幂律流体偏心环空螺旋流轴向速度分布规律的PIV实验研究

为研究幂律流体偏心环空螺旋流轴向速度的分布规律,建立了幂律流体的偏心垂直环空螺旋流动实验模型及实验方案。利用PIV系统拍摄各种工况下偏心环空螺旋流场中粒子的图像,对实验数据进行处理分析,确定了幂律流体偏心环空螺旋流轴向速度分布的主要影响因素。着重分析了压力梯度、黏滞性、内管旋转角速度、偏心度这些影响因素对偏心环空宽、窄间隙处轴向速度分布的影响规律,为解决石油工业中相关问题提供了有益的参考。     

夹心立管极限强度分析

针对夹心立管极限承载能力问题,通过ABAQUS软件建立了立管的非线性有限元模型,对纯外压、纯弯矩、以及外压和弯矩联合作用下的立管极限强度进行研究。研究夹心材料、初始椭圆度以及偏心焊接等因素对立管的极限承载能力影响。经有限元计算可知,胶合材料夹心立管与聚丙烯材料夹心立管在极限强度上有明显的差异;对于胶合材料夹心立管,随着初始椭圆度增加,立管的极限外压和极限弯矩均减小;对于偏心焊接的单壁立管而言,随着偏心焊接量的增大,立管的极限弯矩减小。     

分层流体中水平运动源生成内波的表面流场特征

在三维内波水槽中制备两层流体,利用粒子图像测速技术(PIV),研究了小球在跃层、跃层上部与跃层下部三个位置运动时的表面流场特征,对图像进行处理后得到表面的速度场、散度场、涡度场。当小球在不同深度以不同速度运动时,散度场的锋线均有类似Kelvin波峰线的形状,辐散的角度(内Kelvin角)随着速度的增加而减小。特别地,当小球以在跃层处运动时,辐聚辐散强度的极值随着速度的增加先增加后减小,此时的表面流场近乎于无旋场。     

长条状粗颗粒在垂直管路中最小输送速度试验研究

随着陆地金属资源的日益枯竭,深海矿产资源已经成为各国的重要战略目标。在深海采矿过程中,海底锰结核的形状除了圆球状,还有长条状等,颗粒形状对固液两相流管道输送特性具有很大影响。基于固液两相流垂直管道提升输送试验系统,探究不同工况下长条状颗粒在垂直上升流中最小输送速度的变化规律及特性,并得到了长条状群体颗粒最小输送速度计算公式。结果表明:长条状颗粒在垂直管道中上升过程中,颗粒中心轴与输送方向趋向于垂直,使颗粒在管道截面的投影面积最大化;长条状单颗粒的最小输送速度随着颗粒长径比增大而减小;在不同长径比工况下,随着管段颗粒平均浓度减小,长条状群体颗粒的最小输送速度均增大,且随着长径比增大,群最小输送速度减小。     

正方体人工鱼礁流场效应试验研究

采用无干扰的粒子图像测速技术(PIV),针对中空型正方体人工鱼礁,选取3个不同的来流速度6.7 cm/s、11.0 cm/s和18.0 cm/s,研究了该模型单体(90°和45°)和组合(平行和垂直)工况时的流场效应。结果显示,单体90°迎流时上升流的规模和强度大于45°迎流,但产生的缓流区和背涡流的规模远小于45°工况。横向组合中单个鱼礁模型产生的流场效应较强于单体工况。纵向组合中,第一个迎流鱼礁在不同间距时内部流速分布和单体时较为相似,间距为1.0L时流速大小与单体最为接近。第二个迎流鱼礁内部基本上未出现回流区域,水平流速较单体时明显减小,但随着间距的增加流速值不断增大。     

