内存数据库并发控制算法的实验研究

并发控制算法是数据库系统保证事务执行正确且高效的重要手段,一直是数据库工业界和学术界研究的核心问题之一.将并发控制算法的基本思想归纳为“先定序后检验”,并基于该思想对现有各类并发控制算法进行了重新描述和分类总结.基于在开源内存型分布式事务测试床3TS上的实际对比实验,系统性地探究了各类算法的优缺点和适用场景,为面向内存数据库的并发控制算法的后续研究提供参考.     

一种多粒度锁的事务并发控制算法

研究了一种基于多粒度锁的并发控制算法,包括其多粒度锁锁、锁表数据结构及锁操作的算法步骤。算法可以降低冲突发生的概率和事务的夭折数,减少事务重启,有利于满足事务截止期的要求,提高事务的并发度。在验证算法有效性时,通过测试类对内存数据库记录的插入速度、索引查找的速度、记录的删除速度三方面的性能进行了测试,结果表明,事务并发控制优化算法对内存数据库性能的提升是有效可行的。     

A neural-based concurrency control algorithm for database systems

Concurrency control (CC) algorithms guarantee the correctness and consistency criteria for concurrent execution of a set of transactions in a database. A precondition that is seen in many CC algorithms is that the writeset (WS) and readset (RS) of transactions should be known before the transaction execution. However, in real operational environments, we know the WS and RS only for a fraction of transaction set before execution. However, optional knowledge about WS and RS of transactions is one of the advantages of the proposed CC algorithm in this paper. If the WS and RS are known before the transaction execution, the proposed algorithm will use them to improve the concurrency and performance. On the other hand, the concurrency control algorithms often use a specific static or dynamic equation in making decision about granting a lock or detection of the winner transaction. The proposed algorithm in this paper uses an adaptive resonance theory (ART)-based neural network for such a decision making. In this way, a parameter called health factor (HF) is defined for transactions that is used for comparing the transactions and detecting the winner one in accessing the database objects. HF is calculated using ART2 neural network. Experimental results show that the proposed neural-based CC (NCC) algorithm increases the level of concurrency by decreasing the number of aborts. The performance of proposed algorithm is compared with strict two-phase locking (S2PL) algorithm, which has been used in most commercial database systems. Simulation results show that the performance of proposed NCC algorithm, in terms of number of aborts, is better than S2PL algorithm in different transaction rates.     

安全数据库系统层次事务的并发控制

本文通过分析安全数据库系统及层次事务并发控制的特点，提出了多复本安全数据库系统层次事务并发控制模式，该模式改各子数据库系统单层并发控制机构为多层并发控制机构，增加各子系统的并发度，从而提高了整个系统的效率。     

Real-time transaction scheduling in database systems

A database system supporting a real-time application, which can be called “a real-time database system (RTDBS)”, has to provide real-time information to the executing transactions. Each RTDB transaction is associated with a timing constraint, usually in the form of a deadline. Efficient resource scheduling algorithms and concurrency control protocols are required to schedule the transactions so as to satisfy both timing constraints and data consistency requirements. In this paper,^† we concentrate on the concurrency control problem in RTDBSs. Our work has two basic goals: real-time performance evaluation of existing concurrency control approaches in RTDBSs, and proposing new concurrency control protocols with improved performance. One of the new protocols is locking-based, and it prevents the priority inversion problem^{, †} by scheduling the data lock requests based on prioritizing data items. The second new protocol extends the basic timestamp-ordering method by involving real-time priorities of transactions in the timestamp assignment procedure. Performance of the protocols is evaluated through simulations by using a detailed model of a single-site RTDBS. The relative performance of the protocols is examined as a function of transaction load, data contention (which is determined by a number of system parameters) and resource contention. The protocols are also tested under various real-time transaction processing environments. The performance of the proposed protocols appears to be good, especially under conditions of high transaction load and high data contention.     

基于预分析的实时主存数据库设计

讨论了一种实时主存数据库。考虑到主存数据库特点,通过在事务预分析时确定事务的读写集合,文章给出了一种基于预分析的无冲突并发控制方法。同时,文中给出了基于预分析的数据库具体实现。     

On the efficiency of cautious schedulers for database concurrency control—Why insist on two-phase locking?

Thecautious scheduler, recently proposed for the concurrency control of database systems, never resorts to abortions or rollbacks for the purpose of concurrency control. The comprehensive performance evaluation study among different cautious schedulers and conventional non-cautious schedulers, however, has not yet been attempted. In this paper, we consider five scheduling algorithms and investigate their performance by means of simulation studies. Two of these algorithms are non-cautious; that is, thetwo-phase locking algorithm (2PL) (the most popular transaction scheduling algorithm in practical systems) and theconflict serializable algorithm (CSR) (a typical scheduling algorithm among those not using a locking mechanism; also calledD-serializable algorithm, conflict preserving serializable algorithm, orWW-serializable algorithm). The others are cautious scheduling algorithms modified from the above2PL andCSR; that is,cautious two-phase locking algorithm (C2PL), exclusive preclaimed two-phase locking algorithm (EP2PL), andcautious conflict serializable algoritm (CCSR). The results demonstrate the superiority of the cautious conflict serializable algorithm over the conventional two-phase locking algorithm, especially in the on-line system environment.This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan under Scientific Research Grant-in-Aid and in part by the Advancd Systems Foundations of British Columbia, Canada.     

