深圳民治河流域低影响开发措施水文效应评估

低影响开发措施为一类较为有效的城市雨洪管理方法,在海绵城市建设中应用较为广泛。为评估其水文效应,以深圳民治河流域为研究区域,构建SWMM城市雨洪模型,设计3种LID措施方案,分别计算不同重现期降雨情形下3种LID措施实施前后的径流过程。结果表明:透水铺装和下凹式绿地等LID措施均对峰现时间有一定的延迟作用,对洪峰流量和径流量均有不同程度的削减效果,且洪峰流量和径流量的削减率均随着降雨重现期增大而减少,透水铺装和下凹式绿地两者的组合实施可以更好地发挥控制径流作用。     

基于SWMM的海绵校园径流控制效果评估——以萍乡市北星小学为例

为了研究海绵校园LID措施的径流控制效果,以萍乡市北星小学的改造项目为例,利用萍乡市暴雨强度公式计算各个重现期的设计降雨,借助雨洪管理模型(SWMM),构建LID改造前后的降雨-径流模型,模拟不同设计降雨条件下校园内分别采用组合LID及单独布设LID措施的径流控制效果,以及透水路面堵塞情形下的径流控制效果。结果表明:校园海绵化改造后,年径流总量控制率达到75%,污染物削减率在60%左右,排放口流量峰值时刻延后7～10 min;三种LID措施对校园径流量削减的贡献度排序为透水铺装下沉式树池下沉式绿地,对污染物削减的贡献度排序为下沉式绿地下沉式树池透水铺装;透水路面堵塞对径流控制效果的影响在降雨重现期30a时显著增大。通过对结果分析,设计方案下的海绵校园径流控制效果均达到预期目标,对一般的小范围海绵校园进行LID改造具有一定的参考价值。     

低影响开发设施布设对区域雨洪控制效果研究

以青岛市城区某小区为例,研究了低影响开发(LID)布设下区域雨洪控制效果。基于SWMM和GIS构建区域概化模型,对比分析了现状模式及布设生物滞留网格、绿色屋顶、透水铺装和3种LID设施组合布设方案下,研究区不同重现期水文与水质变化情况,结果表明:相同降雨重现期下,LID设施单独布设时,绿色屋顶对洪峰流量削减效果最好,透水铺装对径流系数削减效果最佳、降雨控制率最高;LID设施组合布设方案优于单独布设方案,且降雨重现期越小,LID设施控制效果越好;LID设施单独布设和3种LID设施组合布设方案下污染物削减能力由强到弱为LID设施组合绿色屋顶透水铺装生物滞留网格。     

基于暴雨洪水管理模型的低影响开发设施应用研究

海绵城市是针对解决我国水危机提出的新理念,而低影响开发(LID)设施是构建海绵城市的关键。为了分析不同降雨重现期、不同降雨历时、占地面积对单项LID设施径流控制能力的影响,以亦庄调节池一期工程为研究区域,利用暴雨洪水管理模型(SWMM)进行模拟计算,研究了不同占地面积下各LID设施对不同降雨过程的径流削减效果,分析了降雨重现期及降雨历时与占地面积影响作用的相关性。结果表明:随着降雨重现期由1年增加至10年,透水铺装径流削减率下降了13%～35%;随占地面积占比由25%增至100%时,其径流削减率增大了4. 8%～23%,且占地面积变化对低重现期降雨径流削减效果影响明显,生物滞留槽和植草沟呈相同规律。相反,下凹绿地占地面积变化对高重现期径流削减效果影响较大。绿色屋顶的径流削减率与土壤层厚度成正比,与降雨重现期成反比,且绿色屋顶厚度对低降雨重现期削减效率影响稍大; LID设施的径流削减率随降雨历时增加而增大(削减率增长区间为1. 7%～7. 7%),且占地面积越大,降雨历时变化对径流削减率的影响就越明显。各LID设施的性价比和适用情况对比计算表明,下凹绿地和透水铺装性价比较高,适于作为主控设施大面积应用,而植草沟、生物滞留池及绿色屋顶适于作为辅助设施部分应用。研究成果为选择效益最优的海绵城市建设模式提供科学参考。     

