2000～2009年济南市中小学生肠道寄生虫感染情况分析

目的了解济南市中小学生肠道寄生虫感染情况,为学校开展健康教育、制定寄生虫病防治对策和开展驱虫治疗提供科学依据。方法采用改良加藤厚涂法检测蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫和华支睾吸虫虫卵,透明胶纸法检测蛲虫虫卵。结果肠道寄生虫总感染率为9.16%,共查出5种寄生虫,其中蛔虫、鞭虫、钩虫、蛲虫、华支睾吸虫感染率分别为3.91%、2.05%、0.74%、2.00%和0.46%。城、乡中小学生寄生虫总感染率分别为5.50%和13.18%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=38.0585,P<0.05);男性华支睾吸虫感染率为0.85%,女性为0.09%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.1422,P<0.05)。结论 2000～2009年济南市中小学生肠道寄生虫感染率呈下降趋势,但农村感染率仍然偏高,建议把肠道寄生虫防治的重点放在农村,采取有效防治措施,降低人群感染率。     

广东省人体重要寄生虫病流行现状调查与分析

目的了解广东省人体重要寄生虫病流行现状和态势,为制定防治规划提供科学依据。方法按《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》要求进行调查。结果共查出9种寄生虫,肠道寄生虫感染共调查17014人,总感染率为27.11%,其中钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫、华支睾吸虫感染率分别6.46%、7.79%、5.70%和5.35%;囊虫感染检查2425人,血清抗体阳性率为0.08%;儿童蛲虫感染检查3736人,感染率为30.38%。蛔虫和鞭虫感染高峰年龄在5～15岁之间,钩虫感染率高峰在35岁及其以上年龄组,华支睾吸虫感染率高峰在20岁及以上年龄组。钩虫感染率女性7.38%,男性5.52%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);华支睾吸虫感染率男性6.75%,女性3.98%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论与1990年第1次寄生虫分布调查比较,虽然总感染率和土源性线虫感染率均有所下降,但华支睾吸虫和蛲虫的感染率却升高,寄生虫感染与生产方式和生活习惯关系密切,已经成为一个严重的公共卫生问题,应积极开展综合性防控工作。     

漳州市人体肠道寄生虫病基线调查结果分析

目的了解漳州市人体肠道寄生虫病的流行状况与态势,为制定防治对策提供决策依据。方法按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》方法和要求,采用分层整群随机抽样方法确定调查点,粪便虫卵检查采用改良加藤厚涂片法（Kato-Katz）,蛲虫卵检查采用透明胶纸拭肛法。结果5个县20个中签点粪检10 913人,查出寄生虫感染者1 670人,总感染率为15.30%,虫种感染率分别为：钩虫12.69%,蛔虫0.15%,鞭虫2.16%,蛲虫19.39%;感染1种寄生虫者占总感染人数的99.70%;各年龄组感染率在4.14%50.15%之间,〉40岁人群感染率显著高于≤40岁人群,寄生虫感染率随着年龄增长有上升趋势;女性感染率显著高于男性;农民感染率显著高于半工半农、学生和学龄前儿童。结论漳州市大部分地区土源性寄生虫感染率呈下降趋势,但在以种植经济作物为主,经济欠发达的地区人群感染率仍达30%以上,且低年龄组人群蛲虫感染率仍处较高水平,钩虫和蛲虫感染仍是漳州地区寄生虫病防治的重点。     

江苏省人体寄生虫病流行现状和特点

为了解经大规模防治及经济发展后,江苏省人体寄生虫病的流行现状和特点,按全国人体寄生虫分布调查方法,1999年在江苏省33个县（市）进行人体寄生虫分布调查。结果总感染率为20.39%,男、女感染率分别为19.95%和20.82%。共查出21种人体寄生虫,包括线虫8种、吸虫2种、绦虫3种和原虫8种。感染1、2、3、4种虫者分别占感染人数的88.70%、9.73%、1.48%和0.09%。人群中蛲虫、钩虫、蛔虫、鞭虫的感染率分别为14.44%、6.97%、5.78%和4.66%。华支睾吸虫和姜片虫感染率分别为0.12%和0.07%。蛲虫和蛔虫感染率最高的年龄组在10岁以下,钩虫感染率最高的是40～60岁年龄组。结果表明,江苏省人体寄生虫的感染率较10年前已有大幅度下降,但寄生虫病仍是危害欠发达地区居民的主要疾病之一。     

