黑木耳瘦肉红枣粥的研制

开发一款具有滋肾养肺、增加免疫力、补血黑发、降糖降脂、益气强身等功效的黑木耳瘦肉红枣粥。探究了黑木耳瘦肉红枣粥的最佳优配方及其工艺参数,利用单因素试验得到的最佳配比为:黑木耳90g、新鲜瘦猪肉300g、红枣70g、大米200g。按照这一配方,制作出的黑木耳瘦肉红枣粥口感香甜,质地细嫩,清脆爽滑,品质营养最佳。     

浓香型产区烟叶主要化学成分与风格品质特色及其关系研究

收集主要浓香型产区烟叶,测定其化学成分并对其风格品质特征进行评定,研究了产区间烟叶的差异及烟叶化学成分与风格品质特色的关系。结果表明,烟碱、总糖、糖碱比对烟叶感官品质特征的影响较大。劲头的强弱与还原糖和总糖的含量呈极显著的负相关关系,而与烟碱和总氮的含量呈极显著的正相关关系。烟叶的甜感、香气质、香气量、余味均与还原糖、总糖呈正相关关系,而与烟碱和总氮呈负相关关系,随着钾含量的增加,烟气的细腻度、余味评分有增大趋势,刺激性也会变小。烟气的刺激性随氯含量的增加有变大的趋势。烟气的香气质、细腻度、余味均与糖碱比呈极显著的正相关关系,而刺激性与其呈负相关关系。     

制约我国乳业实现跨越式发展的主要问题

通过比较我国乳业与发达国家乳业存在的差距和不足，讨论了加入WTO后，要实现我国乳品企业的跨越式发展应具备的条件。提出我国孔业在奶质量、奶源基地的建设、奶牛单产、原料乳成本、乳品结构等方面与国外相比存在很大的差距；并讨论了我国乳业管理体制、建立奶牛风险基金、高新技术在乳品工业的应用、技术创新体系建设和设备制造技术等问题，得出我国乳业要在管理方面、企业经营规模和效益方面、乳业的管理体制和政策方面、乳品加工技术的创新及体系方面需加强和提高，从而实现我国乳业的跨越式发展。     

关于内正则Duo序半群

给出内正则duo序半群的刻划,证明一个序半群S是内正则duo的当且仅当它是单且左单且右单的半群半格．特别地,S是单且左单且右单的序半群链当且仅当S是内正则duo的且S的所有理想关于集合的包含关系构成链．     

Addressing the challenges of climate change and biofuel production for food and nutrition security

More than one billion people are suffering hunger and malnutrition in 2009. Food security has deteriorated since 1995 and reductions in child malnutrition are proceeding too slowly to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of halving hunger by 2015. Three major challenges threaten current and future efforts to overcome food insecurity and malnutrition: climate and global environmental change and the consequent loss of ecosystems’ services, the growing use of food crops as a source of fuel and the food and financial crises. This paper reviews and analyses the current and projected effects of climate change and bioenergy on nutrition and proposes policy recommendations to address these challenges. The first section of the review lays out the public health and socio-economic consequences of malnutrition and explores causes and costs. The paper then analyses the implications of climate and global environmental change and biofuel production for food security and nutrition, addressing strategies for adaptation and mitigation. This analysis includes a number of important socio-economic factors, besides climate change and biofuel production, that are currently impacting food and nutrition security, and that will likely contribute to future effects. The paper concludes with a series of policy proposals and recommendations to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate and global environmental change placing human rights in the centre of decision making. These proposals include a number of options for improving sustainability and food and nutrition security while addressing the links between climate change and bioenergy demand.     

油脂营养成分及其对肠道健康影响的研究进展北大核心CSCD

油脂是人体最主要的营养物质之一,其消化吸收主要发生在肠道,而肠道内存在种类繁多的菌群,可以直接参与人体的消化吸收、脂质代谢、能量供应等。油脂的消化吸收可能与多种代谢紊乱和肠道疾病、糖尿病、肥胖等慢性疾病存在联系,而食用油脂摄入不平衡会影响肠道菌群组成和代谢,破坏肠道稳态,进而可能导致上述疾病的发生。综述了油脂的脂肪酸组成、功能性伴随成分及其对人体健康的影响,分析了近年来油脂对肠道菌群组成及其代谢产物影响的研究,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,这对进一步开展油脂营养特性及其对肠道健康影响的研究以及合理膳食保障人体健康具有积极意义。     

