Mobility management for IP-based next generation mobile networks: Review, challenge and perspective

IP Mobility management protocols are divided into two kinds of category: host-based and network-based mobility protocol. The former category, such as MIPv6 protocol and its enhancements (e.g., HMIPv6 and FMIPv6), supports the mobility of a Mobile Node (MN) to roam across network domains. This is done through the involvement of MN in the mobility-related signalling, which requires protocol stack modification and IP address changes on the MN. The latter category, such as PMIPv6 protocol, handles mobility management on behalf of the MN thereby enabling it to connect and roam within localized domains, which requires neither protocol stack modification nor IP address change of the MN. PMIPv6 attracts attention in the Internet and telecommunication societies by improving the performance of the MN's communication to fulfil the requirements of QoS for real-time services. In this article, we present IPv6 features to support mobile systems and survey the mobility management services along with their techniques, strategies and protocol categories, and elaborate upon the classification and comparison among various mobility management protocols. Furthermore, it identifies and discusses several issues and challenges facing mobility management along with an evaluation and comparison of several relevant mobility studies.     

IMTP——一种MIPv6身份与移动轨迹隐私保护机制

身份与移动轨迹隐私保护是MIPv6研究与应用领域的一个关注热点。针对移动节点的移动消息和应用数据易受恶意流量分析而暴露身份并被定位追踪的问题,提出一种支持身份隐匿并防范定位追踪的MIPv6地址隐私保护机制,即IMTP机制。首先,通过自定义移动消息选项Encryptedword、与本地地址作异或变换,实现了移动节点身份的隐私保护;然后,借助任意节点互相认证技术完成位置代理随机任命,从而隐蔽移动节点的转交地址,实现了MIPv6节点移动轨迹的隐私保护。仿真结果表明,IMTP机制具备隐私保护能力强、资源开销少、对标准MIPv6协议改动小且良好支持路由优化等优势,还具有部署灵活、扩展性强等优点。IMTP机制提供的身份与移动轨迹双重隐私保护将更有利于降低特定移动节点通信数据的截获概率,从而保障移动节点间的通信安全。     

基于HMIPv6的民用航空移动网络设计及实现

当一个移动节点(MN)或移动路由器(MR)移动到另一个移动网络,并通过另一个MR提供接入时,这样的情况称为嵌套移动网络,这样的嵌套可以有很多层。一个典型的例子是携带笔记本电脑的乘客登上一架通过MR提供移动网络服务的航班,并通过该MR访问互联网或公司的内部网络。在这种情况下,移动节点和通信节点之间的数据包的传送路径将到达每个节点的HA(家乡代理)处,因此其路径将比基本的MIP(移动IP)长得多,现有路由优化方法不能解决这个问题,因为可以旁路MN的HA,但是却无法跳过MR的HA。本文通过在民航移动网络的设计中应用HMIP(层次移动IP)思想,并对其进行一定的改进来解决上面的这些问题,提高网络的运行效率。     

分层移动IP网络的自适应移动性管理

移动IP(mobile IP,MIP)使主机在移动过程中不需改变IP地址便可连续访问Internet,其主要缺点是主机在移动过程中需要频繁地进行绑定更新,产生的信令开销较大。为降低移动IPv6的信令开销,IETF(Internet engineering task force)提出了分层移动IPv6(hierarchical mobile IPv6,HMIPv6)协议。基于HMIPv6,提出了一种自适应的分层移动性管理方案。这种方案采用模糊逻辑,根据移动主机的移动次数及移动性管理代价,动态选取MAP(mobility anchor point)并调整MAP区域所管辖的接入路由器个数。仿真分析表明,所提出的方案的代价优于固定MAP区域的移动性管理方案。     

移动IPv6快速切换研究综述

基本移动IPv6协议切换过程造成的延迟无法保证实时通信业务的服务质量，人们在基本移动IPv6协议的基础上提出了各种改进的切换方案．本文介绍了目前移动IPv6快速切换方案的研究进展情况，综述了当前主要的切换方案，并对各切换方案做了深入分析和比较，最后总结并指出今后的研究方向．     

A mobility management model based on users’ mobility profiles for IPv6 networks

Fourth-generation (4G) mobile systems provide access to a wide range of services and enable mobile users to communicate regardless of their geographical location and their roaming characteristics. Due to the growing number of mobile users, global connectivity, and the small size of cells, one of the most critical issues pertaining to these networks is location management. In recent years, several strategies have been proposed to improve the performance of the location management procedure in 3G and 4G mobile networks. In this paper, we propose a new model called Seamless Mobile IPv6 (SMIPv6) to improve the performance of the handover component in location management schemes. This model improves handover by predicting user location based on Users’ Mobility Profiles. The overall goals of SMIPv6 are to reduce both handover latency and signaling loads generated during the location update process. Simulation results show that the use of SMIPv6 produces a handover with low delay, as well as a significant drop of signaling overhead. Better results have been obtained by our protocol in all cases studied when compared to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Fast Handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6).     

