石墨烯的制备及研究现状

阐述了石墨烯的制备方法如机械剥离法、氧化石墨还原法、加热SiC法和化学气相沉积法等,分析了各种制备方法的优缺点。论述了石墨烯在纳米电子器件、取代硅芯片、制造最快的碳晶体管、减少噪声和潜在的储氢材料领域等方面的应用,同时简要分析了石墨烯的结构对其性质的影响,展望了其未来的发展前景。     

石墨烯的制备及表征研究进展

简述了石墨烯的力、热、电学特性;重点分析了制备石墨烯的几种不同方法,包括:机械剥离法、加热SiC法、石墨插层法、电弧放电法、化学气相沉积法、溶剂剥离法与溶剂热法等,并且评述了这几种方法的特点及存在的问题。介绍了石墨烯的几种表征方法,并阐述了其未来的发展前景。     

石墨烯的制备与应用研究进展

综述了石墨烯的分类、重要的制备方法包括化学气相沉积法、电弧放电法和剥离法等,以及其在电子器件、电容器、场发射、复合材料和储能等领域应用的研究进展。探讨了石墨烯真正走向应用领域需要解决的问题。最后评述了石墨烯纳米材料研究的发展趋势和应用前景。     

原位合成纳米银线-还原氧化石墨烯复合材料研究北大核心CSCD

采用改进的多元醇法,以氧化石墨烯(GO)作为石墨烯前驱体,硝酸银(AgNO_(3))为银源,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮为表面修饰剂,三氯化铁为抑制剂,乙二醇为溶剂和还原剂,在溶剂热条件下原位合成纳米银线(AgNWs)-还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)复合材料,研究反应溶液中GO∶AgNO_(3)质量比、反应温度和时间对合成产物形貌的影响,并对AgNWs-RGO复合材料的形成机理进行了分析。研究表明:当反应溶液中GO∶AgNO_(3)质量比在1∶98.5~1∶32.4内,产物以AgNWs-RGO复合材料为主;当反应溶液中GO∶AgNO_(3)质量比在1∶15.7~1∶7.3内,产物以银纳米颗粒和RGO复合材料为主;随着反应温度从150℃增加到170℃,产物中纳米银颗粒增多,纳米银线的平均长度减小;随着反应时间从3 h延长到5 h,产物中纳米银线的平均长度减小,数量增多。当反应溶液中GO∶AgNO_(3)质量比为1∶63.5时,溶液在160℃反应3 h,产物主要是AgNWs-RGO复合材料,其中纳米银线的长度在20~35μm,直径在80~110 nm,RGO覆盖在AgNWs上。     

纳米银线/还原石墨烯复合材料的制备与表征

用改进的Hummer法制备了氧化石墨烯(GD),并制备 了表面用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮修饰的纳米银线(AgNWs), 通过原位还原法将二者复合成一种新型的水溶性AgNWs/还原石墨烯(RGD)材料,克服了石 墨烯材料不易分散 的缺点。用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见分光(UV-vis)光度计、扫描电子显 微镜(SEM)和傅里 叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱分析仪对样品结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,制备的AgNWs/RG D材料具有与前驱 体不同的物理参数,有望在非线性光学、光电传感器和生物抑菌等方面有良 好的表现。     

可控合成铂功能化还原氧化石墨烯及其氢敏性能

通过添加或不添加甲酸的水热合成法获得了不同Pt纳米颗粒大小的Pt功能化还原氧化石墨烯(Pt-r GO)。利用SEM、XPS手段对所得Pt-r GO的形貌、组成进行表征,对获得的Pt-r GO的氢敏性能进行考察。结果显示,在50~150℃温度条件下,Pt纳米粒子相对小,Pt-r GO传感器的氢敏性能更优。在80℃下,Pt纳米颗粒相对小(20~40 nm)的Pt-r GO传感器对体积分数0.5%~2%的H2体现出优良的气敏响应性能,响应时间在180s以内,在H2体积分数0.5%~2%范围内灵敏度随H2浓度升高呈线性增长,具有良好的稳定性和重复性,响应-恢复曲线稳定,具有一定的应用潜力。     

自组装NiO/还原氧化石墨烯复合材料及其超级电容性能研究

通过水热法制备得到α-Ni(OH)₂,在甲酰胺溶剂中,通过机械振荡结合超声对其进行剥离,得到厚度约为1.1 nm的Ni(OH)₂纳米片,与氧化石墨烯(GO)悬浮液混合后,静电自组装得到Ni(OH)₂/GO,经高温热处理获得NiO/还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)复合材料。同时研究了NiO/rGO的结构、形貌及其用作超级电容器电极材料的电化学性能。形貌表征显示NiO/rGO呈层-层形貌,N₂吸-脱附实验表明复合材料存在介孔结构。在KOH电解液中,1 A/g电流密度下NiO/rGO的比容量为1564 F/g,远高于初始Ni(OH)₂和单纯的NiO;组装的NiO/rGO//石墨烯水凝胶(GH)非对称超级电容器(ASC)器件,充放电电位窗口为0～1.6 V,10 A/g电流密度下经1000次充放电循环的比容量保持率达84.2%。     