基于耦合模式的主动实时并发控制算法

主动实时数据库中触发事务与被触发事务在执行上具有多种耦合模式，传统的并发控制无法对具有复杂耦合模式的事务进行有效调度。通过对不同耦合模式实时要求及事务间冲突关系的分析，提出了新的主动实时并发控制算法(ARTCC-CM)，采用时戳区间策略，在验证阶段检测冲突事务触发度及执行时间，动态调整串行化顺序。理论分析与实验证明，在保证可串行性同时减少了不必要的事务重启，提高了系统性能。     

嵌入式数据库系统中无冲突并发控制协议CCCP

嵌入式实时数据库系统不仅需要较高的成功率．而且往往是在无人工干预的情况下运行，要求事务具备自我调节能力和较强的适应能力．事务必须支持功能替代性，在并发控制策略CCCP中，替代成为并发控制的主体．对于每个实时事务，一个最适合当前运行环境的替代以无冲突的方式调度执行．CCCP基于替代的优先级，对替代进行相容性分析，保护就绪事务，并且有一种开销较低的实现算法．性能分析证明CCCP有利于优选替代，从而有利于提高系统的成功率，适用于嵌入式实时数据库系统．     

On-line multiversion database concurrency control

This paper presents a new model for studying the concurrency vs. computation time tradeoffs involved in on-line multiversion database concurrency control. The basic problem that is studied in our model is the following: Given:a current database system state which includes information such as which transaction previously read a version from which other transaction; which transaction has written which versions into the database; and the ordering of versions previously written; anda set of read and write requests of requesting transactions. Question: Does there exist a new database system state in which the requesting transactions can be immediately put into execution (their read and write requests satisfied, or in the case of predeclared writeset transactions, write requests are guaranteed to be satisfied) while preserving consistency under a given set of additional constraints? (The amount of concurrency achieved is defined by the set of additional constraints). In this paper we derive “limits” of performance achievable by polynomial time concurrency control algorithms. Each limit is characterized by a minimal set of constraints that allow the on-line scheduling problem to be solved in polynomial time. If any one constraint in that minimal set is omitted, although it could increase the amount of concurrency, it would also have the dramatic negative effect of making the scheduling problem NP-complete; whereas if we do not omit any constraint in the minimal set, then the scheduling problem can be solved in polynomial time. With each of these limits, one can construct an efficient scheduling algorithm that achieves an optimal level of concurrency in polynomial computation time according to the constraints defined in the minimal set.     

主动规则的并发控制与死锁处理

在基于规则的主动数据库系统中 ,被触发规则通常以事务模式运行 ,这些并行事务由规则耦合方式确定其开始处理时刻和可串行化提交次序 .本文根据并行事务对于共享数据对象的锁继承和锁剥夺关系 ,提出了一个并发控制算法 ,并基于事务树 (森林 )给出一个有效的死锁检测算法和具有最小代价的死锁恢复算法 .     

Semantic Based Concurrency Control of Open Nested Transactions in Active Object Oriented Database Management Systems

Active object oriented database management systems (AODBMS) are finding increasing application in different application domains and especially for cooperative and long duration activity management. In this paper, we propose a concurrency control mechanism for open nested transactions in an AODBMS. It exploits the semantics of the transactions to achieve controlled cooperation and concurrency among the transactions. Atomic AODBMS transactions are treated as base transactions. A complex transaction type is formed from a collection of base and complex transactions, a set of detached mode ECA rules and a state transition model. The cooperation semantics of a complex transaction type with other complex transaction types is specified by associating with each state of a complex transaction, a set of cooperating complex transaction types. The abort semantics of a complex transaction type is specified by means of compensating base transactions. We define a correct class of schedule called CoopComp-schedule which satisfies the state transition semantics of the individual complex transactions and also maintains the cooperation and compensation semantics of the individual complex transactions within the generated schedule. A concurrency control scheme called NP-QuadLock for generating only CoopComp-schedules has been provided. The proof of correctness of the proposed concurrency control mechanism is also given.     