颗粒粒径对深海采矿提升泵工作性能影响分析

为研究颗粒粒径对深海采矿提升泵工作性能影响,采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型和Hinze-Tchen颗粒湍流粘性系数模型,运用Fluent软件对采矿提升泵内固液两相流进行数值模拟,比较不同的颗粒粒径对采矿提升泵内颗粒浓度、速度、压力分布的影响,进而分析颗粒粒径对扬程、效率等工作性能的影响,指导深海采矿提升泵的设计。研究结果表明:在转速、流量、颗粒体积分数不变情况下,随着颗粒粒径增大,泵的扬程和效率都逐渐下降;叶轮叶片中前部流道内浆体的颗粒浓度大幅上升,叶轮流道内颗粒动态沉积更加严重,叶轮流道过流面积随之减小,反而加大了叶轮流道内贯流的相对速度,从而有效地抑制了边界层分离的发生,但在叶轮叶片中后部压力面上浆体压力下降幅度较大,泵内浆体总压逐渐下降,扬程随之减小;在叶轮出口处,流道内固液两相流的速度差异增大,在叶轮出口处形成的射流-尾迹结构增强,并在空间导叶流道内形成更加明显的二次流及漩涡,从而加大水力损失,降低效率。实验证实了数值模拟方法的可行性及准确性。     

海洋立管涡激振动的研究现状、热点与展望

随着深海油气资源的开采,越来越多的研究者开始关注海洋立管的涡激振动问题.在海洋环境下,洋流是海洋立管的涡激振动的主要原因.当洋流流经立管时会在立管的两侧产生交替的泄涡,导致立管受到横流向和顺流向的脉动流体力.这被认为是海洋立管涡激振动的主要诱因.海洋立管的涡激振动是一个异常复杂的工程问题,它涉及许多科学上悬而未决的难题,如紊流、流动分离、分离点的漂移等等.此外,事先无法确定的立管的位置和立管与洋流之间的相互作用又大大增加了解决这一问题的难度.尽管近几十年里科学界在此方面做了大量的研究工作,一个能够准确、高效、经济地预报海洋立管涡激振动的方法仍然没有得到.即便如此,最近的研究工作依然在许多方面作出了突出的成就.首先介绍了涡激振动的背景知识和基础理论.随后,回顾了近年来海洋立管涡激振动方面的研究成果.接着,重点介绍了当前海洋立管涡激振动领域内的两个热点研究问题,即:在多大程度上立管的顺流向振动能够影响立管的横流向振动,以及尾流的三维效应是如何影响立管的涡激振动响应的.最近的研究发现,当结构与流体的质量比小于6时,顺流向振动能显著增大横流向振动的振幅.最近的研究还发现,立管尾流的三维特性和立管受到流体力的轴向相关度有密切关系.随着流动的发展(海流折合速度从0增加到12),立管尾流的三维特性发生变化,在初期,立管尾流的三维特性不明显,流体力的轴向相关度基本等于1,也就是说,流体力和立管的位移响应是同步的,因此能量不断地由海流向立管转移,导致立管的振幅不断增大.当海流折合速度大于6时,流体力的轴向相关度由1锐减到负值,此时,立管尾流的三维效应显著.最后针对今后海洋立管的涡激振动的研究提出一些建议.     

抛物线型背景流对内孤立波特征和能量影响的数值模拟研究

本文基于南海东北部观测的抛物线型背景流,设计了8种形式的抛物线型背景流,利用IGW模式研究了其对内孤立波(ISW)的特征和能量学的影响。研究结果表明:背景流对波包中ISW数目没有影响,但减小了ISW的相速度;对于下边界在主温跃层附近或在其上的抛物线型背景流,ISW振幅和最大位移深度均增加;随着抛物背景流曲率减小,ISW振幅、斜压与正压能比值减小,同时ISW相速度、正压能、斜压能、KE/APE都增加;如果抛物背景流底部延伸至海底,且曲率减小,则ISW振幅、相速度减小,同时正压能、斜压能、KE/APE增加;在整个深度上的背景流,随着下层曲率减小和上层曲率增大,ISW振幅、相速度、斜压与正压能比值、斜压能、KE/APE均增加。     

