On the fate of lost gallstones

The spilling of stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy occurs in 10% of the operations. Late complications associated with this type of surgical procedure are abscesses and fistulas in the abdominal cavity and abdominal wall. The time elapsing between laparoscopy and clinical manifestation may be as long as 12 months. We present a case of a patient with localised abdominal pain in the upper right abdomen two months after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Sonography and CT revealed a fat necrosis posterior of the rectus muscle. Examination of the histological specimen confirmed a fat necrosis caused by two small pigmented stones, spilled during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.     

Perihepatic,Pulmonary, and Renal Abscesses Due to Spilled Gallstones

Background

Spilled gallstones are common during laparoscopic cholecystectomy; however, they rarely lead to postoperative complications. Perihepatic abscesses develop in < 0.1% of patients with spilled gallstones and are typically contained within the peritoneal cavity.

超声在腹腔镜胆囊切除术后腹部并发症中的应用

目的总结超声在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)后腹部并发症中的应用价值.方法对本院1992年8月～2003年8月完成的5 536例LC术后患者进行常规腹部超声检查,观察有无并发症及其声像图特点.结果 LC术后腹部并发症74例:腹腔积液55例(74.3%),胆总管残余结石7例(9.5%),残余胆囊、切口脓肿各4例(5.4%),假性肝动脉瘤、切口血肿、切口疝、可疑胆总管狭窄各1例(1.4%).在超声引导下对腹腔积液和切口下积脓、积血诊断性穿刺54例(73.0%),介入治疗42例(56.8%).结论合理应用超声检查及其引导下诊断性穿刺、介入治疗,对LC术后腹部并发症的诊治具有重要意义.     

Intrahepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation

Background Perforation of the gallbladder with cholecystohepatic communication is a rare cause of liver abscess. We report four cases of this condition and describe the imaging procedures related to its diagnosis and treatment.Methods The medical and x-ray files of 39 patients with percutaneous drainage of liver abscesses were retrospectively reviewed. Four patients with hepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation were identified. The patients presented with clinical features suggestive of cholecystitis.Results Sonography in four patients showed a hypoechoic lesion in the liver adjacent to the gallbladder. CT in three patients showed a hypodense area in the liver, corresponding to the sonographic findings. Percutaneous abscess drainage, followed by an abscessogram, was performed in all patients. Contrast material injected throuugh the drainage catheter filled the gallbladder directly from the abscess cavity. Two patients subsequently underwent cholecystectomy, confirming perforation of the gallbladder fundus. In both cases the gallbladder was noted to be embedded in the liver and covered by adhesions.Conclusion Perforation of the gallbladder is a rare cause of pyogenic liver abscess. We suggest, however, based on our two patients who underwent surgery, and several cases reported in the literature, that this condition may be more common when the gallbladder is partially or totally intrahepatic.     

Sonographic patterns of splenic abscess: an analysis of 34 proven cases

Background: The sonographic patterns of splenic abscess are seldom reported. We report the different sonographic patterns in 34 proven cases. Methods: From 1984 to June 2000, 42 patients were diagnosed with splenic abscess by abscess aspiration or pathologic findings of surgical specimens. Among them, 34 cases underwent sonographic studies. Results: Fifteen cases had typical abscess echo patterns that included gas in the abscess (two cases) and debris in the abscess cavity (13 cases). Five cases of abscess showed subcapsular lesions with or without echo in the lesion. Two cases of abscess showed a thickened wall mimicking a tumor with central necrosis. Two cases showed a pattern suggesting a cyst. Ten cases showed a pattern suggesting tumor: eight had multiple lesions and two had solitary lesions. Of those 10 cases, seven multifocal abscesses were hypoechoic, and two solitary and one multifocal abscess were mixed echoic. Mortality from multiple splenic abscesses was higher than that from solitary abscess (p = 0.032). Both patients with gas in the abscess expired. Conclusion: Sonography of a splenic abscess is variable. A typical pattern was seen in only 44.1% (15 of 34) of patients in our series. We suggest using needle aspiration in each suspected case. Multiple and gas-containing abscesses indicate a poor prognosis. Received: 19 October 2001/Accepted: 12 December 2001     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆囊窝异常回声的超声鉴别和治疗后随诊

目的探讨超声对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆囊窝出现异常回声诊断鉴别和治疗的价值。方法对24例经腹腔镜胆囊切除术后出现胆囊窝液性异常回声的患者进行超声观察或介入治疗。结果胆囊窝液性回声区在胆囊床范围内的有19例;积液区大于胆囊床范围合并邻近部位或腹腔积液5例。临床处理为:保守治疗19例,超声介入胆囊窝穿刺及置管引流各1例,腹腔穿刺置管引流2例,胆囊窝、腹腔及膈下均穿刺置管1例。24例患者均未再行手术,痊愈出院。讨论超声在胆囊窝液性异常回声的诊治中有重要价值。     

