正常和癌变胃粘膜组织的共焦拉曼光谱初探

目的:分析研究胃正常和癌变粘膜组织的拉曼光谱特征,为拉曼光谱应用于胃癌的临床检测诊断奠定基础。方法:收集胃镜检查中活检的19例正常和12例癌变胃粘膜组织标本,采用785 nm激发光拉曼光谱仪进行拉曼光谱采集。比较分析胃正常和癌变粘膜组织的拉曼光谱特征差异并研究其区分正常和癌变组织的价值。结果:1)特征峰1 098 cm-1、1 444 cm-1、1 555 cm-1、1 660 cm-1等在胃癌组织中发生了移位,平均位移(2.57±1.28)cm-1,以红移为主;2)癌变组织中相对峰强比I1087 cm-1/I1207 cm-1≥1.87,其区别胃癌和正常胃粘膜组织的准确率、灵敏度和特异度分别为87.1%、83.3%、89.5%;3)癌组织中增加了表征蛋白质的特征峰1 262 cm-1、1 586 cm-1,但同时减少了表征蛋白质和脂质特征峰1 172 cm-1。结论:拉曼光谱不仅可以准确区分正常和癌变,而且可以探索癌变相关的分子生化改变。拉曼光谱在胃癌的跟踪发现和检测诊断中具有良好前景。     

动脉粥样硬化斑块的微区拉曼光谱检测

为探讨动脉粥样硬化斑块的微区拉曼光谱特征,以球囊损伤日本长耳白兔右侧颈总动脉后予以高脂饮食喂养,在实验过程中监测体重和血脂变化情况。3个月后,以中国斑点蝰蛇毒和组胺加以触发使斑块破裂,将动物处死并查找动脉硬化斑块,动脉组织经大体病理分类后,进行微区拉曼光谱及病理检测。结果显示:动脉粥样硬化斑块的拉曼光谱图在1450及1660cm-1处均有明显的胆固醇等脂质特征峰。特征峰曲线下相对面积统计结果表明:明显动脉粥样硬化斑块的谱峰下相对面积(5.80×10-3±3.51×10-3)显著高于轻度动脉粥样硬化组织(2.01×10-3±1.49×10-3)及正常动脉组织(1.01×10-3±0.94×10-3),P<0.05。正常动脉组织拉曼光谱曲线较光滑,无明显特征峰。血栓形成处拉曼光谱图荧光背底较强,未见特征谱峰。该研究结果证明微区拉曼光谱可以对动脉粥样硬化斑块的胆固醇等脂质含量进行特异性定量检测,表明微区拉曼光谱是评估动脉粥样硬化程度及斑块稳定性的可行方法。     

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱的葡萄褐斑病研究

利用傅里叶变换红外(Fourier Transform Infrared,FTIR)光谱研究了葡萄褐斑病病叶和正常叶片。测试分析了大褐斑病叶病斑处和非病斑处、小褐斑病叶病斑处和非病斑处、未染病正常叶片的红外光谱,结果显示:葡萄叶片光谱主要由碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂类的吸收带组成。褐斑病叶片光谱与正常叶片红外光谱变化主要在1 800-1 500 cm-1范围脂类、蛋白质酰胺的吸收区和1 200-900 cm-1范围多糖的吸收区。用1 800-1 500 cm-1范围拟合峰的峰面积比A1657/A1517考察蛋白质相对含量变化,A1738/A11517考察脂类相对含量变化,用吸光度比I1066/I1441考察多糖相对含量变化,结果显示患褐斑病的葡萄叶中脂类、蛋白质、糖类等营养物质含量降低。褐斑病和正常葡萄叶红外光谱的二阶导数光谱结合聚类分析方法,利用1 800-1 500 cm-1与1 200-900 cm-1范围数据进行聚类分析,结果将正常叶片与患褐斑病叶片准确区分开。证明褐斑病叶片红外光谱在1 800-1 500 cm-1与1 200-900 cm-1范围为敏感谱带。     