低影响开发措施对雨水径流的控制效应

为了解LID措施在实际应用中对雨水径流的控制效应,选取广州市天河智慧城透水铺装和绿地开展现场监测,在透水铺装和绿地上分别选取20场次和11场次降雨径流资料分析径流削减情况,在透水铺装和绿地上均选取2场次降雨水质资料分析污染物去除情况。结果表明:透水铺装和绿地的径流量削减率均随着雨前干旱期增加而上升,随着降雨历时、降水量和最大雨强的增加而下降;在降水量较小时,绿地的径流量削减率比透水铺装的大,在降水量较大时反之。雨前干旱期越久,地表累积的污染物越多,冲刷到雨水径流中的污染物越多,雨前干旱期越长的场次降雨的透水铺装和绿地雨水径流污染物质量浓度亦越高。     

基于SWMM模型的不同LID设施对雨洪控制效果模拟分析

为了研究适宜三亚的低影响开发(LID)措施,以三亚市某采用低影响开发建设小区为研究对象,运用SWMM构建模型模拟某子汇水区域采用下凹式绿地、透水铺装和植草格等3种不同LID设施下,遭受不同暴雨重现期下的径流过程,评估3种LID设施对雨洪的削减效果。分析结果表明,低重现期降雨条件下,下凹式绿地对雨洪控制效果较为明显,可充分发挥其对雨水滞留调蓄功能。当然,仅依靠下凹式绿地进行雨洪管理势必对小区的景观园林统筹规划带来困难;因此在实际海绵城市设计中,需要采取多种LID措施并举方式实现对年径流总量控制率的控制。     

低影响开发模式下城市雨洪控制效果模拟研究

由于贵安新区作为国家第一批海绵城市试点,对我国西南地区的其他城市有非常好的借鉴作用。本文以贵安新区示范区为研究对象,构建暴雨洪水管理模型(SWMM),并根据贵安新区海绵城市建设相关规划,结合研究区下垫面特征,在不同重现期降水情景下设计7种LID措施组合情景并进行相应的模拟与分析,评估不同LID措施组合对雨洪控制的效果,寻求最优LID措施组合。结果表明:LID措施组合方案的雨洪控制效果均优于单一LID措施,其中下凹式绿地+透水铺装组合措施对高频暴雨和低频暴雨的洪峰流量削减率高达67.2%和44.5%,延缓洪水峰现时间,可以很好地发挥雨洪控制作用,增加雨洪资源的利用量。结合径流系数控制效果,下凹式绿地+透水铺装组合的造价可以降低60.3%,综合考虑水文效应与经济效应,得到贵安新区LID措施的最优配置为:下凹式绿地+透水铺装。以上结果可为贵安新区的城市雨洪管理及海绵城市建设提供相应的理论支撑。     

某低影响开发公共建筑雨洪效应的SWMM模拟与评估

以深圳市某已建公共建筑为例,研究低影响开发设施的雨洪控制效果。对SWMM5.1.8中新增的LID模块以及研究区域的建模过程进行了详细介绍。研究结果表明,在年降雨条件下,研究区域在含有绿色屋顶、下沉式绿地、植被草沟、透水性铺装和雨水桶5种组合LID设施的条件下,其年径流总量控制率可达60%;场降雨条件下,5种组合LID设施对峰值流量的削减率最高可达43%。通过对单项LID设施雨洪控制效应的研究,得知绿色屋顶和透水铺装对雨水径流总量的削减贡献较大,其贡献率分别为36.1%和30.5%;绿色屋顶对峰值流量的削减贡献最大,为53.7%。     

Area proportion optimization of different LID facilities and effect of runoff pollution controlEI北大核心CSCD

为探究低影响开发（LID）设施对缓解城市洪涝灾害以及削减污染物负荷的效果，以淮南市某老旧小区为研究对象，基于SWMM模型构建了暴雨径流管理模型，分析了单项LID设施不同面积占比时的总成本效益，针对4种LID设施组合方案，模拟了不同设计降雨重现期的地表径流、排放口流量及污染负荷。结果表明：对于单项LID设施，占屋顶总面积45%的绿色屋顶、占不透水道路面积60%的渗透铺装和占绿地总面积10%的生物滞留设施总成本效益最高；不同LID设施组合均有较好的雨洪控制效果及污染物削减效果，但随着降雨量的增大，效果均有所减小。     

城市雨水径流污染及LID控制效果模拟

采用SWMM(storm water management model)模型对城市雨水经流及水质进行模拟,分析不同降雨条件下,LID(low impact development)控制措施对城市雨水径流及污染物的削减效果。结果发现:LID控制措施对城市雨水径流量、污染物总负荷以及径流峰值均有明显削减作用,对径流峰现时间有延迟作用;雨水径流量、污染物总负荷以及径流峰值的削减率随雨峰系数的增大呈先增大、后较小的变化趋势,随重现期的增大而减小;峰现时间的延迟效果与雨峰系数和重现期均呈负相关;相对雨峰系数,重现期对雨水径流量、污染物负荷的削减率、径流峰值以及峰现时间的影响更显著。     