Levels of some trace elements in hospital diets

Composite diets served to patients at the University College Hospital, Ibadan were collected and analysed for their concentration of zinc, copper, iron, manganese and cadmium. Data collected indicate that the concentration of zinc for breakfast foods was highest in bread and fried egg and lowest in bread alone. Copper was highest in yam and corned beef stew but not detected in any of the bread-containing breakfast foods. Iron and manganese were highest in hot pap and moinmoin and lowest in yam, stew and meat.For lunch and dinner diets, the concentration of zinc was highest in dodo, stew and meat and lowest in dodo alone; copper was highest in eba, melon soup and meat and was non-detectable in jollof rice and meat, pounded yam, melon soup and meat. Iron was highest in amala, melon soup and meat and lowest in dodo alone. Manganese was highest in agidi, vegetable soup and fish and was non-detectable in pounded yam, okro soup and fish. The levels found appear sufficient to meet daily dietary requirements.     

肉及肉制品质量属性评价方法及其面临问题

研究者和生产者一直试图通过育种、饲料组分功效量化、饲养方案优化、加工工艺调整和贮藏条件改善等来提升肉及肉制品的产量和品质,而肉及肉制品的质量属性检测分析是衡量肉及肉制品营养价值、安全性、生产能力和市场接受性的重要途经,也是研究者和生产者开展生产和产品市场定位等的重要依据之一。目前肉及肉制品质量属性的检测方法,主要包括通过凯氏定氮法测定蛋白质含量、采用色谱法测定胆固醇含量、色谱法对脂肪酸组分的测定分析和色谱法测定氨基酸组分等对常规营养属性的分析、采用味觉识别系统、质谱分析技术、颜色分析系统对味觉、风味和颜色等感官品质进行的分析等。肉及肉制品质量属性评价方法的完善和改进不仅能够促进肉制品加工产业的发展,还能够更好的促进消费,鉴于此,本文对肉及肉制品质量属性评价方法及其创新进展进行了概述,对肉及肉制品质量安全属性评价方法目前面临的挑战进行了分析,以期为肉制品产业发展和科研提供参考。     

我国常见家畜胴体分割及分级技术发展

牛、猪、羊为我国主要家畜品种。改革开放以来,我国牛、猪、羊胴体分割、分级技术水平有了一定的提升,关于家畜胴体分割、分级技术的发展过程及其标准的研究不断完善。本文概述了我国牛、猪、羊胴体分割、分级技术相关标准规定,阐述了常见家畜胴体分割、分级技术的发展历程,并对胴体分割、分级技术存在的问题提出意见,旨在为我国家畜屠宰企业进行牛肉、猪肉和羊肉分割、分级提供参考,促进肉质提高及分割肉的增值,推动我国畜肉产业健康、持续、稳定、快速发展。     

Multiple-antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from cecal contents in broiler chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered in Canada and plasmid colocalization of tetO and ermB genes

This study was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial resistance determinants and investigate plasmid colocalization of tetracycline and macrolide genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from broiler chicken and turkey flocks in Canada. A total of 387 E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates were recovered from poultry cecal contents from five processing plants. The percentages of resistant E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively, were 88.1 and 94% to bacitracin, 0 and 0.9% to chloramphenicol, 0.7 and 14.5% to ciprofloxacin, 72.6 and 80.3% to erythromycin, 3.7 and 41% to flavomycin, 9.6 and 4.3% (high-level resistance) to gentamicin, 25.2 and 17.1% (high-level resistance) to kanamycin, 100 and 94% to lincomycin, 0 and 0% to linezolid, 2.6 and 20.5% to nitrofurantoin, 3 and 27.4% to penicillin, 98.5 and 89.7% to quinupristin-dalfopristin, 7 and 12.8% to salinomycin, 46.7 and 38.5% (high-level resistance) to streptomycin, 95.6 and 89.7% to tetracycline, 73 and 75.2% to tylosin, and 0 and 0% to vancomycin. One predominant multidrug-resistant phenotypic pattern was identified in both E. faecalis and E. faecium (bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, tetracycline, and tylosin). These isolates were further examined by PCR and sequencing for the genes encoding their antimicrobial resistance. Various combinations of vatD, vatE, bcrR, bcrA, bcrB, bcrD, ermB, msrC, linB, tetM, and tetO genes were detected, and ermB, tetM, and bcrB were the most common antimicrobial resistance genes identified. For the first time, plasmid extraction and hybridization revealed colocalization of tetO and ermB genes on a ca. 11-kb plasmid in E. faecalis isolates, and filter mating experiments demonstrated its transferability. Results indicate that the intestinal enterococci of healthy poultry, which can contaminate poultry meat at slaughter, could be a reservoir for quinupristin-dalfopristin, bacitracin, tetracycline, and macrolide resistance genes.     

