羊Ⅲ型前胶原放免法在大鼠肝纤维化模型中的应用

目的 :探讨羊Ⅲ型前胶原 (gPCⅢ )放免法在大鼠肝纤维化模型中的应用价值。 方法 :用四氯化碳吸入法和猪血清免疫法建立大鼠肝纤维化模型。每周采血用放免法测血清PCⅢ含量。取肝脏标本经组织学观察确定肝纤维化级别。用双盲法比较肝病理纤维化分级与放免法血清PCⅢ结果的相关性。结果 :大鼠肝病理纤维化分期与血清PCⅢ水平相关趋势明显。结论 :gPCⅢ放免法可用于动态监测大鼠血清PCⅢ变化 ,适用大鼠模型肝纤维化基础研究     

混合物脑肽干预对肝纤维化大鼠模型的影响

背景：混合物脑肽是从动物脑中提取的多肽混合物,含有神经生长因子成分。近年研究发现,神经生长因子与肝损伤密切相关。 目的：使用自拟混合物脑肽观察对大鼠肝纤维化的影响。 方法：利用四氯化碳诱导形成SD大鼠肝纤维化模型。将大鼠随机分成纤维化模型组、脑肽干预组和对照组。4,8周采集标本。通过活体解剖取门静脉血清采用全自动生化分析仪检测肝功能丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、总胆红素、白蛋白;采用放射免疫法检测血清肝纤维化指标透明质酸、层粘连蛋白、Ⅲ型前胶原;常规苏木精-伊红和网状纤维染色检测肝组织标本。 结果与结论：大鼠肝纤维化模型成功建立。脑肽干预组纤维化程度较纤维化模型组显著减轻,但肝组织炎症和肝细胞脂肪变性反而较纤维化模型组更显著。初步判断脑肽能够阻断四氯化碳诱导的肝纤维化,可能与神经生长因子有关。     

慢加急性肝衰竭大鼠动物模型的建立

目的 研究大鼠慢加急性肝衰竭模型的建立方法.方法 SD大鼠给予50%四氯化碳植物油溶液腹腔注射,每3天1次,连续6或10周.分别于6周和10周时将大鼠随机分为2组,分别腹腔注射2 g/kg体重D-氨基半乳糖、100 μg/kg体重脂多糖联合0.5 g/kg体重D-氨基半乳糖.通过观察大鼠饮食,测定血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和总胆红素(TBil)水平,以及观察大鼠肝组织病理形态改变来评价成模效果.结果 给予四氯化碳植物油溶液腹腔注射6或10周,分别可出现肝纤维化和肝硬化表现.在此基础上给予上述2种试剂急性攻击,可出现肝组织片状、大块或亚大块肝坏死.结论 四氯化碳腹腔注射诱导的慢性肝纤维化,肝硬化基础上分别给予D-氨基半乳糖、脂多糖联合D-氨基半乳糖可诱导慢加急性肝衰竭.     

Hh信号通路因子Shh、Ptch1和Gli1在大黄蛰虫丸抗大鼠肝纤维化中的表达及调节作用

目的探讨大黄蛰虫丸(DZP)对CCl4诱导肝纤维化大鼠肝脏Hedgehog(Hh)信号通路因子Shh、Gli1、Ptch1的影响及其机制。方法选SD雄性大鼠30只,体质量180～200 g,随机分为对照组(N组)、模型组(M组)和灌药组(D组)。后2组行CCl_4诱导肝纤维化造模,8周后D组、C组大鼠分别给予DZP药液灌胃,NG组大鼠给予等量生理盐水。连续灌胃4周后,断头处死各组大鼠,摘取肝脏,应用HE和Masson染色法检测各组别大鼠肝组织纤维化程度;应用Western blot和RT-PCR法分别检测各组大鼠肝组织Hh信号通路因子Shh、Ptch1、Gli1的蛋白及基因表达水平,用Quantity One图像分析软件进行条带光密度分析,计算光密度值(A值)。结果 M组大鼠肝纤维化明显,而D组大鼠肝的纤维化程度显著改善。Hh信号通路因子Shh、Ptch1、Gli1的基因和蛋白表达水平检测结果显示:与N组相比,M组大鼠肝组织中三者的A值均显著上调(P<0.05);而与M组相比,D组大鼠肝组织中三者的A出现显著下调(P<0.05),数据表明大鼠肝纤维化造模成功后,给予DZP干扰,后者可能通过抑制Shh、Gli1、Ptch1的基因和蛋白表达,从而抑制了肝纤维化过程中异常激活的Hh信号通路。结论 DZP可能通过抑制异常激活的Hh信号通路来逆转大鼠肝纤维化。     

肝纤维化大鼠免疫性细胞因子表达水平的变化

肝纤维化是各种慢性肝损伤的共同病理特征之一,肝纤维化发病机理目前尚未完全明确,本实验采用四氯化碳诱导产生大鼠肝纤维化,并检测肝组织中免疫相关细胞因子变化,探讨免疫紊乱在肝纤维化中的作用。     