海洋立管抑振装置优化布置的实验研究

设计1种梯形截面的三螺旋导板抑振装置,在实验室大型水槽进行海洋立管涡激振动实验.通过改变这种抑振装置的覆盖方式和覆盖范围,研究梯形截面螺旋导板的不同覆盖方式和覆盖范围对抑制海洋立管涡激振动的作用.实验时用动态电阻应变仪采集立管模型横向和顺流向的动态响应数据,并利用雨流计数法对模型进行疲劳分析.实验结果表明:在外流流速相同的条件下,三螺旋导板各种覆盖方案对涡激振动都有抑制作用;随着螺旋导板覆盖率的增加,立管的振动减弱,疲劳寿命增加;覆盖螺旋导板的立管顺流向振动频率明显降低,横向振动频率当覆盖率较高时有所降低,覆盖率较低时基本没有变化.     

河口环流和盐水入侵Ⅱ--径流量和海平面上升的影响

本文利用本序列上篇论文建立的理想河口数值模式,研究径流量和海平面上升对河口环流和盐水入侵的影响.在径流量增大的情况下,口门内表层向海的流速增大,底层向陆的密度流减弱,滞流点下移.口门外侧向口门的密度流增大,上升流趋于增强.口门内盐水入侵减弱,口外盐度减小、冲淡水扩展范围增大.在口门上游北岸底层盐度下降明显,口门处南岸表层盐度下降明显.径流量变化对盐水入侵影响十分巨大.在海平面上升的情况下,拦门沙区域向陆的密度流增强,滞流点上移,表层向海的流动增大.口门内盐水入侵增强,口外盐度增大,冲淡水扩展范围减小.海平面上升对盐水入侵影响十分明显,北岸底层盐度增大尤为特出.     

Turbulence and energy dissipations of surf-zone spilling breakers

A laboratory study on the turbulence and wave energy dissipations of spilling breakers in a surf zone is presented. Instantaneous velocity fields of propagating breaking waves on a 1/20 slope were measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Due to the large region of the evolving wave breaking generated turbulent flow, seven PIV fields of view (FOVs) were mosaicked to form a continuous flow field in the surf zone. Mean and turbulence quantities were extracted by ensemble averaging 25 repeated instantaneous measurements at each FOV. New results for distribution and evolution of turbulent kinetic energy, mean flow energy, and total energy across the surf zone were obtained from analyzing the data. The turbulence dissipation rate was estimated based on several different approaches. It was found that the vertical distribution of the turbulence dissipation rate decays exponentially from the crest level to the bottom. The resulting energy budget and energy flux were also calculated. The calculated total energy dissipation rate was compared to that based on a bore approximation. It was found that the ratio of turbulence dissipation rate to total energy dissipation rate was about 0.01 in the outer surf zone and increased to about 0.1 after the breaking waves transformed into developed turbulent bores in the inner surf zone.     

下凹内孤立波致流场结构及其影响因素的实验研究

为进一步探究海洋内孤立波诱导流场对海洋工程结构物以及潜航器的影响,本文采用重力塌陷方法和粒子图像测速(Particle Image velocimetry,PIV)技术在大型分层流水槽中进行内孤立波造波以及内部流速场测量,定量分析了下凹型内孤立波诱导流场结构及其影响因素。研究表明:在密度分层流体中,PIV技术可实现对大幅面内孤立波诱导流场的精细测量以及波动结构特征的准确描述;水平流速在上下层方向相反且在跃层处最小,其剪切作用在波谷附近最强;垂向流动在波前和波后分别为上升和下沉流,两者流速值在距离波谷1/4~1/2波长位置达到最大;在相同内孤立波振幅条件下,上下层流体密度差越大、厚度比越小,则波致流场越强;随着振幅增大,流场结构与Kd V、e Kd V和MCC理论模型对应波幅适用范围的描述相吻合。     

