心室射血分数(LVEF)及治疗前后的变化。结果血浆BNP水平随着心功能损坏程度的加重而逐渐增高,在不同心衰分期之间差异均有统计学意义。同时在心力衰竭期(C期、D期),无论射血分数是否小于50%,血浆BNP水平均明显高于心衰危险期(A期、B期),差异有统计学意义。心力衰竭期患者经过抗心衰治疗后,血浆脑钠肽浓度下降,NYHA心功能分级显著降低,LVEF值上升,差异有统计学意义。结论快速床旁血浆脑钠肽测定在心衰诊断、分期、治疗效果及预后判断中具有较高的应用价值。     

血浆脑钠肽测定在脓毒症中的临床意义

目的检测脓毒症患者血浆脑钠肽(BNP)水平的变化,探讨其对脓毒症患者的临床意义。方法采用快速荧光免疫分析法检测41例脓毒症组和18例一般感染组患者血浆BNP的浓度,并选择15例正常对照组进行比较,同时动态观察脓毒症组患者入院后第1天及第4天BNP水平、左室射血分数(LVEF)及APACHEⅡ评分的变化。结果脓毒症组血浆BNP浓度明显升高,与一般感染组及对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。一般感染组BNP与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。脓毒症死亡组血浆BNP浓度、APACHEⅡ评分明显增高,与存活组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);LVEF≤40%发生率与存活组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论脓毒症患者血浆BNP水平增高,BNP持续增高提示预后可能不佳。     

B型脑钠肽、高敏C反应蛋白与心力衰竭的相关性探讨

目的探讨血浆B型脑钠肽(BNP)和高敏C反应蛋白(Hs-CRP)水平在心力衰竭诊断及预后的临床意义。方法选择48例心力衰竭患者(观察组)和40例健康人群(对照组)。所选患者在入院当天和治疗第3天、治疗第20天收集血浆样本测定BNP、Hs-CRP含量。结果患者发病当天血浆BNP、Hs-CRP水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),发病第3天达高峰,与入院当天比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),后逐渐下降,第20天已明显下降,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论动态观察血浆BNP和Hs-CRP含量是诊断心力衰竭的重要指标和判断病情变化的有效指标。     

Vasoactive Peptide Release in Relation to Hemodynamic and Metabolic Changes During Rapid Ventricular Pacing

Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration increases during ventricular arrhythmias and rapid ventricular pacing but less is known about plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and endothelin (ET-1). In the present study concentrations of ANP, the amino terminal part of the proANP (NT-proANP), BNP, and ET-1 were measured in the coronary sinus and femoral artery before and at the end of rapid ventricular pacing in 15 patients with coronary arterial disease. The changes were compared with the changes in mean arterial blood pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), transcardiac differences in pH, pCO2, lactate, and norepinephrine. There was an increase in PCWP and a transient decrease in blood pressure after initiation of pacing. Pacing caused a decrease in ST-segment, transcardiac difference of norepinephrine, lactate extraction, pCO2 difference, and an increase in pH difference. Concentration of ANP in the coronary sinus and femoral artery and its transcardiac difference increased during pacing (P < 0.001), whereas changes in NT-proANP were small and BNP and ET-1 levels remained unchanged. The change in transcardiac ANP difference correlated with the change in lactate (r = 0.53, P < 0.05) but not that of norepinephrine, PCWP, or blood pressure. The results show that the plasma concentration of ANP increases more than that of NT-proANP during rapid ventricular pacing. Ischemia-induced release of ANP and its diminished elimination may contribute to the increased plasma ANP level.     