生活污水对蚕豆的氧化损伤实验研究

研究了某污水处理厂不同取样点的污水对蚕豆根部和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:各取样点的污水引起蚕豆根部和叶片SOD活性增加和叶片中POD和CAT活性的增加;随着各取样点CODCr增加,根部的CAT和POD的活性均表现为先升后降。且除了B沉外,各取样点的污水均使得根部和叶片的MDA含量显著增高。由于加氯消毒,出水的毒性高于B沉池污水。     

Automatic load-frequency control of the united power system of Siberia

A centralized system for automatic load-frequency control (ALFC) has been developed by the Siberian Division of the Central Computing Center of the Power Industry and realized on the basis of a commercial OMRON controller that performs all control functions. The algorithmic and software support of ALFC performs several new functions, i.e., helps to produce control actions on regulating stations with allowance for the specified daily output, perform second-after-second (cumulative sum) accounting for the power produced by a power station due to participation in the control, initiate combined regulation of power flow and frequency (APFR), ensure maintenance of a 1-sec archive with a depth of over 30 days for any telemetry (TM) used in the ALFC, etc. The software has been developed with the help of special language based on the IEC 1131-3 standard.Translated from Élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2004, pp. 17 – 20.     

城市河道溢流堰对水体溶解氧及氮和磷的影响

研究了河道溢流堰对水体DO及氮、磷的影响,结果表明:经溢流堰后,水体DO平均增加1.75 mg/L。当水温超过15℃,堰下DO低于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN低于堰上,堰下DO高于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN低于堰上。当水温低于15℃,堰下DO高于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN高于堰上,TN升高。当DO增加较少时,堰下TP高于堰上,DO增加较多时,堰下TP低于堰上,TP得到一定降低。     

黑龙江省西部地区玉米需水量与灌溉制度制定

黑龙江省西部地区频发的干旱情况影响该地区农业水循环与粮食安全,研究玉米水分供需关系对于理解该地区干旱机理有重要意义。根据FAO-56单作物系数法,计算玉米生育期参考作物蒸散量(ET0)、作物需水量(ETc)和灌溉需水量(Ir),依托CROPWAT模型制定灌溉制度,并通过计算作物水分盈亏指数(CW)分析玉米水分盈余情况。结果表明：1960—2015年黑龙江省西部玉米生育期ET0和ETc呈下降趋势,有效降水量(Pe)、Ir和CW呈上升趋势;平均ET0、ETc、Pe和Ir分别为639.64、438.13、224.40和273.87 mm;由于不同水文年干旱条件不同,Pe并不能在所有年份满足玉米水分需求,丰水年、平水年、枯水年和特枯水年的平均净灌溉定额分别为152.43、236.33、276.53和353.47 mm。黑龙江省西部玉米生育期水分供需关系的研究和灌溉制度的制定有助于区域水资源调控和农业发展     

Ecological Water Requirement (EWR) Analysis of High Mountain and Steep Gorge (HMSG) River—Application to Upper Lancang–Mekong River

As “corridor” in the south–north and “barrier” in the west–east direction, Lancang River, the upstream of Lancang–Mekong River, has an obvious spatial–temporal characteristic and unique regional attributes. Recently, the hydropower development of the mainstream along Lancang River has disturbed the regional ecosystem to have unstable factors, and threatened the ecosystem health. This paper used the couple model of Grading Coefficient of ecological water requirement (GCEWR) and the ecological runoff (ER) to simulate the ecological water requirement (EWR) of Lancang River, in a broad sense, this method belongs to hydrology–ecology methodology. In the GCEWR–ER, We adopted ecological characteristic indexes (ECI) and hydrological characteristic variables (e.g. variance index) to calculate the GCEWR, and used three methods to calculate the basic variable (e.g. ER) of EWR: the first method directly used annual average runoff as ER; the second method was used frequency method and took year as basic time unit, and the third method took season (e.g. flood season, non-flood season) as the basic time unit to evaluate ER. Finally, in order to demonstrate applicability of this developed methodology, this paper adopted GCEWR–ER method to calculate the EWR of Lancang River in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region. By the systematic analysis of the results, we could get the minimum, satisfying and optimal EWR for the Lancang River, which were 142.53 × 10⁸, 286.46 × 10⁸ and 385.96 × 10⁸ m³. The three EWR respectively occupied 25.10%, 50.46% and 67.98% of the average measured run-off (567.75 × 10⁸ m³) of the Lancang River, and respectively occupied 18.63%, 37.45% and 50.45% of the natural run-off (765 × 10⁸ m³) of the Lancang River.     