羟基红花黄色素A对肝纤维化大鼠血清学指标及脂质过氧化的影响

目的观察羟基红花黄色素A(HYSA)对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的肝纤维化(HF)大鼠血清学指标及脂质过氧化的影响。方法清洁级雄性SD大鼠60只,体重(180±30)g,随机分为A、B、C、D、E组,A组(正常对照组)、B组(HF模型组)、C组(红花组)、D组(HYSA组)、E(秋水仙碱组),除A组外,其余各组采用CCl4灌胃,诱导大鼠肝纤维化模型;造模第2周起,腹腔注射给予相应药物,8w后处死大鼠取血清及肝组织标本,光景下观察肝组织结构变化及肝纤维化程度,放射免疫技术检测测定血清中ALT、AST、ALB含量,分光光度计检测肝组织匀浆中SOD和MDA的含量。结果与B组比较,C、D、E组大鼠血清中ALT、AST活性显著降低,ALB含量显著升高,肝细胞变性、坏死明显减少,肝组织纤维化程度明显减轻,肝组织MDA含量显著降低,SOD活性显著升高;与C组比较,D组的肝纤维化程度显著减轻,两者比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HYSA作为红花抗肝纤维化的主要有效作用成分,能够保护肝组织,减轻肝细胞水肿程度,减轻其纤维化程度,并能促进损伤肝组织的修复,且其抗肝纤维化作用机制可能与其抗脂质过氧化作用有关。     

NGF及其受体P75在四氯化碳中毒性大鼠肝组织中表达增强

目的 观察四氯化碳中毒时神经生长因子(NGF)及其受体P75在大鼠肝组织的表达变化,探讨NGF在肝纤维化发生机制中的可能作用.方法 用四氯化碳致大鼠肝中毒模型,用RT-PCR法和Western blot法,分别检测NGF 及其受体P75在大鼠肝组织中的表达.结果 与对照组大鼠肝组织中NGF mRNA及其受体P75蛋白表达量比较,造模组24 h显著增高(P＜0.01,n=6),造模48 h和72 h迅速回降,但仍显著高于对照组(P＜0.05,n=6).结论 在四氯化碳中毒性大鼠的肝组织中,NGF及其受体P75的表达可能与肝纤维化的形成密切相关.     

神经生长因子低亲合力受体在肝纤维化患者和大鼠肝星状细胞的表达

目的探讨神经生长因子低亲合力受体（P75）在肝纤维化患者和大鼠肝星状细胞（HSCs）的分布及作用机制。方法对四氯化碳（CCL）法制备的肝纤维化大鼠肝组织及肝穿刺获取的肝纤维化患者肝组织，常规石蜡包埋；大鼠离体培养的活化HSCs离心涂片，行免疫组织化学染色，确定P75的表达分布。结果P75在大鼠离体培养的活化HSCs膜，免疫组织化学染色呈阳性，在肝纤维化患者HSCs膜和肝细胞膜，免疫组织化学染色呈阳性，在肝纤维化大鼠HSCs膜和肝细胞膜，免疫组织化学染色呈阳性，在健康人和正常对照大鼠HSCs膜，免疫组织化学染色呈阴性，表明人和大鼠活化的HSCs膜表达P75。结论P75为肝纤维化的治疗提供了新的靶点。     

羟基红花黄色素A对四氯化碳致大鼠肝纤维化的干预作用

目的:探讨羟基红花黄色素A(HYSA)对四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导的大鼠肝纤维化(HF)形成的影响及其机制.方法:清洁级雄性SD大鼠随机分为模型组、红花注射液组、HYSA组和秋水仙碱组,腹腔注射给药,8周后取材,放射免疫技术检测血清纤维化指标透明质酸(HA)、层黏蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PC-Ⅲ)、Ⅳ型胶原(CⅣ),Masson三色染色观察胶原纤维面积比变化,Hoechest 33342染色荧光显微镜观察肝细胞凋亡情况,免疫组织化学法检测肝组织基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP-1)的表达情况.结果:与生理盐水组比较,红花注射液组、HYSA组和秋水仙碱组大鼠血清HA、LN、PCⅢ、CⅣ的含量降低,大鼠肝组织胶原纤维增生程度减轻,细胞变性、坏死减少,TIMP-1表达减少.结论:HYSA具有抗大鼠肝纤维化的作用,其机制可能与减少TIMP-1的表达有关.     

复方红景天防治肝纤维化的实验研究

目的研究复方红景天对四氯化碳诱导的大鼠肝纤维化肝组织TGF-β1基因表达的影响。方法80只SD大鼠随机分组:①空白对照组;②肝纤维化模型组;③复方红景天高剂量组(简称H组);④复方红景天中剂量组(简称M组);⑤复方红景天低剂量组(简称S组)。每组各16只。以CCl4腹腔注射法诱导大鼠肝纤维化,干预组大鼠在造模的同时给予复方红景天灌胃,正常对照组给予橄榄油皮下注射和生理盐水腹腔注射,8周实验结束时处死动物。酶联免疫吸附法检测血清TGF-β1水平,HE染色及免疫荧光观察大鼠肝组织病理学变化和胶原沉积,免疫组化法检测TGF-β1基因表达情况。结果治疗组大鼠肝组织内纤维组织及胶原沉积明显减少。结论复方红景天干预性治疗能够有效地减少大鼠肝组织胶原沉积,使其血清TGF-β1水平下降,并抑制TGF-β1基因表达,干扰TGF-β1介导的肝纤维化信号转导。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.