探寻建筑生命的长寿基因——以罗马古建筑圣天使堡为例

通过对圣天使堡建筑形式与环境的分析,并与奥古斯都墓的特点进行了比较,提出建筑形式和建筑环境是建筑的基本元素和最基本特征,在建筑的生命里都起着极其重要的作用,但在很多时候,建筑所处环境相对于建筑形式往往更能影响建筑的发展轨迹。建筑环境会随着时间的推移而不断变化,而在一座建筑的历史生命里,建筑环境的这种不断变化对建筑的影响要远远高于建筑形式。建筑的外部环境因素往往是影响建筑变迁更重要的原因,建筑所处的地点环境往往能对建筑未来的功能发展产生更加可观的影响。     

截面旋转及朝向对建筑周边行人风环境的影响

基于风洞试验和风环境评估理论对方形、矩形、椭圆形等基本形体及其相应截面旋转形体的超高层建筑周边行人风环境进行研究,分析了不同朝向及不同旋转角度下建筑周边行人风环境的舒适性和安全性。结果表明：朝向变化对方形截面建筑行人风环境影响较小,对矩形及椭圆形等双轴不等长截面建筑影响较大,将短边垂直于主导风向可以显著改善建筑周边行人风环境;截面旋转改变了朝向变化对建筑行人风环境的影响规律,旋转建筑与基本截面建筑的行人风环境分布随朝向的增加呈现相反的变化趋势;截面旋转不利于方形截面建筑周边行人风环境分布;对于矩形和椭圆形截面建筑,截面旋转可以减小朝向的变化对行人风环境的影响。研究成果探明了截面旋转角度及朝向变化对基本形体超高层建筑周边行人风环境的影响规律。     

建筑物理环境与设计分析

建筑物理环境包括建筑的声环境、光环境与热环境,建筑物理环境直接影响到建筑的舒适性。当前建筑物理的研究与发展日益深入,建筑物理环境的技术要求越来越高,对建筑设计的发展起到了重要的影响。本文对建筑物理环境进行分析,对建筑物理环境要求进行了探究,以期为建筑设计发展提供参考。     

从环境科学论建筑的"真、善、美"

建筑的环境审美标准有三 ,或者说从三个层次审视 :1 环境质量 :环境质量是建筑的环境审美基础。从建筑来讲 ,环境的优劣 ,应该是以对人生活和工作 ,特别是对人健康的适宜度作为判别标准。环境的识别不仅是判定环境的现状 ,同时还应顾及建筑过程中和建筑物形成后 ,对环境带来的影响。环境质量评价 ,包括环境现状评价和环境影响评价。2 生态建筑 :生态建筑设计既包括建筑的室内设计 ,也包括建筑的外环境设计 ,室内外环境设计处理的就是与建筑相伴又与人们日常生活相接触的空间 ,应从景观生态学的角度设计建筑及其环境。为维系生态系统的平衡 …     

建筑的生态化修复

建筑是与建筑环境共同组成的。绿色建筑的内涵应当包括建筑环境的生态化,以及建筑的生态化两部分。而当建筑环境和建筑本身受各种因素的影响时,例如,自然灾害、战争、人的自身破坏等。生态系统往往发生损害,遭受破坏,这就需要对建筑环境和建筑本身进行生态化修复,使建筑环境和建筑本身满足自然生态系统的完整性、系统性和协调性。建筑的生态化改造是结合建筑的使用功能、室内外装修、设备的改造和更新,针对建筑不断发展的生态和可持续发展观念进行的综合建筑改造。     

建筑与场地环境

随着社会的发展,人们对建筑的关注逐渐从建筑本身转而投向与建筑相关的环境上,这是当代建筑领域的一个重要特征。建筑离不开其所处的环境,环境是建筑所依存的条件,概括地说,这种思想是以人为主体的思想,从关心人类的物质环境和精神环境出发,从关注人类适应、调节、改造环境的建筑经验出发,以建筑的环境作为建筑形式的外在作用要素,创造建筑的形式。     