AV nodal ablation and pacemaker implantation improves hemodynamic function in atrial fibrillation

In drug refractory and highly symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, hemodynamic effects of AV node ablation and pacing therapy (APT) were evaluated. Thirty-eight patients with drug refractory and symptomatic AF, underwent APT in eight centers in Japan. The outcome of this therapy was assessed in terms of quality-of-life, cardiac performance measured by echocardiogram, and plasma ANP and BNP levels before and after APT. Quality-of-life assessed by self-administered semi-quantitative questionnaires: WHO QOL 26 (3.0 +/- 0.5 vs 3.4 +/- 0.6, P < 0.01) and the Symptom Checklist: Frequency Scale (1.6 +/- 0.6 vs 0.7 +/- 0.7, P < 0.01) and Severity Scale (1.3 +/- 0.4 vs 0.6 +/- 0.6, P < 0.01), improved significantly 6 months after APT. Ejection fraction (EF) by echocardiogram improved 1 week after APT (59.0% +/- 13.3% vs 63.3% +/- 11.6%, P = 0.02). Plasma ANP levels in the group of ANP > 40 pg/mL at enrollment significantly decreased 1 month later (P = 0.03), and plasma BNP levels in the group of BNP > 20 pg/mL at enrollment significantly decreased 1 month later (P < 0.01). In conclusion, APT has beneficial hemodynamic effects, and plasma BNP levels can predict the most optimal candidates for ablation and pacing therapy.     

Plasma Levels of Natriuretic Peptides During Ventricular Pacing in Patients with a Dual Chamber Pacemaker

The mechanism(s) responsible for the release of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a cardiac hormone of ventricular origin, are still not completely understood. We measured plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and BNP in 15 subjects (10 men, mean age 67 ± 3 years) with a dual chamber pacemaker and unimpaired heart function during ventricular pacing, which is known to induce an increase in atrial pressure and plasma ANP concentration. Under ECC monitoring, all subjects received sequential atrioventricular pacing for 30 minutes and ventricular pacing for 30 minutes, at the same rate of 80 beats/min. Arterial pressure and plasma BNP and ANP levels were measured every 10 minutes throughout the study. Ventricular pacing led to atrioventricular dissociation in eight subjects and to retrograde ventriculo-atrial conduction in seven. Arterial pressure remained unchanged in all subjects. In the group with atrioventricular dissociation, plasma ANP increased from 10.14 ± 0.58 to 16.72 ± 0.92 fmol/mL at the 60th minute (P < 0.0001), whereas plasma BNP did not change at all (fiom 1.26 ± 0.07 to 1.16 ± 0.09 fmol/mL). In the group with retrograde conduction, plasma ANP concentration doubled (fiom 10.95 ± 1.66 to 21.40 ± 1.51 fmol/mL, P < 0.0001), BNP increased 1.5-fold (from 1.16 ± 0.06 to 1.64 ± 0.14 fmol/mL, P < 0.001), and the ANP: BNP ratio augmented fiom 10:1 to 13.4:1. These results indicate that the release of ANP and BNP is regulated by different mechanisms, supporting the view that there is a dual natriuretic peptide system, comprising ANP fiom the atria and BNP fiom the ventricles.     

Plasma brain natriuretic peptide as a biochemical marker for atrioventricular sequence in patients with pacemakers

We hypothesized that plasma brain natriuretic peptide, like plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, may reflect hemodynamic changes elicited by different cardiac pacing modes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plasma brain natriuretic peptide could be influenced by different pacing modes or electrical stimulation. The subjects consisted of 164 patients with permanent pacemakers (52 VVI, 30 AAI, 82 DDD pacemakers) and unimpaired heart function. Patients with atrial fibrillation or spontaneous beats were excluded. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels were measured at a rate of 70 beats/min after 45 minutes in the supine position. Under ECG monitoring, the pacing mode was switched from DDD to VVI in 12 patients and from DDD to AAI in 4 patients with a dual chamber pacemaker. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels were also measured 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 1 week after mode switching. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels were significantly higher in the nonphysiological pacing group than in the physiological pacing group, whereas these values were similar in the DDD and AAI pacing groups. One week after switching from DDD to VVI, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide levels were significantly increased, however no significant changes were observed after switching to AAI. Based on a multivariate regression analysis of noninvasive clinical parameters, only a low plasma brain natriuretic peptide was significantly correlated with physiological pacing. We conclude that: (1) plasma brain natriuretic peptide, like atrial natriuretic peptide, is influenced by the pacing mode, but is not influenced by electrical stimulation; and (2) low plasma brain natriuretic peptide is important in relation to physiological pacing.     