Adaptive mobility anchor point to reduce regional registration and packets delivery costs

MIPv6 (Mobile IPv6) has been developed as macro-mobility management protocol to support mobility of MUs (mobile users) over the Internet. Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been developed as micro-mobility management protocol. There are many other mobility management protocols proposed so far like Fast Mobile IPv6, Proxy Mobile IPv6, Optimal Choice of Mobility management, and Fast Proxy Mobile IPv6. These are based on MIPv6 and HMIPv6 and have their own advantages and limitations. These protocols do not consider the fixed mobility pattern of MUs. Many MUs have fixed mobility pattern on daily basis and there is scope of further reduction in regional registration cost. We propose an AMAP (Adaptive Mobility Anchor Point) to minimize the regional registration cost and packet delivery cost in IPv6 networks. The AMAP is a special mobility anchor point which is selected based on the activity rate (ARate) of MUs.     

基于移动IPv6的视频电话会议系统的研究与实现

通过对移动IPv6基本原理的分析,该文提出了一种移动IPv6视频会议系统的实现方案,在Linux环境下的实验结果证明了该方案的可行性。最后对移动IPv6传输当中的QoS和切换问题进行了进一步讨论。     

一种适用于无线传感器网络的移动IPv6协议

在基于IEEE 802.15.4 标准的低功耗无线传感器网络LoWPAN 中,让节点在移动过程中与IP 网络节点保持连续通信是物联网领域的一个重要课题.在现有的移动IPv6 协议(如MIPv6,HMIPv6 等)中,一些用于移动性管理的信令包长度超过了IEEE 802.15.4 MAC 帧的最大载荷,它们被分成多个分片在LoWPAN 中传递,这增大了控制信令包的丢失概率和传递时延.提出一种WoMIPv6(WPAN oriented MIPv6)协议,利用头部压缩技术将移动性管理信令长度压缩到不到60 字节,能够让节点只交换一些简短的信令包即可完成节点的跨子网移动切换.也就是说,WoMIPv6 协议的移动性管理信令不需要分片就可以在单个IEEE 802.15.4 MAC 帧中传递.此外,推导了WoMIPv6 的时延表达式.数值分析结果表明,在信令长度开销和时延方面,WoMIPv6 协议优于HMIPv6 协议.     

基于HMIPv6的RSVP新方案

在移动IPv6环境中,IntServ/RSVP模型很难实现QoS保证。针对该问题提出一种新的资源预留方案,该方案建立在分层移动IPv6协议的基础上。分析移动节点在域内的资源预留机制,与MRSVP, HMRSVP进行性能比较,结果表明该方案具有较高性能。     

移动IPv6网络家乡代理容错方法研究

移动IPv6基于家乡代理的转发,实现节点移动过程中的可寻址性.提出主动检测和迁移的家乡代理容错方法,通过在家乡代理之间设计环状检测和备份链,使家乡代理之间相互检测失效情况的发生;所有注册信息在家乡链路上仅备份一次;检测到失效后,有效家乡代理自动地暂时接管失效家乡代理的工作,并主动通告给相关移动节点;移动节点收到家乡代理失效信息后,主动启动恢复过程.给出了实现该方法的数据结构和容错算法,描述了具体的容错处理过程.通过理论分析证明了该方法比协议标准中的方法具有更小的容错时间和信令开销,特别是在移动节点的移动频率较慢的情况下更是如此.     

MIPv6网络中一般注册的高效认证机制

为解决移动IPv6(MIPv6)网络通信一般注册中节点的身份认证问题,提出一种高效认证机制。改进基于身份的签名方案,使一般注册仅需往返2次就能完成消息交互,实现移动节点和通信节点之间的双向认证,同时生成双方通信的共享密钥,以保护之后的消息交互过程。分析结果表明,该机制具有高效性和安全性。     

Performance Evaluation of Fast Handover in Mobile IPv6 Based on Link-Layer Information

Handover latency is the primary cause of packet loss resulting in performance degradation of standard Mobile IPv6. Mobile IPv6 with fast Handover enables a Mobile Node (MN) to quickly detect at the IP layer that it has moved to a new subnet by receiving link-related information from the link-layer; furthermore it gathers anticipative information about the new Access Point (AP) and the associated subnet prefix when the MN is still connected to the previous Corresponding Node (CN).This paper proposes an enhancement to Fast Mobile IPv6 handover (FMIPv6), based on link layer information, we also present performance evaluations in terms of the packet loss and handover latency using evaluation models.     