Imaging of complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has gained widespread acceptance for treatment of cholelithiasis. Because radiologists have aprimary role in recognizing and treating complications of this surgical technique, we reviewed the clinical records and imaging studies of 29 patients with complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Complications included bile duct injuries (15 cases), retained common bile duct stones (seven cases), cystic duct stump leak (four cases), bowel perforation (two cases), abdominal abscess (two cases), intraperitoneal gallstones (2), and failure to diagnose malignant bile duct obstruction (one case). Twenty-two patients required reoperation, and one patient with bowel perforation died. Eleven of 15 bile duct injuries were imaged prior to hepaticojejunostomy. Nine of 11 were proximal bile duct injuries within 2 cm of the junction of the right and left bile ducts. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) identified the distal extent of injuries, but transhepatic cholangiography (THC) was necessary to fully evaluate the proximal extent of the bile duct abnormalities. ERC was used for diagnosis and treatment of the seven patients with choledocholithiasis. Abdominal films showed intraperitoneal gas in one patient with bowel perforation, intraperitoneal stones in a second patient, and intraabdominal abscess in one of two patients in whom abdominal films were performed. Computed tomography (CT), done in three patients with bowel perforation or abscess, showed the one duodenal perforation, and the two abscesses. CT also showed bilomas, intraperitoneal gallstones, and unsuspected malignancy. Imaging studies detected and defined complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in all cases.     

Abdominal spilled stones: ultrasound findings

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the treatment of choice for uncomplicated symptomatic gallstones. Spillage of stones due to gallbladder rupture has been reported in up to 33% of all LCs, but clinical sequelae caused by dropped gallstones are uncommon. We recently observed two patients with retained stones after LC. Correct diagnosis was made by abdominal ultrasonography (US) in both cases. In the first patient, who presented with fever, malaise, and weight loss 18 months after LC, abdominal US revealed hypoechoic focal lesions containing hyperechoic images with posterior shadowing of the liver and spleen. US-guided aspiration biopsies of these lesions yielded purulent material, and the injection and aspiration of saline solution provoked rolling movements of the hyperechoic images. Laparotomy confirmed the diagnosis of abscess-containing spilled gallstones. In the second patient, multiple hyperechoic images with posterior shadowing were observed in the Morison pouch during a routine US examination. The diagnosis of retained stones was consistent with the history of gallstone spillage during LC performed 2 months previously and was confirmed by computed tomographic findings of hyperdense images in the Morison pouch. The patient was asymptomatic, and treatment was thus deferred. Our experience suggests that US can be very useful in the detection of gallstones spilled during LC.     

术前超声检测胆囊周围粘连的方法及其临床价值

目的 探讨术前超声判断胆囊周围有无粘连的方法，观察指标及对预测腹腔镜手术难度的临床价值。方法 采用自身对照研究方案，选择2003年6月～2003年9月间我院26例因胆囊结石拟行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患。通过超声观察胆囊与肝脏、胆囊周围肠管及脐孔处腹膜与肠管有无错位滑动，判定有无胆囊周围粘连，并在手术中验证。结果 (1)超声检测出12例胆囊与周围肠管或网膜发生粘连，其中1例误诊，另有1例漏诊，本组病例中超声判定胆囊周围肠管粘连的敏感性与特异性均为91．7％，假阳性与假阴性均为8．3％；(2)超声仅见1例脐孔处粘连，并经手术证实；(3)超声及手术均未见胆囊与肝脏发生粘连。结论 通过超声观察胆囊与其周围脏器间有无错位滑动判断胆囊周围有无粘连，是一种简便易行，结果可靠的预测腹腔镜手术难度的方法之一，它能帮助手术医师正确估价手术难度，合理选择病例和手术方式。     

Laparolithic cholecystectomy: laboratory data and first clinical case

A method of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is described. After control of the cystic duct and artery, gallstones are emulsified with a laparoscopic lithotriptor and the debris aspirated from the gallbladder. The free wall of the gallbladder is excised and the remaining gallbladder mucosa ablated with holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser. This technique eliminates the need for dissection of the gallbladder from the liver, thereby reducing the possibility of hemorrhage from the gallbladder fossa. At the same time stones and bile are aspirated so that the excised portion of gallbladder can be easily removed through an access port without spillage of contaminated bilious debris into the abdominal cavity or puncture wound that could cause infection. Acute and chronic animal studies confirm the feasibility of this technique. A clinical case is described.     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver in association with spilled gallstones 3 years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: report of a case

