猕猴桃等添加物改良面条加工品质及强化营养品质研究

为改善面条加工品质和强化营养品质,以陕优225小麦品种粉为面条粉材料,以猕猴桃粉、核桃粉、大豆粉为添加材料,研究添加物对面条加工品质和营养品质的影响;以国际通行的优质面条专用技术标准为依据,进行新的工艺研究。试验结果表明,添加物在一定程度上可以改善面条品质,尤其能够丰富面条的营养物质,改善和强化面条的营养品质。在单因素试验中,猕猴桃粉、核桃粉和脱脂大豆粉效果较好。在以上3种添加物为因素的正交试验中,大豆粉对面条影响最大,核桃粉次之,猕猴桃粉的影响最小,3种添加物最佳配比是猕猴桃粉添加量为面粉的3%,核桃粉为4%,大豆粉为4%。     

添加脱脂大豆粉对挂面品质的影响

将脱脂大豆粉添加到面粉中并制作成挂面,通过测定混合粉的快速粘度特性、粉质特性和挂面的烹煮品质、质构特性,研究了脱脂大豆粉对挂面品质的影响.结果表明:添加了3%的脱脂豆粉后的挂面的烹调损失最小、感官评分最高;随着脱脂豆粉添加量的继续增大,面条的烹调损失增多、质构和口感变差.利用SPSS V13.0软件进行相关性分析后发现:面条感官评分与快速粘度各参数呈极显著相关,而只与粉质参数中的吸水率、面团形成时间和稳定时间显著相关.     

脱脂大豆对面团流变学特性及用其制成面条品质的影响

脱脂大豆粉添加至小麦粉后,面团的流变学特性呈劣变趋势。随着脱脂大豆粉添加量的增加,面筋网络结构被破坏,面团筋力下降。吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间三项粉质参数以及拉伸面积、拉伸长度和最大拉伸阻力三项拉伸参数,分别与感官评分高度相关,说明这六项参数是影响添加脱脂豆粉后的面条品质的重要流变学指标。实验证明,少量的脱脂豆粉添加有助于改善面团流变学特性和提高面条感官评分,研究认为4%是合适的添加量。     

大豆粉对小麦面粉及面条品质影响的研究

为改善面粉及其制品的品质,研究了大豆粉对面粉色泽、温水面糊色泽、沸水面糊色泽的影响。同时,还研究了添加大豆粉对面条面絮粒度分布、面片色度、面筋指数以及面条品质的影响。结果显示:添加大豆粉的面粉白度值、亮度值增加;相对于干粉和沸水面糊,温水面糊的亮度值最大;添加大豆粉A比添加大豆粉B对色度及面筋指数的影响效果更显著,从经济效益及面粉的品质综合分析,大豆粉的适宜添加量为0.02%;添加大豆粉后面条的小颗粒面絮的含量增加,面条的吸水率显著升高,煮面时间增加而蒸煮损失率下降。大豆粉的添加量与面条硬度、咀嚼性、拉断力呈显著正相关,与弹性呈显著负相关关系。     

对魔芋粉面条蒸煮品质特性的研究

通过向面粉中添加不同比例的魔芋粉、食碱和复合型磷酸盐,分析其添加量对面条蒸煮品质特性的影响,以研制出蒸煮品质优良的魔芋粉面条。研究结果表明：面粉中添加0．6％的魔芋粉、0．4％的食用碱和0．3％的复合型磷酸盐。魔芋粉面条具有良好的蒸煮品质。     

大豆粉对面包粉烘焙品质的影响

将全脂大豆粉和脱脂大豆粉添加到小麦粉中,研究其对精制级面包粉和普通级面包粉烘焙品质的影响.结果表明,在两种面包粉中添加大豆粉后,当全脂大豆粉质量分数不高于2％、脱脂大豆粉质量分数不高于3％时,面包体积和比容有所增加,添加量进一步增大时面包体积和面包比容反而下降;随着添加量的增加,全脂大豆粉和脱脂大豆粉使两种面包粉的面包质量增加;当大豆粉质量分数不超过3％时,两种大豆粉均对两种面包粉的面包综合品质有改良作用,添加量进一步增大反而使面包品质劣变.     