Regionalization of natural flow regime: application to environmental flow optimization at ungauged sites

In this work we use the regionalization approach (RA) to derive the natural flow regime at an ungauged site. The derived natural flow regime, expressed by the regional cdf models of 32 indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) is used in the histogram matching approach (HMA) to seek the optimal environmental flows for a proposed multiobjective diversion weir in Taiwan. The results reveal that the outcomes associated with the planning constant scheme are significantly improved by the optimal time‐varying scheme. The histogram dissimilarities of 32 IHA associated with the planning scheme are consistently greater than those associated with the optimal scheme, especially for low‐flow IHA. Despite the inherent discrepancy between different approaches to generating flow data at the ungauged site, the optimal outcomes resulting from the RA‐based natural flow regime appear to be plausible and consistent with those reported in the previous work, thus validating the RA used in this work. We also explore the effect of weighting factors on the optimal outcomes. The results reveal that the weighting factor of the ecosystem needs objective dominates all optimal outcomes, while those of the agricultural demands and interbasin transfers objectives have minor effects on the optimal outcomes. The global optimal solution is obtained with a full or null weighting assigned to the ecosystem needs objective, while the least optimal solution is obtained as the interbasin transfers objective is given a null weighting and the agricultural demands objective is weighted more than the ecosystem needs objective. River managers and decision makers may select more balanced weir operation strategies based on the results presented in this work. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEOs)在净水厂中的监测

低浓度内分泌干扰物长期作用会对人体健康产生不可忽视的负面影响.较详细地研究了北方某给水厂现有净水处理工艺对低浓度NPEOs的控制特性,结果表明,该厂常规工艺单元(无预氯化)对NPEOs(聚合度n＝4～15)基本上没有去除作用,后续活性炭单元对NPEOs的去除作用也不是很明显,有待进一步研究.由于氯的强氧化作用的存在,加氯能明显降低水中的NPEOs浓度.     

Connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating first one under the conditions of flow circuits of combined-cycle plants with two gas-turbine units and one steam turbine

Problems arising with connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the first exhaust-heat boiler under load in the case of flow circuits of combined-cycle plants of type PGU-450 are considered. Similar problems exist for two-boiler single-turbine units of type PGU-325 and for two-boiler single-turbine units of traditional steampower plants with an output of 200–300 MW upon connection of the second furnace of a two-furnace boiler to the operating first furnace. Analysis of the temperature-induced stressed state and of the cyclic strength of thick-walled elements of the steam-water conduit of PGU-450 and of two-furnace boilers of two-boiler single-turbine units with an output of 200–300 MW (the check valve, the inlet header of the water economizer) is used for determining the steam temperature differences in the high-pressure conduits to the steam turbine and the order of connection of the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating fist one. Modes of enabling a two-boiler single-turbine unit of a combined-cycle plant, which are most “rigid” from the standpoint of thermal strength, are determined. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, February 2006, pp. 11–17.     

智能数据采集系统(IDAS)简介

IDA系统是Sinco公司近年来投入市场的新产品。IDA是智能数据采集的缩写。 该系统的主要器件有:传感器、多路模块,接口重发器、终端箱、I/R模块、电源、个人计算机、传感电缆、总线、各种雷击保护器、总线电源控制器、过压保护器、人工读数适配器及便携式读数显示器等。 多路模块把传感信号转换成数字形式并通过IDA总线将其传输到现场的个人计算机中。PC机将转换从工程单位中获得的数据并将其存入软盘。如果需要,PC机也可以分析比较输入数据来预置报警界限和发出警报。数据能打印、显示并能多次不断的从前置PC机反回到后置PC机。 前置PC机用于数据记录而后置机则用于数据分析,数据由调制解调器或软磁盘传输。 后置PC机负责数据库的数据归档,数据分析、绘图和生成报表。 美国田纳西州工程管理局(TVA)在方泰娜坝的监测中采用了IDAS,该系统运行良好,亦可用于滑坡和尾矿坝的监测。     

Motif环境下的交互式监控图形生成技术

本文探讨了Motif环境下，监控图形交互生成与批量化生产的问题，阐述了开放环境下监控图形生成工具开发的必要性，分析了生成工具与实时系统的关系，从监视、控制两方面论述了生成工具的设计思想，并简要介绍了图形生成工具IPM的设计及功能。