Divergence control for distributed database systems

This paper presents distributed divergence control algorithms for epsilon serializability for both homogeneous and heterogeneous distributed databases. Epsilon serializability allows for more concurrency by permitting non-serializable interleavings of database operations among epsilon transactions. We first present a strict 2-phase locking divergence control algorithm and an optimistic divergence control algorithm for a homogeneous distributed database system, where the local orderings of all the sub-transactions of a distributed epsilon transaction are the same. In such an environment, the total inconsistency of a distributed epsilon transaction is simply the sum of those of all its sub-transactions. We then describe a divergence control algorithm for a heterogeneous distributed database system, where the local orderings of all the sub-transactions of a distributed epsilon transaction may not be the same and the total inconsistency of a distributed epsilon transaction may be greater than the sum of those of all its sub-transactions. As a result, in addition to executing a local divergence control algorithm in each site to maintain the local inconsistency, a global mechanism is needed to take into account the additional inconsistency Recommended by: Meichum Hsu     

Concurrency Control of Single-Level Transaction in WHYMX Object-Oriented Database System

The data model of WHYMX complicates transaction management.Traditional locking method is not powerful enough to solve the new problem of concurrency control of WHYMX‘s transaction.This paper presents a number of concurrency control algorithms based on the extended locking method.     

并行数据库实时多版本并发控制协议性能研究

随着对实时数据库事务处理性能要求的不断提高 ,将并行数据库和实时数据库相结合的并行实时数据库将成为新的发展方向 .然而通常的实时多版本并发控制协议不适合并行数据库的无共享结构 .比较了几种并发控制协议在无共享结构下的性能 ,该文提出了一种并行实时多版本并发控制协议 .它能有效地减少事务的重启 ,降低事务的错过率 .在长短事务混合的情况下 ,它的性能比其它的并发控制协议更好 .同时 ,它具有更好的可扩展性 .作者利用仿真模型对该协议进行了性能测试 ,与其它协议进行了比较 ,并分析了实验结果 ,仿真实验结果表明该协议性能良好     

基于级联深度的主动实时乐观并发控制协议

主动实时数据库因结合了时间限制与主动机制而使系统事务的并发控制变得更为复杂。主动规则的引入使事务触发新的事务且在执行上具有多种耦合方式,传统的实时并发控制策略无法对具有复杂执行模式的事务进行有效调度,而基于主动数据库的并发控制机制也没有考虑事务的实时性问题。通过对事务不同耦合方式的实时要求及事务间冲突关系进行分析,提出了新的主动实时数据库乐观并发控制方法,对不同事务级联深度进行评估,结合事务执行的时间信息对冲突事务进行动态调整串行化顺序。理论分析与实验证明,能在保证事务可串行性的同时降低了不必要事务重启个数,更好地满足系统的实时性。     

A comparative study of some concurrency control algorithms for cluster-based communication networks

This paper presents a comparative study of some concurrency control algorithms for distributed databases of computer clusters which emphasize high availability and high performance requirements. For this purpose, we have analyzed some concurrency control algorithms which are used in commercial DBMSs, such as the pessimistic locking algorithm as it verifies transaction conflicts early in their execution phase, and the optimistic algorithm which investigates the presence of conflicts after the execution phase. A new algorithm is proposed and implemented by a simulation program. The three algorithms were tested using different configurations. Simulation results showed that the locking algorithm performed better than the optimistic method in presence of conflicts between transactions, while the optimistic algorithm provided better results in the absence of conflicts. Furthermore, in a distributed database with a certain probability of conflicts, the locking algorithm can be used to guarantee strong consistency and an acceptable level of performance. However, if this probability is negligible, the system performance can be improved by using the optimistic algorithm. The proposed algorithm offers improved performance in numerous cases. As a result, it can be used in a distributed database to guarantee a satisfactory level of performance in the presence of conflicts.     

On consistent reading of entire databases

Many applications need to read an entire database in a consistent way. This global-reading of an entire database formulated as a global-read transaction (GRT) is not a trivial issue since it will cause a high degree of interference to other concurrent transactions. Conventional concurrency control protocols are obviously inadequate in handling the long-lived GRT. Previous studies proposed additional tests, namely, the color test and the shade test, to handle conflicts between the GRT and update transactions. However, we discovered that both algorithms can bring about nonserializable schedules of transactions. We propose an enhanced algorithm directly built on the two algorithms to guarantee the serializability of transactions.     

基于局部路径加锁的XML并发控制协议

传统XML数据库并发控制协议大多采用基于XML文档树的路径加锁方式,并发度不高。针对该问题,提出一种基于局部路径加锁模型的XML数据库并发控制协议。该协议基于XML的节点编码,利用查询函数对目标节点的祖先后裔加锁情况进行快速判断,并根据操作类型对目标节点或者其父节点进行加锁,从而减少对锁的频繁请求,提高事务并发度以及实现大规模XML数据的有效管理。     

数据库中解决幽灵问题的并发控制方法

本文以ＳＱＬ语言为背景，给出了面向操作条件的事务的概念。设计了基于二段锁的并发控制方法，Ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ－Ｌｏｃｋｉｎｇ．这种方法可以有效地解决动态数据库中的幽灵问题，并且在一定的条件下可改善数据库系统的事务处理性能。