脱脂大豆粉对面包品质及加工特性的影响

以脱脂大豆粉代替部分小麦粉加工面包,并对面包的营养品质和烘焙品质进行分析。结果表明,添加脱脂大豆粉的面包蛋白质、矿物元素和必须氨基酸的含量明显增加。营养增补效果明显,营养品质得到改善;少量添加时可以改善面包的加工特性,添加量5%为宜,过量添加将对面包的烘焙品质有影响。     

不同添加剂对普冰9946小麦粉面条品质特性的影响

将质构仪现代仪器分析手段与传统的感官评定方法相结合,通过单因素试验研究了谷朊粉、魔芋粉、单硬脂酸甘油酯(Glycerol monostearate,GMS)等添加剂对普冰9946小麦面条蒸煮品质特性及质构特性的影响,并通过正交试验得出添加剂对面条品质改良的最佳配比。试验结果表明,适量添加剂的添加均可以改善面条的品质特性。通过因素主次统计分析得出,使面条综合评分最高的添加剂配方为:谷朊粉4%、魔芋粉2%、GMS0.75%;面条蒸煮损失最少的配方为:谷朊粉5%、魔芋粉2%、GMS 0.65%;使面条的吸水率最高的配方为:谷朊粉5%、魔芋粉2%、GMS0.75%。     

大豆粉对面粉理化品质影响研究

采用两种面粉和四种大豆粉（其中两种全脂豆粉、两种脱脂豆粉）为原料,将大豆粉以不同的比例添加到面粉中,研究其对面粉品质的影响.研究发现,在面粉中直接添加大豆粉不能使面粉白度增加,随着大豆粉添加量的增大,面粉白度降低;在面粉中添加大豆粉后其面糊色度也有所降低.在面粉中添加脱脂豆粉后,在添加比例＜3%的情况下,可明显提高面团的形成时间和稳定时间,使面粉的筋力增强,对面粉具有较好的改良作用.当添加量＞3%以后,大豆粉对面团有不良影响.     

脱脂大豆粉对面包品质及加工特性的影响

以脱脂大豆粉代替部分小麦粉加工面包，并对面包的营养品质和烘焙品质进行分析。结果表明，添加脱脂大豆粉的面包蛋白质、矿物元素和必须氨基酸的含量明显增加。营养增补效果明显，营养品质得到改善；少量添加时可以改善面包的加工特性，添加量5%为宜，过量添加将对面包的烘焙品质有影响。     

不同大豆蛋白对小麦面条加工品质和血糖生成指数的影响

为改善小麦面条品质,在小麦粉中添加大豆蛋白(全脂豆粉、脱脂豆粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆组织蛋白),以拉伸特性、蒸煮特性、微观结构以及血糖生成指数为评价指标,研究大豆蛋白添加量(0%、5%、10%、15%、20%)对面条加工品质及血糖生成指数的影响。结果表明:随蛋白添加量的增加,脱脂豆粉、全脂豆粉的增加使面条的拉断力呈明显上升趋势,拉伸距离呈先上升后下降趋势,大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白添加量的增加使拉断力呈先上升后下降趋势,拉伸距离呈下降趋势,而大豆组织蛋白的增加使面条拉伸性能均逐渐降低;当大豆蛋白添加量为10%时,混合粉面条拉伸特性较优;五种大豆蛋白的添加均使面条的烹煮损失率及断条率上升,全脂豆粉的增加使面条的吸水率、膨胀率逐渐下降,其余四种均使其上升;微观结构表明,脱脂豆粉和全脂豆粉的添加使混合粉面条的面筋网络结构更加连续均匀,而其余三种大豆蛋白添加量的增加造成混合粉面条微观结构的劣变;利用体外复合酶方法测定GI值,血糖生成指数依次为:小麦粉 > 脱脂豆粉 > 全脂豆粉 > 大豆组织蛋白 > 大豆浓缩蛋白 > 大豆分离蛋白。     

高粱冷鲜面的研制

以高粱—小麦混合粉为原料制作冷鲜面条,研究了不同添加量的高粱粉和增稠剂(魔芋胶、海藻酸钠和CMC)对高粱面条加工特性的影响,并采用正交试验优化了高粱面条的加工工艺。结果表明,随着高粱粉添加量的增加,面条的熟断条率逐渐增大,烹调损失也逐渐增加,面条的品质随之变差;三种增稠剂的使用均可改善面条的蒸煮品质,其中海藻酸钠的效果最好;当高粱粉的添加量为10%时,按混合粉质量分别添加0.4%海藻酸钠、3%食盐和37%水,经传统加工工艺,可制得品质较好的冷鲜面条。     

