南水北调中线工程输水方式及冰害防治研究

南水北调中线工程全长1400多km，大型建筑物数量多，沿线没有一座在线调节水库，沿线气象、水文条件复杂，控制难度大，冰期输水问题尤其突出。针对南水北调中线工程的特点，采用数值模拟和试验研究相结合的方法．对中线工程的冰期输水能力和冰窖防治技术、输水模式、极端冰窖条件和防冰措施进行了研究。     

南水北调中线工程冰期输水平稳过冬

<正>2月28日,南水北调中线工程冰期输水正式结束。自2018年12月1日进入冰期输水以来,南水北调中线建管局通过制定冰期输水调度方案、加强现场管理等,为冰期输水工程安全调度与平稳运行提供保障,确保了输水工程平稳过冬。截至2019年2月27日,中线工程共平稳输水12.29亿m3。     

南水北调中线总干渠冰期运行调度措施研究

南水北调中线输水工程面临着复杂的结冰和融冰过程。在分析汇总国内类似已建调水工程冰期输水经验的基础上,结合南水北调中线工程近年运行经验和冰期输水水力特性,提出了中线工程冰期输水调度方式和管理措施,包括合理确定冰期输水流量,制定冰期应急预案,建立冰情预报预警控制系统等。相关经验可供类似输水工程运行调度借鉴。     

南水北调中线2014~2015年度冬季冰情原型观测

2014年底,南水北调中线干线工程全线正式通水,冬季冰期输水面临渠道结冰问题。为研究中线干线冬季冰期安全输水问题,于2014~2015年度冬季开展了冰情原型观测,获得了冬季冰期输水的水力参数、气象参数和冰情特征等第一手现场数据,掌握了暖冬气候条件、小流量输水工况下中线干线结冰、封冻和开河过程的基本规律。为中线工程冬季安全输水运行积累了经验,可为制定冰期调度方案和编制防凌减灾措施提供依据。     

南水北调中线京石段冰期输水规律研究

南水北调中线京石段供水工程起于河北省石家庄,止于北京的团城湖,渠道全长307km,由于沿线冬季天气寒冷,通常都会出现结冰现象。为了做好冰期调水运行工作,确保冰期通水工作的顺利进行,输水本文利用京石段四次冰期调度运行数据,在分析各输水渠段的冰情时空分布特征的基础上,提出了冰期输水调度的经验与规律,为南水北调中线工程的冰期调度运行、冰期灾害防治和冰期灾情预报提供技术支撑。     

浅论南水北调中线干线涞涿段冰期输水措施

南水北调中线干线涞涿段是南水北调中线干线的组成部分,从2008年南水北调京石段工程通水以来,中线工程涞涿段已经历了6次冰期输水,冰期运行状况正常。冰期输水通过采取输水调度措施,严格控制水位的变幅,在干渠冰盖形成后通过高水位、低流速调度输水,同时通过在节制闸、控制闸室弧形闸门等处安装闸门门槽加热设备,在闸门前设置增氧扰动设备,配备人工捞冰和破冰机械设备等措施,确保冬期稳定输水。     

南水北调中线工程运行特性及控制方式研究

简要介绍了国家＂十一五＂科技支撑计划项目＂南水北调中线工程关键技术研究与应用＂课题四＂中线工程输水能力及冰害防治技术研究＂所取得的部分水力学研究成果,包括南水北调中线工程输水模拟平台的研制、中线工程数值仿真软件开发、分水口和节制闸的水力敏感性分析、闸前常水位控制算法、穿黄工程节制闸闸前水位确定、冰期输水能力及冰期运行控制等,研究成果紧密结合中线工程的实际情况,可应用于中线工程的运行、调度与管理。     

南水北调中线工程穿黄隧洞关键技术研究

简要介绍了国家＂十一五＂科技支撑计划项目＂南水北调中线工程关键技术研究与应用＂课题四＂中线工程输水能力及冰害防治技术研究＂所取得的部分水力学研究成果,包括南水北调中线工程输水模拟平台的研制、中线工程数值仿真软件开发、分水口和节制闸的水力敏感性分析、闸前常水位控制算法、穿黄工程节制闸闸前水位确定、冰期输水能力及冰期运行控制等,研究成果紧密结合中线工程的实际情况,可应用于中线工程的运行、调度与管理。     

南水北调中线工程PCCP竖向土压力计算分析

南水北调中线工程采用了双排直径4 m的超大口径PCCP,其中约有40%长度管顶覆土厚度5 m以上,最大设计覆土厚度10 m.文中论述了PCCP在不同铺设方式条件下竖向土压力的计算方法,并以南水北调中线PCCP管道为例,给出不同铺设方式的计算结果及各公式的适用条件.最后将计算值与实测数据进行比较.     

南水北调中线工程冰期输水冰情及措施研究

在系统分析中国北方河渠冰期输水问题的基础上,通过采用一维非恒定水-冰热力学数学模型,系统模拟了输水过程中沿程不同冰情发生、发展变化过程.提出了采用Fr数、流冰密度、负积温综合判别不同冰情的方法,预测了南水北调中线工程冬季输水不同冰情的时空分布特征,并初步分析了冰期输水的特性及影响因素,提出了冰期输水冰情防治和预防措施等方面的建议.     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。