毛姜花油细胞原位拉曼光谱研究

为避免复杂的样品的制备及提取过程,最大限度避免精油活性成分变化,常温下,用拉曼光谱原位分析毛姜花油细胞中精油。样品切片后置于共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪下,用10倍物镜可观察到油细胞。油细胞精油的拉曼光谱与1,8-桉油精拉曼光谱非常相似。以毛姜花油细胞/1,8-桉油精的拉曼峰为序,较强峰出现在2928/2 921、647/652 cm~(-1),次强峰出现在540/545、808/813、915/920、926/930、1 012/1 016、1 075/1 080、1 270/1273、1 427/1 432 cm~(-1)。在油细胞中出现的强峰、次强峰与1,8-桉油精的拉曼峰一致,说明毛姜花油细胞中油的主要成分为1,8-桉油精。毛姜花油细胞的25条拉曼峰都与1,8-桉油精的拉曼峰有很好的对应关系。     

皮肤组织显微共聚焦拉曼光谱成像研究

显微共聚焦拉曼光谱成像技术(Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy Imaging,CRMI)能够对样品微区进行精确无损的拉曼光谱分析和光谱图像扫描,提供生物样品的无损高分辨光学信息。本项研究工作,利用CRMI技术实验获取了正常人体离体皮肤组织的拉曼光谱特征,并结合典型特征峰的扫描图像,探讨了脂类、蛋白质等成分在皮肤真皮层的分布特点。实验发现皮肤组织真皮层内胶原蛋白的拉曼特征峰1 248 cm-1强度及其空间分布尤为突出,这一实验结果与组织学中胶原纤维占真皮结缔组织95%的事实相符。实验结果显示,CRMI技术能够全面诠释生物组织内部生化组成与分布信息,在实验描述皮肤组织病理变化的分子生物学机制方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

家兔晶状体拉曼光谱空间分布研究

晶状体透明性的维持与其蛋白的结构成分极为密切,因此研究晶状体内的蛋白空间分布变化有重要意义.由实验中得到的450 cm~(-1)～2 000 cm~(-1)范围内健康家兔晶状体拉曼光谱,计算了家兔晶状体蛋白中三条氨基酸侧链和两条蛋白质主链拉曼谱峰沿赤道部和视轴部的光谱强度,根据实验结果讨论了这五条拉曼光谱在家兔晶状体中的空间分布特性.     

不同pH条件下细菌视紫红质的共振拉曼光谱研究

本实验测定了不同pH条件下嗜盐菌紫膜中细菌视紫红质(bR)的共振拉曼光谱.13-顺式视黄醛生色团的特征峰1187cm~(-1)和全反式、13-顺式共有的特征峰1200cm~(-1)带强度之比I_(1187)/I_(1200)在pH1.0-8.9之间约为0.76,而pH高于8.9为0.97.pH3.0-9.0时C=NH~ 振动峰为1640-1642cm~(-1),pH9.4以上为1642-1644cm~(-1),pH9.2附近变化最大,pH3.0以下低于1640cm~(-1).酸性和弱碱性范围时,19-CH_3和20-CH_3的面内变形振动与面外变形振动相互重叠,碱性范围分为双峰.并讨论了对结构及其稳定性的影响.     

唇腺炎性病变组织的共聚焦显微拉曼光谱特征研究

目的:研究唇腺炎性病变组织的拉曼光谱指纹特征,为拉曼光谱技术临床鉴别诊断唇腺炎性病变提供理论基础。方法:收集舍格伦综合征病变唇腺30例、唇腺急性炎症组织18例及正常唇腺组织30例,应用激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪对唇腺组织进行拉曼光谱检测。应用主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)及判别函数(Discrimination function analysis,DFA)对光谱数据进行分析,研究唇腺组织光谱指纹诊断价值。结果:唇腺炎症组织与正常组织光谱间存在光谱指纹差异,这些差异代表了某些蛋白、核酸及脂类物质等生物大分子发生改变。PCA-DFA分析发现这些差异性拉曼光谱具有鉴别诊断价值,可以区分不同唇腺组织,总体诊断准确率达91.8%,经交互验证后准确率为89.4%。结论:不同唇腺炎症组织及正常组织间拉曼光谱存在差异,不仅揭示生物大分子改变,还具有临床鉴别诊断价值。拉曼光谱技术在唇腺炎性病变组织鉴别诊断具有巨大应用潜力。     

二氧化硅与脂质体相互作用的激光拉曼光谱研究

脂质体在SiO_2作用下1127cm~(-1)与1093cm~(-1)强度比和2883cm~(-1)与2847cm~(-1)强度比均降低,715cm~(-1)谱带强度也降低.并且频率有2—3cm~(-1)的位移,峰形变宽.表明磷脂以其极性头部与SiO_2结合,形成稳定的复合体.磷脂头部的作用和脂质体的变形引起烃链构象变化.TiO_2不引起拉曼光谱的变化,与脂质体的作用甚微.     