Development of protein-Rich Sorghum-Based Expanded Snacks Using Extrusion Technology

Sorghum is an important staple crop in semi-arid regions of Africa and India because of its drought tolerance. But low protein content and quality limit its widespread use. This project focused on developing sorghum-based extruded snacks. Results from preliminary lab-scale extrusion experiments were used to design a 2×5 factorial pilot-scale study. Two blends of sorghum flour and corn flour were prepared (6:1 and 5:2 w/w ratios) as the controls. Three different sources of protein—whey protein isolate, defatted soy flour, and mixed legume flour—were added to the sorghum/corn flour blends at 30%. A 50:50 blend of defatted soy flour and whey protein isolate was also added at 30% to the sorghum/corn flour blends. The resultant ten formulations were extruded on a pilot-scale twin-screw extruder to investigate the effects of sorghum/corn flour ratio and protein addition on product expansion, microstructure, mechanical properties, and sensory attributes. Expansion ratio of extruded product increased at the higher level of corn flour, and decreased with the incorporation of protein sources. Extrudates with defatted soy flour had a lower expansion ratio (5.3–5.4) than those with whey protein isolate (7.7–7.9), legume flour (7.1–9.9), or whey protein isolate-defatted soy flour (6.1–6.9). Extrudate microstructure, obtained by X-ray microtomography, corresponded well with expansion characteristics. Extrudates with defatted soy flour had the lowest cell diameter. Average crushing force (ranging from 40.9 to 154.87 N) was lower for extrudates with a higher level of corn flour. However, contrary to expectations, crushing force and crispness work both decreased with incorporation of protein sources. Consumer acceptability results showed that the addition of protein sources enhanced taste and overall acceptability of the extruded snacks, with the treatment sorghum/corn flour 5:2 and whey protein isolate-defatted soy flour as the protein source having significantly higher ratings than the other treatments.     

SPI与SPH及其复配产物对面团特性和面条品质的影响机制

为提高面制品的营养品质,研究并比较了添加大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate,SPI)、大豆水解蛋白(soy protein hydrolyzates,SPH,水解度为4.54%)以及SPI和SPH复配产物(SPI-SPH)的混合粉的面筋特性和粉质特性,面团的动态流变学特性、蛋白质组分、二硫键和非共价键变化,以及面条的品质变化。添加SPI后面粉的湿面筋含量升高,干面筋含量下降,面筋指数降低,粉质特性评价值升高;面团的醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白含量增加,黏弹性增大,弹性比例增加。添加SPI-SPH的面粉面筋特性和面团特性变化趋势与添加SPI的面粉一致,其粉质特性评价值增大。添加SPH的面粉中无面筋洗出,粉质特性评价值升高;面团盐溶蛋白含量显著增加(P<0.05),弹性比例降低。添加大豆蛋白的面团中二硫键含量均增加,疏水相互作用减弱,氢键增强。与原面粉面条相比,SPI面条的硬度增大10.82%,SPI-SPH和SPH面条的弹性分别减小7.23%和6.02%,且添加SPH后面条的蛋白质保留率由93.02%降至87.31%。研究表明,大豆蛋白与面筋蛋白通过二硫键交联以及非共价键相互作用,阻碍面筋网络形成,破坏了面筋网络的连续性。并且,SPI和SPH复配在一定程度上减弱了SPH对面筋的弱化作用。     

Effect of soy flour addition and heat-processing method on nutritional quality and consumer acceptability of cassava complementary porridges