We report on a case of a female patient diagnosed with inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver in association with spilled gallstones 3 years after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for calculous acute cholecystitis. She was asymptomatic, but CT revealed an intrahepatic mass and two other extrahepatic masses between the liver and the diaphragm. Furthermore, diffusion-weighted MRI and PET suggested all three lesions could be malignant tumors. As the preoperative diagnosis was intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma with peritoneal disseminations, we performed a posterior segmentectomy of the liver combined with partial resection of the diaphragm. Histological examination showed the intrahepatic tumor was an inflammatory granuloma with abscess formations. There were bilirubin stones between the liver and the diaphragm. Therefore, the tumor was diagnosed as inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver in association with spilled gallstones. In conclusion, the liver tumor emerged after laparoscopic cholecystectomy and may involve inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver in association with spilled gallstones.     

经直肠高频彩超对肛周脓肿的诊断价值

目的探讨经直肠高频彩超对肛周脓肿的诊断价值。方法应用高频双平面探头,对57例肛周脓肿患者进行经直肠彩色多普勒超声检查,分析肛周脓肿的声像特征。结果肛周脓肿的声像图与周围正常组织存在明显差异,脓肿表现为无回声区或低回声与混合回声区;脓腔内无血流信号,周边可见彩色血流信号,合并瘘管则表现为条索状无回声或低回声区。57例患者均经手术及病理证实为肛周脓肿。结论经直肠高频彩超对肛周脓肿进行诊断可作为首选方法。     

超声在胆道出血性疾病诊断中的应用

目的探讨超声在胆道出血性疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法对20例肝外伤性患者的胆囊内移动性异常回声的形态、大小、回声水平及其演变进行记录分析,总结胆道出血性疾病的胆囊积血声像图特征及演变规律。结果胆囊积血图像分为3种类型:弥漫细小回声型;成堆等回声型;成团强回声型。胆囊积血完全消失最短时间在外伤后3个月,最长时间在外伤后9个月。结论结合病史及超声对胆囊积血的监测,能为临床提供胆道出血的存在及胆道出血病情变化的依据,具有实际应用价值,为诊断胆道出血的间接有效的方法。     

Single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A comparative study in 106 initial cases

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been the standard of care for gallbladder diseases since the late 1980s. Many surgeons have rapidly adopted single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder pathologies. The aim of the present study was to analyze the clinical outcome in initial single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods: Data from 106 consecutive single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomies between May 2008 and April 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. We divided the patients into two groups – an early group (group I, n=56) and a late group (group II, n=50) – to compare clinical outcomes. During each procedure, only one longitudinal transumbilical incision, 1.5 to 2.0 cm in length, was made to access the abdominal cavity. A multichannel port system was assembled with existing devices. Standard laparoscopic instruments were used to perform each cholecystectomy. Results: Patient demographics did not differ between the two groups. Of the eight cases that were converted to conventional laparoscopic surgery, seven were part of group I (P=0.063). Mean operation time for single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy was significantly shorter in group II (58.2 versus 71.6 min, P=0.004). There were two operative complications in group I, which were successfully managed with laparoscopic surgery. There was no statistical difference in occurrence of operative complication and hospital stay between the two groups. Conclusion: Single‐port laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be safely performed for various gallbladder lesions in selected cases, and the operation time improved with accumulation of cases.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术前超声评估胆囊周围粘连的初步研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术前超声预测胆囊周围粘连的可行性和应用价值.方法 选择188例因胆囊结石拟行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的患者,术前超声对可能与胆周粘连程度相关的因素进行评估;与术中情况比较,分析导致胆周粘连的各相关危险因素的优势比.结果 与胆周粘连程度相关的超声观察项目：胆周异常回声、囊壁异常声像、胆囊增大、胆囊缩小伴填充型结石、胆囊颈部结石嵌顿、胆囊折叠及胆囊壁厚.其中,胆周异常回声的优势比最高,与胆周严重粘连密切相关.以囊壁厚度≥5.0 mm作为评估胆周重度粘连的临界值,灵敏度和特异度分别为63%和92%.结论 超声可以较准确地预测胆周粘连的程度,对腹腔镜胆囊切除术有一定的临床指导意义     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: early Mayo Clinic experience.