一种酵母细胞生长现象的实时单细胞拉曼光谱观察

用拉曼镊子观察单个即发活性干酵母(Saccharomy cescerevisiae)细胞在2.0%葡萄糖溶液中的活化过程,收集其拉曼光谱。结果发现,在某一批次的产品中,酵母细胞的1364cm-1峰强度随着细胞的活化而显著增加,531cm-1、652cm-1、1053cm-1等源自葡萄糖或葡萄糖基的信号峰也会随细胞的生长而增强,随后增强的还有1432cm-1、1448cm-1、1561cm-1等源自脂类物质的峰,而源自蛋白质及脂类的1000cm-1、1445cm-1、1655cm-1等峰的信号强度基本不变,酵母细胞代谢活跃的标志峰1603cm-1也基本不变。该批次产品中,10次实验有7次观察到上述现象,而在别的批次产品中并没有观察到该现象。用单细胞拉曼光谱实时记录了这一特殊的生长现象。     

Tuning of electronic properties of one-dimensional cyano-bridged Cu-Ni, Cu-Pd, and Cu-Pt bimetallic assemblies by stereochemistry of ligands

Preparations, XPS and electronic spectroscopy, and magnetism of seven new one-dimensional cyano-bridged coordination polymers, chiral [Cu(RR-chxn)₂][Pd(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (1), [Cu(trans-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (2, 4, and 6 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt), and [Cu(cis-chxn)₂][M(CN)₄] · 2H₂O (3, 5, and 7 for M = Pd, Ni, and Pt) (RR-chxn = cyclohexane-(1R,2R)-diamine, trans-chxn = racemic trans-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine, and cis-chxn = racemic cis-cyclohexane-(1,2)-diamine) have been reported in view of tuning of their electronic properties by stereochemistry of chxn ligands and metal-substitution. Comparison of Cu 2p_1/2 and 2p_3/2 peaks of XPS and broad d-d bands around 18 000 cm⁻¹ of electronic spectra are described systematically for 1-7. Variable-temperature magnetic measurement shows that complexes 1-7 indicate weak antiferromagnetic interactions via cyano-bridges. Because of semi-coordination coupled with pseudo Jahn-Teller elongation and electrostatic interaction for 1, the axial Cu-N coordination bond distances of 2.330(7) and 3.092(8) Å are considerably longer than those of equatorial ones in the range from 2.016(6) to 2.030(6) Å. The former bond distances of 1 are intermediate values among the related Ni (2.324(6) and 3.120(8) Å) and Pt (2.34(1) and 3.09(1) Å) complexes.     

Land,livestock, and livelihoods: Changing dynamics of gender,caste, and ethnicity in a Nepalese Village

Over the past 10 years, Ghusel VDC, Lalitpur District has moved from primarily subsistence agriculture into the wider cash economy aided by the Small Farmers' Development Program (SFDP), which provides credit to farmers mainly for the purchase of buffalo for milk production, and by the National Dairy Corporation, which supports local dairy cooperatives. Analysis reveals that buffalo-keeping and milk sales are increasing the well-being of many households, while at the same time creating new inequalities in gender roles and responsibilities, greater inequities between Brahmin and Tamang residents in Ghusel, and placing pressures on the ecosystem for increased supplies of fodder and fuelwood. Evidence suggests that there is critical, need for attention to the social, and particularly gender-based, implications of maintaining livestock for milk sales and to the ecological underpinnings of this livelihood system.     