BACKGROUND: The nutritional quality of cassava complementary porridge was improved through extrusion cooking and compositing with either defatted or full fat soy flour (65:35 w/w), and product acceptability by mothers with children of the target population was evaluated. RESULTS: The protein digestibility‐corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of extrusion‐ and conventionally cooked composite porridges was within the recommendations for complementary foods. The kinetics of starch digestibility showed that all porridges had a rapid rate of starch digestibility, but the rate was lower when defatted soy flour was added and lowest when full fat soy flour was added. The formation of amylase‐lipid complexes as shown by X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry can be attributed to the lower digestibility of extrusion‐cooked porridge with full fat soy flour. If fed thrice per day, extrusion‐cooked porridge with defatted or full fat soy flour would meet the energy, protein and available lysine requirements of a child aged 6–8 months receiving low or average nutrients from breast milk. All porridges were well received by Mozambican mothers who use cassava as a staple food. The mean scores for sensory liking of all porridges were 3 and above on a five‐point hedonic scale. CONCLUSION: Extrusion‐cooked cassava/soy flour porridges have good potential for use as high‐energy/high‐protein complementary foods and have acceptable sensory properties. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

大豆蛋白在面条中的应用研究

研究了添加大豆蛋白粉、改性大豆蛋白粉(面条专用)、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆分离蛋白对面条品质的影响。结果表明,普通的大豆蛋白对面条品质有不良影响,但添加改性后的大豆蛋白粉,在6％的用量以内,对面团品质没有不良影响。     

CORN MEAL/SOY FLOUR BLENDS: CHARACTERISTICS AND FOOD APPLICATIONS

SUMMARY –Protein quantity and quality of degermed corn meal were improved by supplementation with toasted defatted soy flour. Taste panel results indicated no significant change in preference, acceptability and similarity to corn meal when as much as 20% toasted defatted soy flour was contained in the blend. Flavor stability was adequate in blends containing toasted defatted, commercial processed full-fat or extrusion-cooked full-fat soy flours at the 15% level. Product color was changed more by the inclusion of toasted defatted than of full-fat soy flour in the blends. Satisfactory performance was found in chapatti and northern corn bread containing degermed corn meal with and without 15% toasted defatted, 20% commercial processed full-fat or 35% extrusion-cooked full-fat soy flours.     

Study and development of a defatted wheat germ nutritive noodle

By using a mixture of defatted wheat germ flour (DWGF) and wheat flour in a suitable ratio with appropriate amounts of additives, a special kind of nutritive noodle has been developed and is described in this paper. The effects of various dose of DWGF on the stiffness and stretch characteristics of the noodles were studied, and the optimum formula for the defatted wheat germ nutritive noodle was determined. The results showed that the appropriate amount of DWGF was 15%, the nutritive content, such as amino acids, minerals, etc., and quality characteristics, such as stretch, of the defatted wheat germ nutritive noodles were very good.     

Purification, Thermal Stability, and Antigenicity of the Immunodominant Soybean Allergen P34 in Soy Cultivars, Ingredients, and Products

ABSTRACT:  Protein P34 ( Gly m Bd 30K) is the immunodominant allergen in soybean ( Glycine max L.). The objectives of this study were (1) to study the effect of thermal treatment on P34 antigenicity and secondary structure after isolation and purification of P34 from soybean by chromatographic techniques; (2) to identify the variability of P34 allergen within 138 accessions from a diverse USDA soybean germplasm collection by ELISA; and (3) to quantify P34 immunoreactivity in various commercial soy ingredients and products. Thermal processing decreased P34 antigenicity. Soybean accessions with the highest P34 content were ancestral (12 mg/g defatted flour) followed by modern (10 mg/g defatted flour) and exotic (8 mg/g defatted flour). The cultivar that emerged as the lowest-expressing P34 accession was PI548657 (2.3 mg/g defatted flour). Among commercial soy ingredients, soy flour yielded the highest P34 antigenicity (32 mg/g extracted protein) followed by soy protein isolate (29 mg/g extracted protein) and soy protein concentrate (24 mg/g extracted protein). Among soy consumer products, soymilk presented the highest P34 antigenicity, ranging from 7 to 23 mg/g extracted protein, followed by tempeh (8 mg/g extracted protein), soy infant formula (3.4 mg/g extracted protein), soy powder (2 mg/g extracted protein), and soy cheese products (0.50 mg/g extracted protein). Korean miso, soy sauce, soy chili mix, soy nuts, soy cream cheese, soy meat patty, texturized soy protein, and soy cereal exhibited undetectable P34 antigenicity (detection limit = 0.45 ng). Selecting soybean varieties with low levels of this allergen, or via processing, could potentially make soybean products less antigenic.