Laboratory observation of boundary layer flow under spilling breakers in surf zone using particle image velocimetry

A boundary layer flow under spilling breakers in a laboratory surf zone with a smooth bottom is investigated using a high resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. By cross-correlating the images, oscillatory velocity profiles within a viscous boundary layer of O(1) mm in thickness are resolved over ten points. Using PIV measurements taken for an earlier study and the present study, flow properties in the wave bottom boundary layer (WBBL) over the laboratory surf zone are obtained, including the mean velocities, turbulence intensity, Reynolds stresses, and intermittency of coherent events. The data are then used to estimate the boundary layer thickness, phase variation, and bottom shear stress. It is found that while the time averaged mass transport inside the WBBL is onshore in the outer surf zone, it changes to offshore in the inner surf zone. The zero Eulerian mass transport occurs at h/h_b ≈ 0.92 in the outer surf zone. The maximum overshoot of the streamwise velocity and boundary layer thickness are not constant across the surf zone. The bottom shear stress is mainly contributed by the viscous stress through mean velocity gradient while the Reynolds stress is small and negligible. The turbulence level is higher in the inner surf zone than that in the outer surf zone, although only a slight increase of turbulent intensity is observed inside the WBBL from the outer surf zone to the inner surf zone. The variation of phase inside and outside the WBBL was examined through the spatial velocity distribution. It is found the phase lead is not constant and its value is significantly smaller than previous thought. By analyzing instantaneous velocity and vorticity fields, a remarkable number of intermittent turbulent eddies are observed to penetrate into the WBBL in the inner surf zone. The size of the observed large eddies is about 0.11 to 0.16 times the local water depth. Its energy spectra follow the − 5/3 slope in the inertial subrange and decay exponentially in the dissipation subrange.     

湍流局地平衡假设的新推论--齐次湍流动能输运方程封闭模型与应用(Ⅱ)

在湍流局地平衡假设下 ,建立了齐次湍能输运方程封闭模型 (HKE) ,并在平板边界层的两种经典流动中加以检验 ,给出 HKE封闭下的流速、湍流动能和湍流混合系数剖面的形式解。结果表明 ,HKE可以避免在流速剪切为零时的无湍流混合问题 ,其解与 L aufer湍流实验吻合 ,因而HKE模型比混合长理论有更合理的内涵。文中还给出 HKE封闭的浅海动力学模型 ,以湍应力和水位梯度力的平衡为运动的基本受力平衡 ,进行了模型的量阶分析和运动分析 :当阻尼频率和运动频率同量阶时 ,惯性运动不可忽略 ;在潮振荡占优的浅海中 ,对流非线性相对于惯性运动为小量 ;当阻尼频率足够大时 ,科氏力项相对于湍应力也可能为小量。     

三种叠放形式的圆管型人工鱼礁流场效应数值模拟与PIV试验研究

人工鱼礁单体按不同的数量和排列方式组合投放会产生不同的流场效应。圆管型礁为目前黄渤海区增殖礁的重要礁体型式,为优化该礁体的投放数量与排列方式,选择了3种不同叠放个数(1个、3个和6个)的圆管礁,设定了5个流速梯度(4.5、9.0、13.5、18.0和22.5cm/s),利用PIV粒子图像测速技术和Fluent数值模拟软件对圆管型人工鱼礁的流场进行水槽模型试验和数值模拟。结果表明,数值模拟结果与水槽试验结果基本吻合,误差在20%以下,表明数值模拟能够反映人工鱼礁的流场效应;当礁体叠放个数一定时,最大上升流流速、上升流高度和上升流面积均随来流速度的增加而增大,背涡流面积呈现不规则的变化;当来流速度一定时,最大上升流流速、上升流面积、上升流高度和背涡流面积均随礁体叠放个数的增加而增大。     

Numerical simulation of a partially buried pipeline in a permeable seabed subject to combined oscillatory flow and steady current