江苏省人体重要寄生虫病流行现状调查

目的了解江苏省人体重要寄生虫病流行现状与态势,评估防治效果,为制定防治计划提供依据。方法按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》规定的方法和要求进行。结果共查出10种寄生虫,人群土源性线虫感染率7.68%,华支睾吸虫病流行区人群华支睾吸虫感染率为0.74%,12岁以下儿童蛲虫感染率为11.75%,囊虫病血清学阳性率为0,特殊人群弓形虫血清学阳性率为7.19%。在162所县级以上医院调查,10年共有3 746例寄生虫病住院病例,其中85%是由蛔虫寄生引起。苏南地区主要以钩虫感染为主,苏中地区钩虫、蛲虫感染率较高,苏北地区蛔虫、蛲虫感染率较高。低年龄组和中老年农民是感染寄生虫的高危人群,苏北地区感染率明显高于其他地区。结论与第一次寄生虫分布调查相比,虽然总感染率和各虫种感染率均大幅度下降,但土源性线虫病目前仍是江苏省流行的主要寄生虫病。     

2015年河南省秦巴山地生态区人体肠道寄生虫感染现状调查

目的　了解河南省秦巴山地生态区人体肠道寄生虫病流行现状,为该地区寄生虫病防治提供科学依据。方法　2015年按照《全国人体重点寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》的要求进行抽样,选取河南省秦巴山地生态区8个县（市）的26个调查点进行土源性线虫、带绦虫和肠道原虫感染调查,采用改良加藤厚涂片法（Kato?Katz法）检测肠道蠕虫卵,采用试管滤纸培养法鉴别十二指肠钩虫与美洲钩虫,采用透明胶纸肛拭法检查3 ~ 6岁儿童蛲虫卵和带绦虫卵,采用碘液直接涂片法检测肠道原虫滋养体和包囊。分析不同人群肠道寄生虫感染情况及其相关影响因素。结果　共检查6 706人,检出8种寄生虫,其中蠕虫3种、原虫5种,肠道寄生虫总感染率为3.39%,蠕虫和原虫感染率分别为2.92%和0.49%,3 ~ 6岁儿童肛拭蛲虫感染率为3.93%。查出的3种蠕虫分别为蛔虫、蛲虫和枝双腔吸虫,其中蛲虫感染率最高,为2.68%（[χ2] = 306.362,P < 0.05）;5种原虫分别为哈门氏内阿米巴、结肠内阿米巴、微小内蜒阿米巴、蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫和人芽囊原虫,其中微小内蜒阿米巴感染率最高,为0.24%（[χ2] = 23.842,P < 0.05）。8个县（市）中蠕虫感染率最高的地区为汝阳县（13.47%）,主要为蛲虫感染;原虫感染率最高的地区为新安县（1.55%）,主要为微小内蜒阿米巴感染;各县（市）蠕虫（[χ2] = 357.525,P < 0.05）和原虫感染率（[χ2] = 38.795,P < 0.05）差异均有统计学意义。男、女性蠕虫感染率差异无统计学意义([χ2] = 0.034,P > 0.05),但男性肠道原虫感染率高于女性([χ2] = 12.946,P < 0.05)。0 ~ 9岁年龄组人群蠕虫感染率最高（6.60%）,以蛲虫感染为主([χ2] = 62.600,P < 0.05)。肠道寄生虫总感染率在各民族间差异无统计学意义（[χ2] = 0.212,P > 0.05）。蠕虫在学龄前儿童中感染率最高（8.43%）,主要为蛲虫感染;蛔虫感染主要发生于农民,感染率为0.31%;不同职业人群蠕虫感染率差异有统计学意义([χ2] = 84.333,P < 0.05)。文盲人群肠道寄生虫感染率最高（7.63%）,不同文化程度人群肠道寄生虫感染率差异有统计学意义([χ2] = 72.013,P < 0.05)。平原地区人群肠道蠕虫感染率高于丘陵和山区([χ2] = 11.690,P < 0.05)。低收入人群肠道蠕虫感染率最高,为10.32% ([χ2] = 244.999,P < 0.05);原虫感染率最高的人群为年人均收入6 000 ~ 7 999元的中等收入人群([χ2] = 24.749,P < 0.05)。饮用井水人群蠕虫感染率远高于饮用自来水人群([χ2] = 62.255,P < 0.05),未进行集体驱虫人群原虫感染率高于驱虫人群([χ2] = 5.235,P < 0.05)。结论　河南省秦巴山地生态区人体肠道寄生虫感染率呈明显下降趋势,儿童蛲虫感染应成为今后该地区寄生虫病防治的重点。     