建筑垃圾在绿色建筑环境设计中的应用

绿色建筑环境设计概念旨在节约社会资源、减少污染、保护环境,提倡生态、环保。通过对建筑垃圾的处理和再利用,从而生成新的建筑材料,合理应用于新的建筑环境设计是绿色建筑环境设计的一个重要方法。本文从建筑垃圾处理的现状入手,分析了建筑垃圾在绿色建筑环境中运用的可行性和意义,结合案例探讨了建筑垃圾在绿色建筑环境设计中应用的具体方法。     

书院对大学校园建筑环境的借鉴

书院文化是我国传统文化精髓,书院建筑理念对我国现代大学校园建筑环境建设仍然有着现实意义。通过对书院的文化教育和建筑环境特色的阐述,分析了书院在场址选择、建筑风水、总体布局、建筑风格、园林景观等方面对现代大学校园建筑环境建设的影响和启示。     

严寒地区办公建筑环境信息模型建构

建筑与环境互动引起建筑能耗与室内光热环境波动。建筑节能设计须同时考虑建筑与环境信息。通过建构严寒地区办公建筑环境信息模型,实现建筑节能设计对建筑信息、环境信息及性能数据的集成,首先分析了既有研究,进而提出建筑环境信息集成流程,最后从环境信息分析、建筑信息建模和建筑性能预测三方面讨论了严寒地区办公建筑环境信息模型应用。     

绿色建筑与可持续建筑之辨——实现真正的绿色

“绿色建筑”和“可持续建筑”两词经常交替使用,但对两者在概念和描述上的区别很少探讨。绿色建筑对环境的危害相当少,并且支持环境可持续性发展。建筑绿色度越深,对环境越友好。建筑环境评估法（BEAMs）可对建筑分级以便于全面了解建筑性能。为了正确评价评估结果（例如建筑生态标识所表示的环境性能）,有必要了解评估所涉及的环境项内容、性能评价标准、各评估项的权重,以及达到评估方法中某等级志需的总分要求等。介绍了各种新建办公楼环境性能评估方法,探讨了建筑生态标识的绿色度以及实现真正绝色所需要的成本。     

日本可持续的建筑设计方法与实践

可持续的环境概念在日本已为建筑界所广泛关注,建筑师们正在通过点点滴滴的设计实践,履行着自己的环境职责。日本建筑界提出了以降低建筑环境负荷为核心的可持续发展对策,包括使建筑与自然环境共生、应用减轻环境负荷的建筑节能新技术、保持建筑生涯的可循环再生性、创造健康舒适的建筑室内环境以及使建筑融入历史与地域的人文环境中等方法。东京煤气公司港北NT大楼、世田谷区立特别老人之家以及“Acros福冈”等项目运用了这些方法,取得了显著的成效。     

Experimental study of the influence of anticipated control on human thermal sensation and thermal comfort

To investigate whether occupants’ anticipated control of their thermal environment can influence their thermal comfort and to explain why the acceptable temperature range in naturally ventilated environments is greater than that in air‐conditioned environments, a series of experiments were conducted in a climate chamber in which the thermal environment remained the same but the psychological environment varied. The results of the experiments show that the ability to control the environment can improve occupants’ thermal sensation and thermal comfort. Specifically, occupants’ anticipated control decreased their thermal sensation vote (TSV) by 0.4–0.5 and improved their thermal comfort vote (TCV) by 0.3–0.4 in neutral‐warm environment. This improvement was due exclusively to psychological factors. In addition, having to pay the cost of cooling had no significant influence on the occupants’ thermal sensation and thermal comfort in this experiment. Thus, having the ability to control the thermal environment can improve occupants’ comfort even if there is a monetary cost involved.     

基于舒适的厦门住宅室内环境调查与评价

建筑环境是人类为满足自身的不同需求而创造出的人工环境,是经过改造后的物质环境。人在不同行为状态下对环境有不同的生理需求,要求建筑室内空间满足其听觉、视觉、热感觉和健康的要求并力争达到舒适。在1000份对厦门市室内环境各方面品质的问卷调查中,可以分析出现在厦门市住宅中有关室内环境品质存在的不足,提出改善住宅中室内环境品质的一些意见,使人们更加关注综合性的、舒适、健康的建筑室内环境。     