Hydrodynamic forces exerting on a pipeline partially buried in a permeable seabed subjected to combined oscillatory flow and steady current are investigated numerically. Two-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a k−ω turbulent model closure are solved to simulate the flow around the pipeline. The Laplace equation is solved to calculate the pore pressure below the seabed with the simulated seabed hydrodynamic pressure as boundary conditions. The numerical model is validated against the experimental data of a fully exposed pipeline resting on a plane boundary under various flow conditions. Then the flow with different embedment depths, steady current ratios and KC numbers is simulated. The amplitude of seepage velocity is much smaller than the amplitude of free stream velocity as expected. The normalized Morison inertia, drag and lift coefficients based on the corresponding force coefficients of a fully exposed pipeline are investigated. The normalized Morison force coefficients reduce almost linearly with the increase of embedment depth and that the KC only has minor effect on the normalized Morison coefficients. It is also found that the permeable seabed condition causes a slight increase on the inline force and has a little effect on the lift force, compared with corresponding conditions in an impermeable bed.     

波浪破碎下湍流混合的实验研究

波浪破碎过程产生的湍流动量和能量垂向输运对于加快海洋上混合层中垂向混合具有显著效果.采用二维实验室水槽中对波浪破碎过程进行模拟.对采集的波浪振幅时间序列采用希尔伯特变换定位破碎波位置,波浪的破碎率随有效波高的增加而增大,波浪谱分析得到的波浪基本周期与有效周期结果相似.实验中采用粒子图像测速技术(particle ima...     

海底边界效应对海流发电水轮机水动力性能影响研究

对30 W海流能水平轴水轮机进行叶片设计,应用FLUENT软件对水轮机的水动力性能进行数值模拟,研究了边界效应对叶片表面压力、流场、湍流强度、获能和轴向力的影响。受海底边界效应影响,海流速度沿深度呈现梯度变化,底层流速较小,中上层流速较大。边界效应导致水轮机的水动力性能呈现周期性变化,降低了水轮机的获能和轴向力。机组布置时,宜选择水流稳定且流速较大的中上层区域。     

Experimental Study of Hydrodynamic and Self-Buried Behavior of Submarine Pipeline with Perpendicular Spoilers

The spoiler is a kind of device to disturb current and promote burying.At present,all submarine pipeline spoilers at home and abroad are parallel spoilers,that is,the plane of the spoiler is parallel to the vertical plane of the pipeline axis.According to the results of indoor experiments,when the pipeline with the forward spoiler is installed perpendicular to the direction of water flow,the spoiler will accelerate the seabed erosion and cause the pipeline to endure downward pressure,which will eventually cause the pipeline self-buried to form a protection.However,when the pipeline direction is consistent with the flow direction,the self-buried behavior and protective effect is vanished.By aiming at the defect that the forward spoiler cannot be self-buried when the direction of the pipeline and the flow are basically parallel,the spoiler burying aid device perpendicular to the pipeline axis has been innovatively developed,and the hydrodynamic changes and sediment erosion characteristics near the pipeline after the installation of the device were studied based on the experiment.Results reveal that although the perpendicular spoiler cannot generate downforce,it can greatly increase the turbulent kinetic energy of the flow and the rate of sediment erosion.The larger the angle between the pipeline axis and the spoiler plane is,the larger the increase in turbulent energy will be.The increase in turbulent energy near the bed surface can reach up about 70%when the angle is 90°,while serious sediment erosion mainly occurs along both sides of the pipeline with a distance of about 2?4 times the pipe diameter.In the future,we can further explore the influence of the perpendicular spoiler size and installation position on the pipeline downforce and the effect of burying promotion.At the same time,field tests on the perpendicular spoiler burying aid device currently developed will conduct to observe the actual effect of perpendicular spoiler promoting pipeline scouring and burying,and improve submarine pipeline safety protection technology.