溶血磷脂酸在缺血性脑血管病早期诊断和治疗中的价值

目的　探讨溶血磷脂酸在缺血性脑血管病早期诊断和治疗中的临床价值。方法　对 30例脑梗死患者、2 0例短暂性脑缺血发作 [TIA(仅于 3天内发作者为TIA1组 ) ]患者、9例反复TIA发作 (首次TIA发作 3天后仍有发作者为TIA2组 )患者 ,在发病 3天内、2周、4周时定磷法测定血浆溶血磷脂酸 (LPA)水平 ,并与 2 0例健康人作对照。测定 6例反复TIA发作患者抗血小板治疗 3个月 (试验组 )治疗前后血浆LPA水平 ,并与 5例未抗血小板治疗者 (对照组 )作对照。结果　①脑梗死组在发病 3天内、2周时 ,TIA1组发病 3天内及TIA2组发病 3天内、2周、4周时血浆LPA水平升高 ,与健康对照组比较 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。②反复TIA发作患者治疗 3个月后试验组血浆LPA水平显著下降 ,与健康对照组比较 ,差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,对照组血浆LPA水平下降 ,与健康对照组比较 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　LPA可作为早期诊断缺血性脑血管病的一项指标 ;存在脑血管病危险因素患者 ,当血浆LPA水平升高时 ,应积极抗血小板等治疗 ,LPA可作为疗效指标之一。     

黄芪注射液加等容血液稀释疗法对老年脑梗死血瘀证患者血液流变学的干预效应

背景:脑梗死多与血瘀证密切相关,血液流变学异常改变常表现为血黏度和红细胞压积增高。等容血液稀释疗法通过放血并移走一定量的红细胞,同时补充等容量的稀释剂,可降低全血黏度。目的:观察补气中药黄芪注射液和等容血液稀释疗法对脑梗死血瘀证患者血液流变学的改善作用。设计:随机对照实验,病例-对照分析。对象:脑梗死组为2002-03/2004-03华中科技大学附属协和医院收治的老年缺血性脑血管病住院患者64例,所有患者年龄>60岁,同时符合血瘀证诊断标准,按随机数字表法分为常规治疗组和中西医治疗组两组各32例。以正常体检的47名年龄相似的健康人为正常对照组。单位:华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院。方法:常规治疗组采用脑梗死常规方法治疗,包括扩容、降黏、抗凝、阻滞血小板凝聚、脱水及一般对症支持治疗。中西医治疗组在常规对症治疗基础上加用等容血液稀释和益气中药黄芪注射液治疗:从患者静脉抽取总血量的10%(450～650mL),继之静脉注射等量胶体液,每隔5d治疗1次,连续治疗3次;黄芪注射液50mL加入生理盐水250mL静脉滴注,1次/d,连用3周。主要观察指标:①常规治疗组和中西医治疗组治疗前后血液流变学各指标比较。②脑梗死组和正常对照组血液流变学各指标比较。结果:按意向处理分析,64例患者和47名正常人均进入结果分析。①脑梗死组和正常对照组比较:脑梗死组全血比黏度、红细胞压积和纤维蛋白原高于正常对照组[(3.90±0.73),(3.40±0.28)mPa·s;(46.39±6.03)%,(42.61±2.91)%;(3.25±0.75),(3.08±0.46)g/L,P<0.01,0.05],红细胞变形指数低于正常对照组(0.958±0.006,0.961±0.004,P<0.05)②常规治疗组和中西医治疗组比较:治疗前无差异,治疗后中西医治疗组全血黏度、红细胞压积和纤维蛋白原均低于常规治疗组[(3.90±0.52),(4.21±0.68)mPa·s;(43.80±3.29)%,(48.47±4.50)%;(3.31±0.60),(3.68±0.67)g/L,P<0.01,0.05]。结论:对血瘀证的老年脑梗死患者用等容血液稀释疗法加益气中药黄芪注射液治疗,有较好的降低血黏度、改善血液流变学、减轻症状的作用。     

急性脑血管病患者血液流变学变化及临床意义

目的:探讨急性脑血管病患者血液流变学改变及其临床意义.方法:对我院115例脑梗死、脑出血和短暂性脑供血不足(TIA)患者血液流变学结果进行分析比较.结果:脑梗死和TIA患者全血黏度、血浆黏度和红细胞压积均较正常对照组升高,并和疾病严重程度相关.脑出血组患者血液流变学指标无明显变化.结论:血液的浓缩和高黏状态是缺血性脑血管病发病的重要危险因素之一.     