Sources and transformations of chlorophenols in the natural environment

The present review updates our knowledge about chlorophenols, their chemical reactions and transformations in the natural environment, as well as factors affecting kinetics and mechanisms of these processes. Effects of pH of the environment and structure of molecules (also the number of chlorine atoms and their position in the molecule) on the behaviour of these compounds in the natural environment are also discussed. In addition, ways of propagation of chlorophenols in the natural environment are presented and discussed on the background of their physical and chemical properties, which influence the propagation rate in the ecosystems.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants

Polybrominated diphenyl ether, PBDE, flame retardants are now a world-wide pollution problem reaching even remote areas. They have been found to bioaccumulate and there are concerns over the health effects of exposure to PBDEs, they also have potential endocrine disrupting properties. They are lipophilic compounds so are easily removed from the aqueous environment and are predicted to sorb onto sediments and particulate matter or to fatty tissue, aiding their distribution throughout the environment. PBDEs are structurally similar to PCBs and DDT and, therefore, their chemical properties, persistence and distribution in the environment follow similar patterns. Concentrations of PBDEs found in environmental samples are now higher than those of PCBs. Evidence to date demonstrates that PBDEs are a growing problem in the environment and concern over their fate and effects is warranted. The manufacture of reactive and additive flame retardants is briefly discussed and their fate and behaviour in the environment is assessed. PBDE toxicology is reviewed and methods of analysis are evaluated.     

Differences in perception of indoor environment between Japanese and non-Japanese workers

Field surveys were conducted at an office with multinational workers in Japan to investigate the differences in the way groups of occupants perceive the environment under real working conditions. Returned questionnaires, 406 in total, were classified into three groups according to their nationality and sex. Only 26% of workers reported their working environment to be comfortable. A significant neutral temperature difference of 3.1 °C was observed between the Japanese female group and the non-Japanese male group under their usual working conditions. Japanese females reported a higher frequency of sick building syndrome related symptoms compared to other groups. Occupant comfort and reported frequency of SBS symptoms were closely related to deviation of the thermal sensation vote from neutral. The thermal environment was found to be a major factor affecting occupant comfort in the concerned office. Differences in the perception of the indoor environment were negatively affecting the ratings of their working environment.     

Project stakeholder analysis as an environmental interpretation process

International projects face a variety of pressures from their uncertain and complex external stakeholder environments. In order to reduce uncertainty, a project management team builds up interpretations about their environment by conducting stakeholder analysis. This study aims to examine the interpretation processes, through which project management teams come to know their external stakeholder environment. The point of departure for the study is Daft and Weick’s (1984) typology about organizational interpretation modes. The paper identifies and describes distinctive interpretation modes of external stakeholder environments in four international projects. The interpretation modes differ in their stakeholder analysis characteristics. The project managers’ beliefs about the stakeholder environment and the project’s intrusiveness towards its stakeholder environment are hypothesized to be associated with the identified differences in the interpretation modes.     

人居环境学科中环境心理学在城市规划设计中应用的研究

当代愈演愈烈的城市环境问题日益引起人们的关注,改善生活环境,提高生活质量,要求我们开始从自身出发,从人的需求出发,从人的意识出发,从人的行为出发。人居环境科学理论坚持“以人为本”,在科学的理论指导下,环境心理学作为研究人与环境的关系理论的学科分支对城市环境的建设具有现实的指导意义。     

普韦布洛建筑及其现代演绎

本文通过追溯普韦布洛传统建筑历史及其现代演绎过程．分析普韦布洛建筑和所处的自然环境、人文环境之间的关系．以及建筑对环境的适应方式．归纳出普韦布洛传统建筑的特点．以及普韦布洛复兴风格建筑受到传统建筑和西方文化影响的阶段发展特征。以期反映普韦布洛建筑基于自身环境的建造智慧．借此对当今的建筑设计有所启示。     

创造老年人活动的室外空间

随着我国城市人口老龄化的迅速发展,建设适宜城市老人的居住室外环境显得越来越重要.依据老人的生活,从生理、心理、社会三方面对室外环境的特殊需求,分析有助于老年人的身心健康,独立生活能力的多层次、多种类的的室外活动环境,提出家居老人和集居老人各种户外活动空间的设计思路和建议,希望能有助于老年人的健康和延年益寿,呼吁社会共同关注老年人的居住室外环境建设,以便更好地促进社会的健康发展.