江西省肠道寄生虫病流行状况和变化趋势

目的　了解1989–2014年江西省人体肠道寄生虫病流行状况和变化趋势,为制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法　从1989年首次全国人体寄生虫分布调查和2014年全国人体重点寄生虫病现状调查结果中提取江西省调查数据,对2次调查中江西省人体肠道寄生虫感染情况进行比较分析。结果　1989年和2014年江西省人体肠道寄生虫感染率分别为79.59%和9.64%,25年间感染率下降了87.89%（χ2 = 30 870.5,P < 0.01）;1989年和2014年江西省分别检出24种和20种人体肠道寄生虫,2次调查共检出26种人体肠道寄生虫。1989年调查,江西省感染率居前3位的人体肠道寄生虫分别是蛔虫（71.06%）、钩虫（17.61%）和蛲虫（17.59%）;2014年调查,感染率居前3位的人体肠道寄生虫分别是蛲虫（13.73%）、钩虫（4.66%）和鞭虫（0.95%）。2次调查中,江西省女性人体肠道寄生虫感染率均显著高于男性（P均< 0.01）;25年间,不同年龄组人体肠道寄生虫感染率下降82.50% ~ 95.31%。结论　江西省人群肠道寄生虫感染率呈显著下降趋势,土源性线虫仍然是人体肠道寄生虫感染的主要虫种。     

江西省肠道寄生虫病流行状况和变化趋势

目的　了解1989–2014年江西省人体肠道寄生虫病流行状况和变化趋势，为制定防治对策提供科学依据。方法　从1989年首次全国人体寄生虫分布调查和2014年全国人体重点寄生虫病现状调查结果中提取江西省调查数据，对2次调查中江西省人体肠道寄生虫感染情况进行比较分析。结果　1989年和2014年江西省人体肠道寄生虫感染率分别为79.59%和9.64%，25年间感染率下降了87.89%（χ2 = 30 870.5，P < 0.01）；1989年和2014年江西省分别检出24种和20种人体肠道寄生虫，2次调查共检出26种人体肠道寄生虫。1989年调查，江西省感染率居前3位的人体肠道寄生虫分别是蛔虫（71.06%）、钩虫（17.61%）和蛲虫（17.59%）；2014年调查，感染率居前3位的人体肠道寄生虫分别是蛲虫（13.73%）、钩虫（4.66%）和鞭虫（0.95%）。2次调查中，江西省女性人体肠道寄生虫感染率均显著高于男性（P均< 0.01）；25年间，不同年龄组人体肠道寄生虫感染率下降82.50% ~ 95.31%。结论　江西省人群肠道寄生虫感染率呈显著下降趋势，土源性线虫仍然是人体肠道寄生虫感染的主要虫种。     

2006-2008年武鸣县人体肠道寄生虫感染调查

2006-2008年广西壮族自治区武鸣县人体肠道寄生虫感染调查显示,当地人群肠道寄生虫总感染率为46.65%,蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫、蛲虫和华支睾吸虫感染率分别为0.39%、0.71%、0.39%、25.71%和45.49%。华支睾吸虫已成为优势虫种,应继续加强宣教和防治工作。     

2002-2016年始兴县人体重要寄生虫病流行现状调查与分析

目的 分析始兴县人体重要寄生虫病流行现状和态势,为制定防治规划提供科学依据。方法 采用分层整群抽样法抽取5个村,每个村抽取3周岁以上居民200人。采用Kato?Katz法粪检土源性线虫虫卵。3 ~ 9周岁儿童加做透明胶纸肛拭法检测蛲虫。采用[χ2]检验进行统计分析。结果 共查出5种寄生虫,三次肠道寄生虫感染调查共查3 857人,总感染率分别为28.37%、4.32%和0.50%,两两比较差异都有统计学意义（[χ2]值分别为287.64、327.60、31.89,P均< 0.01）。第三次调查结果与第一次相比,蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫、华支睾吸虫感染率都有明显的下降,差异均有统计学意义（[χ2]值分别为424.55、55.45、43.40和26.12,P均< 0.01）,蛲虫感染率差异无统计学意义（[χ2]= 0.16,P > 0.05）。结论 与第一次调查年相比,蛔虫、钩虫、鞭虫、华支睾吸虫感染率都大幅下降,但儿童蛲虫感染率仍居高不下,今后制订寄生虫防治措施时应着重考虑蛲虫的综合防治措施。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.