Prospective data and follow-up information were collected on the initial 200 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy at the Mayo Clinic. The operation was completed laparoscopically in all but five patients, who required conversion to laparotomy because of dense scarring or stones in the common bile duct. The median surgical time was 85 minutes. The major postoperative complications were retained stones in the common bile duct (in seven patients), intraperitoneal hemorrhage that necessitated transfusion (in two patients), and intra-abdominal abscess and pulmonary infection (in one patient each). The median hospital stay was 1 day (range, 0 to 8 days), and the median times to full activity and normal employment were 8 days and 12 days, respectively. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with a low frequency of complications in most patients with symptomatic gallstones and allows a rapid return to normal activity. Currently, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for most patients with symptomatic cholelithiasis.     

Failed or difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy: Can preoperative ultrasonography identify potential problems?

A prospective study was performed to assess the role of preoperative ultrasonography in predicting failed or difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Fifty patients underwent detailed preoperative ultrasound examinations. The number and size of calculi, evidence of acute or chronic cholecystitis, gallbladder morphology, and the presence or absence of aberrant anatomy were documented. A comparison was made of the surgical outcome and the ultrasound findings in each patient. Six patients were converted to open cholecystectomy because of inflammatory changes in the gallbladder. The preoperative ultrasound studies in 5 of these patients demonstrated evidence of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Gallbladder wall thickening and contraction were also seen. Five gallbladder resections had intraoperative difficulties; preoperative ultrasonography demonstrated a thickened gallbladder wall in 2. Of 31 uneventful cases, 7 had evidence of gallbladder wall thickening and/or contraction. There were no ultrasound features that identified between the unsuccessful, difficult, or uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomies. We conclude that detailed preoperative ultrasound evaluation of the gallbladder in patients destined for laparoscopic cholecystectomy is of little value in screening for difficult or unsuitable cases. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

术中胆道造影在LC中应用探讨

目的:探讨选择性经胆囊管胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值。方法:有选择性地对72例行腹腔镜胆囊切除的病人,在术中经胆囊管胆道造影,并对其临床资料进行分析。结果:术中造影发现胆囊管变异13例(18%),胆总管结石8例(11.1%),中转开腹3例(4.1%),无胆管损伤。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术中选择性胆道造影可以减少胆囊残余、残留胆总管结石、胆管损伤,从而提高腹腔镜胆囊切除术的质量和安全性。     

Ultrasonographic features of polypoid myoglandular hyperplasia of the gallbladder, that were difficult to distinguish from early gallbladder cancer

The patient, a 50-year-old man, had been followed up by a neurologist under the diagnosis of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy. A gallstone detected by abdominal ultrasonography (US) had been present for several years, but localized protrusions of the gallbladder wall were first seen at the fundus in May 1995. Endoscopic US after abdominal US showed several small protruding lesions with maximum diameters of about 7 mm. These lesions had irregular surfaces and low internal echogenicity. An external high echoic layer, which represented the subserosa of the gallbladder, was intact. The lesions were enhanced on CT scanning. No anomalies of the pancreaticobiliary system were detected by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Selective cystic arteriography disclosed slight staining of the body of the gallbladder. Because of the high possibility of gallbladder carcinoma, surgery was carried out. Macroscopy showed several elevated or protruding lesions up to 7 mm in diameter at the fundus of the resected gallbladder. The lesions had rough surfaces and were yellowish in color. Histologic examination showed the lesions to be covered by columnar epithelium, and no cellular dysplasia was detected. Because both pyloric gland-like hyperplasia and smooth-muscle proliferation were observed, the lesions were diagnosed as polypoid myoglandular hyperplasia. We have encountered four other similar cases of this tumor. Accurate diagnosis of these lesions before surgery is sometimes difficult, and the sonographic features of myoglandular hyperplasia have to be recognized in order to distinguish it from early gallbladder cancer.     

腹腔镜胆囊部分切除术在复杂胆囊结石手术中的应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除在复杂胆囊结石手术中应用的可行性及安全性。方法：回顾性分析2003年1月至2008年10月间41例行腹腔镜胆囊部分切除术的复杂胆囊结石病人。行腹腔镜胆囊切除术指征为：胆囊管不能明确辨认时,诸如：胆囊积脓、Mirris综合征、Calot三角致密粘连呈＂冰冻样＂、萎缩性胆囊等。手术方法为：切除胆囊前壁,取净结石,腹腔置管引流。结果：41例复杂胆囊结石病人中1例中转开腹手术外,其余全部在腹腔镜下完成,手术时间为45～145分钟,平均（57.42±19.41）分钟,1例术后出现胆漏,其余术后住院时间为2～7天。结论：在胆囊三角不能安全辨认前提下,对于复杂胆囊结石行腹腔镜胆囊部分切除术是一种安全的手术方式,不但能简化手术、降低手术风险,而且能避免行开腹手术治疗。