MARKET CREAM PROCESSING—FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION

The main factors influencing the locations and facilities for cream processing are outlined and market needs defined. The quality and flavour of ex-farm milk and the acceptable level of psychrotrophic bacteria is discussed and the importance of the right viscosity and consistency in cream and its keeping quality, stressed. Shelf life and the significance of refrigeration in both storage and transport is emphasized. Problems of availability and distribution and the utilization of skim milk and surplus butterfat are examined.     

Genetic parameters for first milk production and composition traits for Holsteins using multivariate restricted maximum likelihood

Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations among yields of milk, fat, protein, and percentages of fat and protein were estimated from 40,984 first lactation records of daughters of 488 young and 75 proven Holstein sires using multivariate REML and a sire model accounting for relationships and sire groups. Proven sires were treated as fixed effects. Heritabilities for yields of milk, fat, protein, and percentages of fat and protein were .29, .31, .25, .65, and .61, respectively. Genetic correlations of milk with yields of fat, protein, and percentages of fat and protein and correlations of fat yield with fat percentage were .45, .79, -.49, -.54 and .56, respectively. Genetic correlations among yields and among percentage of fat and protein were the same (.62). Genetic and phenotypic correlations of protein percentage with fat and protein yields and correlations of fat percentages with protein yield were small (-.13 to .11). Phenotypic correlations were .73 to .90 among yields of milk, fat, and protein; -.31 for milk and fat percentage; -.39 for milk and protein percentage; and .38 for fat yield and fat percentage. Estimates were consistent with an earlier study utilizing data from the same population and also with other reports.     

不同类型甘薯最佳烹饪方式评价

本研究通过评价甘薯不同食用方式下食味品质,明确不同鲜食品种的最佳食用方式及其与各品质指标的相关性。以干率、蛋白质、淀粉含量均较低的两个品种冀粉2号、烟薯25和干率、淀粉、蛋白质含量均较高的两个品种冀薯8号、冀元1号为材料,选择2种烹饪方式（烤制和蒸制）对薯块进行处理,采用感官评价、TPA测试、气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MC）等方式对烤制和蒸制甘薯的口感、质构和香味成分进行测定分析。结果表明：薯块硬度、弹性、粘附性、咀嚼性、胶粘性在两种食用方式之间差异较大。相关性分析：干率与烤和蒸薯的内聚性、咀嚼性呈正相关;与淀粉、还原糖、可溶性糖呈负相关;蛋白质与烤和蒸薯的硬度、内聚性、胶粘性、咀嚼性呈正相关;与淀粉、还原糖、可溶性糖、烤和蒸薯的回复性呈负相关;淀粉与还原糖、可溶性糖、烤和蒸薯的弹性、回复性呈正相关;烤和蒸薯的咀嚼性、胶粘性呈负相关;还原糖与可溶性糖、烤和蒸薯的弹性呈正相关;与烤和蒸薯的硬度、咀嚼性 、胶粘性呈负相关;营养特性与质地指标具有一定的相关性。薯块烤制和蒸制共检测出49种香气物质,冀粉2号、冀薯8号香味物质烤制比蒸制分别多11、8种,冀元1号、烟薯25香味物质烤制比蒸制分别少3、1种;感官评价得出冀粉2号、烟薯25烤制口感比蒸制口感好;冀薯8号、冀元1号蒸制口感比烤制好。综合得出：干率、蛋白质含、淀粉含量均较低品种冀粉2号、烟薯25适合烤制;干率、蛋白质、淀粉含量均较高品种冀薯8号、冀元1号适合蒸制。     