Atrial natriuretic peptide released by rapid ventricular pacing in dogs does not cause a natriuresis

1. The relationships between the haemodynamic, renal and endocrine changes induced by rapid ventricular pacing were studied in ten chloralose-anaesthetized dogs paced from the right ventricular apex for 60 min at 250 beats/min. 2. Pacing increased mean right atrial and mean pulmonary wedge pressure (P less than 0.05), and decreased cardiac output and mean arterial pressure (P less than 0.05). 3. Coronary sinus atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations were approximately fourfold greater than arterial concentrations; both increased markedly during pacing (P less than 0.01). Plasma concentrations of arginine vasopressin and plasma renin activity did not change significantly. 4. Urine flow and free water clearance increased during the latter 30 min of pacing (P less than 0.05). There was no significant change in sodium clearance despite high sustained concentrations of ANP. 5. Without the availability of specific inhibitors of ANP release or action, we are unable to exclude the possibility that ANP may have prevented sodium clearance from otherwise decreasing during rapid ventricular pacing. Nevertheless, the dissociation between elevated ANP concentrations and natriuresis in this study indicates that a rise in ANP concentrations per se is not sufficient to produce a natriuresis.     

C-AMP and ANP Levels in VVI and DDD Pacing with Different AV Delays During Daily Activity and Exercise

THEODORAKIS, G., ET AL.: C-AMP and ANP Levels in VVI and DDD Pacing with Different AV Delays During Daily Activity and Exercise. Nine patients (three males) mean age 68 ± 8 years, having complete heart block, and paced in the DDD mode were examined in VVI and DDD pacing with 100 and 150 ms atrioventricular delays (AVD) during rest and exercise. Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and cyclic AMP (c-AMP) were measured at rest and at peak exercise test. ANP plasma levels at rest were significantly higher in VVI pacing compared to 150 AVD (p < 0.03). On exercise, ANP release was statistically increased only in DDD with 150 ms AVD, while in WI it remained in high levels at exercise but no significant change was found (p:ns). c-AMP during rest was unchanged in any pacing mode or AVD, but on exercise DDD pacing with short AVD (100 ms) released lower c-AMP plasma levels, than at rest (p:ns). DDD pacing with long AVD (150 ms) during exercise produced statistically higher c-AMP plasma levels (p < 0.05) than at rest. Also in VVI pacing the c-AMP plasma levels were statistically higher than at rest (p < 0.02). Adrenergic activity seems to be lower during exercise in DDD pacing with shorter AVD (100 ms) than in DDD with 150 ms AVD or VVI pacing. No difference was found in c-AMP plasma levels at rest. ANP release was also found to be lower at exercise in DDD pacing with short AVD (100 ms) than in DDD with 150 ms AVD. ANP plasma levels at rest were statistically higher in VVI pacing. (PACE, Vol. 13, December, Part II 1990)     

Prognostic value of increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with septic shock

Our objective was to investigate the plasma levels of brain and atrial natriuretic peptides (BNP and ANP, respectively) in patients with septic shock/severe sepsis and to study the association of BNP and ANP levels with hemodynamic parameters, severity of the disease, and prognosis of those patients. This is a prospective case series study of 22 patients with septic shock, 11 patients with severe sepsis, and 20 healthy volunteers at the Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nara Medical University Hospital, Japan. Blood collection was performed on admission and on days 1, 2, and 4. Plasma BNP and ANP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, and left ventricular stroke work index were determined using a thermodilution catheter. Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores were calculated. Plasma levels of BNP and ANP were markedly elevated in patients with septic shock/severe sepsis compared with controls (BNP, 7 +/- 0.3 pg mL; ANP, 13 +/- 1 pg mL). In patients with septic shock, both BNP and ANP peaked on day 2 (BNP, 987 +/- 160 pg mL; ANP, 103 +/- 17 pg mL). Plasma levels of BNP on day 2 in patients with septic shock significantly correlated with right atrial pressure (r = 0.744, P < 0.01), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r = 0.670, P < 0.01), pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (r = 0.709, P < 0.01), left ventricular stroke work index (r = -0.552, P < 0.05), Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (r = 0.581, P < 0.01), and poor prognosis (P < 0.05). The optimal cutoff point for predicting mortality in patients with septic shock was a BNP level of 650 pg mL on day 2, in which sensitivity and specificity were 92% and 80%, respectively. Increased plasma levels of BNP may reflect not only the severity of myocardial depression but also the disease severity and could be of prognostic value in patients with septic shock.     