基于邻居信息表的移动IPv6切换研究

分析标准移动IPv6(MIPv6)的快速切换机制,提出一种基于邻居信息表的移动IPv6快速切换解决方案。通过预配置和定时更新的方法使移动节点提前获取将要进入目标有限区域的信息表——邻居信息表,从而缩短切换中过程转交地址唯一性验证时间及移动检测延迟时间,降低切换过程中的丢包率。仿真结果表明,该机制不额外占用网络资源,能够减少切换过程中的丢包率和切换延迟时间。     

一种基于预测的移动IPv6动态调整快速切换算法

移动IPv6协议是下一代网络中移动节点实现无缝漫游的一种基本技术.但移动IPv6切换时延迟较大,不能满足实时业务的需求.本文提出一种基于预测的移动IPv6动态调整快速切换算法,根据移动节点的运动轨迹和移动速度预测出提前三层切换的正确时机,实现在二层切换之前完成三层切换,减少切换延迟.利用以前的三层切换时间,动态调整时间比较参数Treg,减少预测误差.仿真结果证明本算法在切换延迟和丢包率方面性能优越.     

Mobile IPv6 and the future of wireless Internet access

Wireless technology is increasingly being used for Internet access and other IP-based communications. To make it easier for wireless users to exploit this trend, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) designed Mobile IP version 4 in 1996. However, MIPv4 has not been deployed widely enough to provide much mobility and has several major shortcomings, including a cumbersome communications process and a limited number of IP addresses. The latter is a key problem because the number of mobile devices that need their own IP address to access the Internet is increasing rapidly. To overcome these deficiencies and introduce new capabilities, the IETF has been developing MIPv6. MIPv6 makes many more IP addresses available and lets mobile users stay connected to the Internet as they move between networks. The paper discusses MIPv6 implementation.     

Mobile IP与MPLS集成的研究

MPLS技术结合了三层转发的灵活和二层交换的高速,为骨干网络解决方案提供了高速的IP转发能力和极大的可扩展性。MobileIP为用户提供了移动处理的功能。论文介绍了MobileIP与MPLS结合的几种形式,详细研究了在移动节点handoff时,集成方案的处理过程。分析了各种现有的结合方式中的一些缺陷,提出了相应的解决方案。最后简要介绍了MobileIPv6与MPLS集成的方案,并说明这两种技术集成的优势。     

基于快速切换的MIPv6与PMIPv6域间互通优化方案

移动IPv6是一种需要主机参与管理的移动管理协议,而代理移动IPv6不需要主机参与移动管理.在成熟的MIPv6环境下使用PMIPv6,需考虑二者互通问题.已提出的互通方案多属硬切换,没有考虑切换的时延.运用域内快速切换思想,提出一种优化的域间快速切换方案,并对比优化方案和已有切换方案的网络切换时延.分析结果显示,优化方案的性能更优.     

HMIPv6的LT-TMAP快速切换方案

分层移动IPv6(HMIPv6)作为移动IPv6的一种改进技术用于解决宏移动和微移动之间的切换管理问题。针对移动锚点(MAP)的选取不合理造成移动节点服务时延增加、MAP负载过于集中等问题,提出HMIPv6的授权给临时移动锚点(LT-TMAP)快速切换方案,在理论上描述该实现过程。仿真结果表明该方案能够更有效地利用网络的MAP资源,具有更好的实时性,提高了切换效率。     

一种基于MN移动特征的MAP选取算法

在分级移动IPv6(HMIPv6)中,MAP选取的不合理往往会造成移动节点(MN)通信服务延时增加和MAP负载过于集中。该文综合考虑了MN的移动速度、移动轨迹等因素,提出一种新的基于MN移动特征的MAP选择算法。仿真结果表明,该算法能够根据MN 的运动特征和网络当前拓扑结构特点来选取移动代理MAP,有效地降低了MN的服务延时,更合理地利用了HMIPv6网络中的MAP资源。