从红细胞变形性和—氧化氮的变化探讨“证”与“病”的关系

通过对老年高血压病和冠心病血瘀证患者红细胞变形指数和一氧化氮（NO）的检测,发现血瘀证红细胞变形性显著降低（P＜0．05）;其中冠心病血瘀证组降低的更为明显（P＜0．01）;NO的变化,冠心病血瘀证组明显低于高血压血瘀证组和对照组（P＜0．01）,而高血压血瘀证组则无显著差异。说明中医的异病同证有着丰富的内涵,为血瘀证的辨“证”与辨“病”提供了参考依据。     

老年急性缺血性脑血管病患者心电图与超声心动图异常的对比研究

目的观察老年急性缺血性脑血管病患者心电图(ECG)与超声心动图的异常情况。方法选取150例行ECG和超声心动图检查的老年患者作为研究对象,其中,诊断为急性脑梗死(ACI)的123例患者作为ACI组,诊断为短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)的14例患者作为TIA组,将其中排除缺血性脑血管病的13例患者作为对照组,对三组患者的各类ECG异常的发生率和左心室射血分数(LVEF)等超声心动图指标进行分析。结果ACI组和TIA组患者的ECG异常率高于对照组(P<0.05),ACI组患者的房性心率失常发生率均显著高于TIA组或对照组(P<0.05),ACI组患者的冠心病发病率显著高于TIA组(P<0.05),LVEF<55%的患者的ECG异常率显著高于LVEF≥55%的患者(P<0.05)。结论在老年急性缺血性脑血管疾病患者中,ST-T改变等ECG异常较为多见,而且ACI患者发生房性心率失常和冠状动脉病变的概率更高,患者的超声心动图与ECG异常表现相似。     

缺血性脑血管病患者血浆溶血磷脂酸及血小板CD62p检测的临床研究

目的　观察智暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)和脑梗死(CI)患者血浆溶血磷脂酸(LPA)的变化,探讨其在缺血性脑血管发生发展以及早期诊断中的临床意义。方法　对78例TIA患者、6 3例脑梗死患者及4 .便健康人分别抽取静脉血,以比色法检测血浆LPA ,同时用流式细胞仪法检测CD6 2p水平,并分析其相关性。结果　TIA组、CI组血浆LPA及血小板CD6 2p水平均显著高于对照组(p <0 .0 1)。而TIA组与脑梗死组比较:血浆LPA水平TIA组明显高于脑梗死组(p <0 .0 1) ;血小板CD6 2p水平,两组之间无显著差(p >0 .0 5 )。结论　血浆LPA和CD6 2p在缺血性脑血管病的发生发展中具有重要作用,检测这些指标,这对TIA的早期诊断和有效控制脑梗死的发生率以及干预治疗等具有重要意义     

脑血管病患者采用彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉硬化的应用价值分析

选取94例脑血管患者根据其CT诊断将其分为短暂性脑缺血发作组(TIA组)30例、脑梗死组27例和非缺血性脑血管病组(对照组)37例,将三组患者彩色多普勒超声检查结果进行比较。结果缺血性脑血管病患者两侧颈总动脉内-中膜厚度与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);缺血性脑血管病患者颈动脉血管异常发生率87.7%,高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。应用彩色多普勒超声检测颈动脉硬化与缺血性脑血管病脑梗死的发生有着密切的关系,对缺血性脑血管病患者的诊断有着重要的临床意义。     

TCD监测微栓子信号在缺血性

目的:探讨经颅多普勒(TCD)监测微栓子信号(MES)在缺血性脑血管疾病中的临床意义及凝血纤溶异常.方法:缺血性脑血管疾病患者69例,其中脑血栓43例,短暂性脑缺血(TIA)26例为脑血管病组和43例同年龄高血压、糖尿病或高血脂患者为对照组,分别监测TCD及检测凝血纤溶纤维蛋白原(Fg)和D-二聚体(D-D浓度).结果:脑血管病组的MES检出率较对照组显著增高,脑血栓组的MES检出率与TIA组无显著性差异.脑血栓组的Fg水平较对照组显著增高,TIA组的Fg水平与对照组无显著性差异,脑血栓组Fg水平较TIA组显著升高.脑血栓及TIA组的D-D浓度均较对照组显著增高,脑血栓组D-D浓度较TIA组显著升高.Logistic回归分析显示MES和高血压进入脑血管病发生的危险因素.结论:MES与缺血性脑血管疾病密切相关,可能是缺血性脑血管疾病的独立危险因子.     