Structure and function of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase

In mammals, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase) is the only known enzyme to catalyze the breakdown of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) to homocysteine and adenosine. AdoHcy is the product of all adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent biological transmethylations. These reactions have a wide range of products, and are common in all facets of biometabolism. As a product inhibitor, elevated levels of AdoHcy suppress AdoMet-dependent transmethylations. Thus, AdoHcyase is a regulator of biological transmethylation in general. The three-dimensional structure of AdoHcyase complexed with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADH) and the inhibitor (1′R, 2′S, 3′R)-9-(2′,3′-dihyroxycyclopenten-1-yl)adenine (DHCeA) was solved by a combination of the crystallographic direct methods program, SnB, to determine the selenium atom substructure and by treating the multiwavelength anomalous diffraction data as a special case of multiple isomorphous replacement. The enzyme architecture resembles that observed for NAD-dependent dehydrogenases, with the catalytic domain and the cofactor binding domain each containing a modified Rossmann fold. The two domains form a deep active site cleft containing the cofactor and bound inhibitor molecule. A comparison of the inhibitor complex of the human enzyme and the structure of the rat enzyme, solved without inhibitor, suggests that a 17° rigid body movement of the catalytic domain occurs upon inhibitor/substrate binding.     

Chiral Separation of G‐type Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents via Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) are extremely toxic organophosphorus compounds that contain a chiral phosphorus center. Undirected synthesis of G‐type CWNAs produces stereoisomers of tabun, sarin, soman, and cyclosarin (GA, GB, GD, and GF, respectively). Analytical‐scale methods were developed using a supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system in tandem with a mass spectrometer for the separation, quantitation, and isolation of individual stereoisomers of GA, GB, GD, and GF. Screening various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the capacity to provide full baseline separation of the CWNAs revealed that a Regis WhelkO1 (SS) column was capable of separating the enantiomers of GA, GB, and GF, with elution of the P(+) enantiomer preceding elution of the corresponding P(–) enantiomer; two WhelkO1 (SS) columns had to be connected in series to achieve complete baseline resolution. The four diastereomers of GD were also resolved using two tandem WhelkO1 (SS) columns, with complete baseline separation of the two P(+) epimers. A single WhelkO1 (RR) column with inverse stereochemistry resulted in baseline separation of the GD P(–) epimers. The analytical methods described can be scaled to allow isolation of individual stereoisomers to assist in screening and development of countermeasures to organophosphorus nerve agents. Chirality 26:817–824, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Chirality published by John Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Influence of Fluoride on Rat Kidney Antioxidant System: Effects of Methionine and Vitamin E

The aim of the study has been to determine and compare the influence upon the kidney antioxidative system, exercised by administration of vitamin E, and vitamin E in combination with methionine, under conditions of oxidative stress induced by sodium fluoride. The experiment was carried out on Wistar FL rats (adult males) that, for 35 days, were administered water, NaF, NaF with vitamin E, or vitamin E with methionine (doses: 10 mg NaF/kg of body mass/24 h, 3 mg vitamin E per 10 μl per rat for 24 h, 2 mg methionine per rat for 24 h). The influence of administered sodium fluoride and antioxidants upon the antioxidative system in kidney was examined by analyzing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of the most important antioxidative enzymes (SOD, total and both its isoenzymes, GPX, GST, GR, and CAT). The studies carried out confirmed the disadvantageous effect of the administered dose of NaF upon the antixodiative system in rats (increase in the concentration MDA, decrease activity of all antioxidative enzymes). The administration of vitamin E increased the activity of studied enzymes with the exception of glutathione reductase GR; it also reduced the procesess of lipid peroxidation. It has been found that combined doses of vitamin E and methionine were most effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation processes. The results confirmed the antioxidative properties of methionine.     

Reorientation of Microfibrils and Microtubules at the Outer Epidermal Wall of Maize Coleoptiles During Auxin-Mediated Growth

Auxin-mediated elongation growth of isolated subapical coleoptile segments of maize (Zea mays L.) is controlled by the extensibility of the outer cell wall of the outer epidermis (Kutschera et al., 1987). Here we investigate the hypothesis that auxin controls the extensibility of this wall by changing the orientation of newly deposited microfibrils through a corresponding change in the orientation of cortical microtubules. On the basis of electron micrographs it is shown that cessation of growth after removal of the endogenous source of auxin is correlated with a relative increase of longitudinally orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. Conversely, reinduction of growth by exogenous auxin is correlated with a relative increase of transversely orientated microfibrils and microtubules at the inner wall surface. These changes can be detected 30–60 min after the removal and addition of auxin, respectively. The functional significance of directional changes of newly desposited wall microfibrils for the control of elongation growth is discussed.     