Oxygen‐Free Highly Conductive Graphene Papers

Graphene papers have a potential to overcome the gap from nanoscale graphene to real macroscale applications of graphene. A unique process for preparation of highly conductive graphene thin paper by means of Ar⁺ ion irradiation of graphene oxide (GO) papers, with carbon/oxygen ratio reduced to 100:1, is presented. The composition of graphene paper in terms of carbon/oxygen ratio and in terms of types of individual oxygen‐containing groups is monitored throughout the process. Angle‐resolved high resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy helps to investigate the depth profile of carbon and oxygen within reduced GO paper. C/O ratios over 100 on the surface and 40 in bulk material are observed. In order to bring insight to the processes of oxygen removal from GO paper by low energy Ar⁺ ion bombardment, the gases released during the irradiation are analyzed by mass spectroscopy. It is proven that Ar⁺ ion beam can be applied as a technique for fabrication of highly reduced graphene papers with high conductivities. Such highly conductive graphene papers have great potential to be used in application for construction of microelectronic and sensor devices.     

Ultrasmall Graphene Oxide Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Adjuvants Improve Humoral and Cellular Immunity in Mice

Adjuvants play an important role in vaccines. Alum and MF59 are two dominant kinds of adjuvants used in humans. Both of them, however, have limited capacity to generate the cellular immune response required for vaccines against cancers and viral diseases. It is desirable to develop new and efficient adjuvants with the aim of improving the cellular immune response against the antigen. Here, the feasibility and efficiency of ultrasmall graphene oxide supported gold nanoparticles (usGO‐Au) as a new immune adjuvant to improve immune responses are explored. usGO‐Au is obtained from reduction of chloroauric acid using usGO and then decorated with ovalbumin (OVA, a model antigen) through physical adsorption to construct usGO‐Au@OVA. As the results show, the as‐synthesized usGO‐Au@OVA can efficiently stimulate RAW264.7 cells to secrete tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), a mediator for cellular immune response. In vivo studies demonstrate that usGO‐Au@OVA can also promote robust OVA specific antibody response, CD8⁺ T cells proliferation, and different cytokines secretion. The results indicate that using usGO‐Au as an adjuvant can stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune responses against antigens, which may promote better understanding of cellular immune response and facilitate potential applications for cancer and viral vaccines.     

The Exfoliation of Graphene in Liquids by Electrochemical,Chemical, and Sonication‐Assisted Techniques: A Nanoscale Study

The different exfoliation routes of graphite to produce graphene by sonication in solvent, chemical oxidation and electrochemical oxidation are compared. The exfoliation process and roughening of a flat graphite substrate is directly visualized at the nanoscale by scanning probe and electron microscopy. The etching damage in graphite and the properties of the exfoliated sheets are compared by Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The results show the trade‐off between exfoliation speed and preservation of graphene quality. A key step to achieve efficient exfoliation is to couple gas production and mechanical exfoliation on a macroscale with non‐covalent exfoliation and preservation of graphene properties on a molecular scale.     

A Graphene Nanoprobe for Rapid,Sensitive, and Multicolor Fluorescent DNA Analysis

Coupling nanomaterials with biomolecular recognition events represents a new direction in nanotechnology toward the development of novel molecular diagnostic tools. Here a graphene oxide (GO)‐based multicolor fluorescent DNA nanoprobe that allows rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of DNA targets in homogeneous solution by exploiting interactions between GO and DNA molecules is reported. Because of the extraordinarily high quenching efficiency of GO, the fluorescent ssDNA probe exhibits minimal background fluorescence, while strong emission is observed when it forms a double helix with the specific targets, leading to a high signal‐to‐background ratio. Importantly, the large planar surface of GO allows simultaneous quenching of multiple DNA probes labeled with different dyes, leading to a multicolor sensor for the detection of multiple DNA targets in the same solution. It is also demonstrated that this GO‐based sensing platform is suitable for the detection of a range of analytes when complemented with the use of functional DNA structures.     

纳米金属氧化物粉体的液相制备和表征进展

根据国内外研究者的报道及作者近几年来对纳米金属氧化物的制备研究结果,介绍了纳米金属氧化物液相法制备中常用的方法及表征手段,并探讨了纳米粉体制备过程中的团聚和反团聚措施。     

Preparation,Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of Reduced Graphene Sheet Films

This paper describes the preparation, characterization, and electrochemical properties of reduced graphene sheet films (rGSFs), investigating especially their electrochemical behavior for several redox systems and electrocatalytic properties towards oxygen and some small molecules. The reduced graphene sheets (rGSs) are produced in high yield by a soft chemistry route involving graphite oxidation, ultrasonic exfoliation, and chemical reduction. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy clearly demonstrate that graphene was successfully synthesized and modified at the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. Several redox species, such as Ru(NH₃)₆^3+/2+, Fe(CN)₆^3?/4?, Fe^3+/2+ and dopamine, are used to probe the electrochemical properties of these graphene films by using the cyclic voltammetry method. The rGSFs demonstrate fast electron‐transfer (ET) kinetics and possess excellent electrocatalytic activity toward oxygen reduction and certain biomolecules. In our opinion, this microstructural and electrochemical information can serve as an important benchmark for graphene‐based electrode performances.