我国西南地区白酒质量安全监管中存在的问题及对策

目的 了解白酒质量安全监管现状, 探究现有的监管模式所存在的问题, 并找出解决的对策。方法 就白酒质量安全的基本情况、监管现状以及社会公众对白酒相关法律法规的认知情况, 对四川、陕西、贵州白酒产业地区的典型大、中、小型白酒生产企业、参与市场监管的相关部门、科研单位以及社会公众开展问卷调查、会议和电话访谈, 并对上述结果进行分析, 剖析问题, 找出解决对策。结果 白酒质量安全监管总体表现较好, 但是由于现行的监管体制机制未完全理顺, 监管部门在激发市场活力、强化公共服务方面的作用发展受限, 工商执法与检验检测机构人员及硬件配置等方面存在问题, 致使市场监管部门在督促白酒生产企业提升自我监管能力方面以及引导社会公众在协同监管能力方面还较为欠缺, 从而导致白酒质量安全隐患突出。结论 监管部门还需创新监管理念, 调整监管体系, 完善相关制度、法规; 督促白酒生产企业完善自我监督及风险防控措施; 大力向社会公众普及食品质量安全相关的法律法规知识, 发挥不同的监管主体作用, 降低白酒质量安全风险。     

植物油精炼过程中缩水甘油酯和3-氯丙醇酯的形成及脱除研究进展

缩水甘油酯(GEs)和3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPDE)是植物油精炼过程中产生的主要污染物之一。GEs和3-MCPDE伴随食用油摄入人体后,经脂肪酶水解产生的缩水甘油和3-氯丙醇具有肾脏毒性和遗传毒性。植物油中GEs和3-MCPDE主要产生于油脂精炼脱臭工段,脱臭温度、脱臭时间对GEs和3-MCPDE的生成影响巨大。从油脂精炼加工过程中GEs和3-MCPDE的形成及脱除等方面进行了综述,指出脱色和脱臭工段可促进GEs和3-MCPDE的生成,当前可通过抑制及脱除其前体物质、优化植物油脱臭条件、脱除精炼油中的GEs及3-MCPDE等方式降低植物油中GEs和3-MCPDE含量。酶制剂具有安全、无污染等优点,通过酶法酯交换降低待脱臭油脂中的甘油二酯和甘油单酯,进而减少脱臭过程中GEs及3-MCPDE的生成是降低GEs和3-MCPDE的发展趋势。     

超声波控制全自动面带熟化压延设备的设计与实验

利用超声波传感器测距、PLC及变频器控制面带与面辊速度,波纹辊、行星辊与光辊的组合对面带进行熟化压延,压延的同时将面带折叠静置熟化,从而实现压延、折叠静置、压延、再折叠静置、再压延的过程,使低含水量面制品的面筋网络形成更充分,面制品口感筋道、滑爽、绵软有弹性。     

畜禽副产品加工现状和应用前景

随着国家资源节约型环境友好型社会建设的不断深入,畜禽产品尤其是畜禽副产品的有效利用和所产生的环境影响越来越受到重视。介绍了国际和国内畜禽副产品加工的发展现状以及畜禽副产品有效利用的必要性和意义。     

畜禽骨肉的综合利用

本文通过国内外综合利用畜禽骨肉的研究动态和主要研究内容,分析了我国畜禽骨肉开发中存在的问题及潜力,论证了畜禽骨肉综合利用的必要性及其广阔的开发前景。     

煎炸油中反式脂肪酸和极性化合物检测方法及防控措施研究进展

油脂在煎炸过程中会产生反式脂肪酸（TFA）和极性化合物（TPC）等危害因子,长期摄食会在体内蓄积,影响婴幼儿生长发育,引发心脏病、血栓、2型糖尿病、癌症等。对煎炸油中TFA和TPC的分析检测方法、危害及防控措施进行综述,旨在寻找快速有效的分析检测方法,并通过相应措施降低其含量。提出选择合适的煎炸温度,缩短煎炸时间,减少反复煎炸次数,选择饱和程度较高、氢化程度较低的煎炸油,选择合适的煎炸食品,添加适当种类和浓度的抗氧化剂等可降低煎炸油中TFA和TPC的含量。     

基于山东教会学校解读近代中西服饰交流现象成因

近代中国是一个特殊的历史时期,各种思想和文化交流空前繁荣,此时社会经济的转型、国外文化与艺术思潮的影响都促使传统思想意识和生活方式发生了历史性转变,开始了东西方的交流与融合,对这个时期的研究有助于复原当时人们的着装历史原貌,具有文化传承的作用。运用列举法、比较法、统计法对近代山东地区教会学校的学生装扮及文化影响进行分析,阐述了山东半岛地区中西服装并行不悖的服饰特征和中西服饰混杂现象的成因,研究发现此时的服饰除了具有浓郁的齐鲁文化传统之外,又有西方服装元素和审美思想的融合。