Gamma-glutamylcysteine protects ergothioneine-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutants against oxidative and nitrosative stress

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), cannot synthesize GSH, but synthesizes two major low molecular weight thiols namely mycothiol (MSH) and ergothioneine (ERG). Gamma-glutamylcysteine (GGC), an intermediate in GSH synthesis, has been implicated in the protection of lactic acid bacteria from oxidative stress in the absence of GSH. In mycobacteria, GGC is an intermediate in ERG biosynthesis, and its formation is catalysed by EgtA (GshA). GGC is subsequently used by EgtB in the formation of hercynine-sulphoxide-GGC. In this study, M.tb. mutants harbouring unmarked, in-frame deletions in each of the fives genes involved in ERG biosynthesis (egtA, egtB, egtC, egtD and egtE) or a marked deletion of the mshA gene (required for MSH biosynthesis) were generated. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses (LC-MS) revealed that the production of GGC was elevated in the MSH-deficient and the ERG-deficient mutants. The ERG-deficient ΔegtB mutant which accumulated GGC was more resistant to oxidative and nitrosative stress than the ERG-deficient, GGC-deficient ΔegtA mutant. This implicates GGC in the detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in M.tb.     

In vitro studies of the rabbit immune system. IV. Differential mitogen responses of isolated T and B cells.

The mitogenic responses of separated rabbit lymphocyte populations functionally analogous to mouse T and B cells have been tested in vitro. Purified T cells were prepared by passage over nylon wool (NW) and purified B cells prepared by treatment with antithymocyte serum and complement (ATS + C). ATS + C kills 70% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL's) and 50% of the spleen cells while passage over NW yields 40% of the applied PBL's and 5–23% of the applied spleen cells. NW-purified T cells from the spleen or PBL's respond fully to concanavalin A (Con A) but have a reduced response to phytohemaglutinin (PHA) and little or no response to goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin (anti-Ig). PBL's that survive ATS + C (B cells) are stimulated by anti-Ig but not by Con A or PHA. B cells purified from spleen do not respond to Con A or PHA but will respond to anti-Ig under appropriate conditions. A full spleen B-cell response to anti-Ig required removal of Ig produced by the cultures that blocked anti-Ig stimulation. It is concluded that, for rabbit lymphocytes, Con A and PHA are primarily T-cell mitogens and that anti-Ig is primarily a B-cell mitogen. However, the mitogen response of unfractionated PBL or spleen cell populations indicates an overlap in reactivity. This could be due to cells sharing T and B properties, alteration of cell populations by the fractionation procedures used, or recruitment of one population in the presence of a mitogenic response of the other population.     

八种脑-肠肽侧脑室内注射对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响

用乌拉坦麻醉大鼠作急性实验,采用连续灌流胃并收集流出液的方法,观察向侧脑室内注射微量脑-肠肽对大鼠基础胃酸分泌的影响。实验结果如下:(1)雨蛙肽、八肽胆囊收缩素、促甲状腺素释放激素及四肽胃泌素均使总酸排出量增加;(2)生长抑素、胰多肽、P 物质、胰高血糖素则使总酸排出量减少;(3)上述肽类用侧脑室注射的剂量作肌肉注射,除四肽胃泌素也产生明显的刺激胃酸分泌作用外,对胃酸分泌均无明显影响。以上结果提示,脑内的一些肽类可能以神经递质或调制物的方式,参与中枢对胃酸分泌的调节。     

A chromium-tolerant plant growing in Cr-contaminated land

In this paper, a kind of Typhaceae plant species, Typha angustifolia L, with a high tolerance to Cr is described. Experiments were carried out to examine its ability to tolerant Cr and its physiological response. The results showed that there was no difference in growth, plant height, and biomass response to external Cr (VI) between the plants exposed to 100 microM Cr (VI) and control (0 microM), while increasing Cr levels to 200-800 microM induced a significant decrease in plant height and biomass, but no significant injury was detected, even for the plants exposed to 800 microM Cr. Chromium induced significant increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Meanwhile, a significantly positive correlation was found between Cr and Mn or Cu in leaves and roots, respectively. The Cr tolerance of the plant appeared to be associated with the enhancement of SOD and POD activities and the improvement in uptake and translocation of the essential microelements.