Abnormal rhythmic oscillations of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure

The purpose of this study was to clarify whether the secretions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are pulsatile in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), and whether the rhythmic oscillations for ANP and BNP are abnormal in patients with CHF. Several reports have shown that ANP and especially BNP are valuable indicators of the prognosis in CHF. Previously, a pulsatile secretion has been described for ANP and BNP in healthy humans and for ANP in CHF patients. More information about the secretion pattern of BNP in heart failure is necessary to increase the clinical usefulness of BNP in patients with CHF. Patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and CHF ( n =12) and controls ( n =12) were investigated. Plasma ANP and BNP levels were determined every 2 min during a 2-h period by radioimmunoassay and analysed for pulsatile behaviour by Fourier transformation. All patients and controls had significant rhythmic oscillations in plasma ANP levels, and 11 patients with CHF and 10 controls had significant rhythmic oscillations in plasma BNP levels. The amplitude of the main frequency was considerably higher in patients with CHF than in controls (ANP: CHF, 4.76 pmol/l; controls, 0.75 pmol/l; P <0.01. BNP: CHF, 3.24 pmol/l; controls, 0.23 pmol/l; P <0.001; all values are medians), but the main frequency did not differ significantly between the group with CHF and the control group for either ANP or BNP. Patients with CHF demonstrate pulsatile secretion of ANP and BNP with a much higher absolute amplitude, but with the same main frequency as healthy subjects.     

右心室间隔部起搏对血流动力学的影响

目的 评价在房室顺序起搏治疗中,右心室间隔部起搏对血流动力学的影响.方法 20例植入双腔起搏器的患者,高度房室传导阻滞6例,完全性房室传导阻滞14例,按照心室电极的位置分为右心室心尖部起搏(RVA)组和右心室间隔部起搏(RVS)组.对2组患者术前、术后3个月随访时的QRS波形态和宽度、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、心室间机械运动延迟(IVMD)和血脑钠肽(BNP)水平进行比较.结果与术前相比,RVA组起搏心电图QRS时限增宽[(187.00±15.67)ms与(94.00±9.17)ms,t=15.98,P＜0.05],LVEF下降[(53.70±1.34)%与(58.60±1.65)%,t=7.30,P＜0.05],IVMD延长[(43.20±6.79)ms与(15.00±4.08)ms,t=7.75,P＜0.05],BNP升高[(89.70±8.30)ng/L与(40.00±4.73)ng/L,t=16.44,P＜0.05],而RVS组无明显变化(P均＞0.05);术后和RVA组相比,RVS组QRS时限缩短[(119.00±7.38)ms与(187.00±15.67)ms,t=12.42,P＜0.05],LVEF增加[(57.00±2.00)%与(53.70±1.34)%,t=4.09,P＜0.05],而IVMD缩短[(19.00±4.59)ms与(43.20±6.79)ms,t=7.94,P＜0.05],BNP降低[(44.加±9.18)ng/L与(89.70±8.30)ng/L,t=11.62,P＜0.05].结论 和传统的RVA起搏相比,RVS起搏尽可能地维持了双心室的正常激动顺序和双心室的同步性,对血流动力学的影响较小,RVS起搏比RVA起搏更接近生理性起搏.