溶血磷脂酸在缺血性脑血管病诊断和治疗中的价值

目的 探讨溶血磷脂酸(LPA)在缺血性脑血管病诊断和治疗中的价值.方法 对103例缺血性脑血管病患者、50例健康对照人群进行血浆LPA测定.缺血性脑血管病患者分为脑梗死组、短暂脑缺血发作组(TIA组).脑梗死组随机分为脑梗死试验组、脑梗死对照组.脑梗死试验组加用氯吡格雷0.75 g,1次/d.结果 脑梗死组、TIA组发病3d内血浆LPA水平明显高于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).两组脑梗死病人发病4周时血浆LPA水平与健康对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但发病2周时脑梗死试验组LPA水平较脑梗死对照组下降更明显,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 血浆LPA水平是缺血性脑血管病早期诊断敏感指标,并为临床应用抗血小板聚集治疗和疗效判断提供了客观依据.     

急性脑血管病患者血浆一氧化氮和内皮素含量测定

通过观测正常人和急性脑血管病患者的血浆一氧化氮 (NO)和内皮素 (ET)水平 ,探求NO和ET在急性脑血管病发作过程中的病理生理意义。方法　用Green’s法测定血浆NO ,用放射免疫法测定血浆ET。结果　正常对照组 (A组 ) 2 4例 ,平均血浆NO 2 6 5 2± 2 5 1μmol/L ,ET 45 81± 11 2 1ng/L ;脑出血组 (B组 ) 2 7例 ,平均血浆NO 18 12± 4 14μmol/L ,ET132 41± 2 1 0 5ng/L ;脑梗死组 (C组 ) 4 2例 ,平均血浆NO 18 0 0± 3 12 μmol/L ,ET 12 9± 9 37ng/L。与A组相比较 ,B组和C组均有NO显著降低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,ET显著升高 (P <0 0 1) ;B组与C组之间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　在急性脑血管病发作过程中 ,血浆NO和ET的含量变化 ,可能促进了疾病的发生和发展     

Measurement of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines in body fluids and tissues in children and in adults

We have developed a reliable and validated radio-enzymatic method for the assay of L-carnitine and acylcarnitines, using a modification of existing methods. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 mumol/l using 10 microliters of plasma or urine. It is also suitable for measurements of carnitine in a 10 mg sample of liver or muscle obtained by percutaneous biopsy. The use of N-ethylmaleimide in the reaction mixture together with an excess of [1-14C]acetyl CoA ensures that the reaction proceeds to completion and a linear response is obtained. Using this method control ranges have been established for plasma and urine carnitine concentrations in healthy children and adults, and for the carnitine content of liver and muscle in adults. No significant difference was found between fasting and post-prandial plasma carnitine levels. An age-related increase was found in urinary total carnitine and acylcarnitine concentration throughout childhood. These data provide a reliable basis for studies of patients with abnormal carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolism, distribution and excretion.     

Activity of amikacin and ampicillin in succession and in combination

One strain each of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis were exposed to amikacin and ampicillin in combination as well as in succession. Exposure to ampicillin for 1 hr followed by amikacin for 3 or 4 hr had the greatest antibacterial activity when the antibiotics were applied in succession. The least effective exposures for both organisms were 1 hr to amikacin followed by 3 or 4 hr to ampicillin. Exposure to the antibiotics in combination each at 1 MIC had the overall greatest antibacterial activity. Simultaneous exposure to the antibiotic combination does not necessarily mean simultaneous activity of both ampicillin and amikacin on the E. coli. The cell wall autolytic activities produced by ampicillin are triggered within 10 min after physical contact with the bacteria. In contrast, amikacin requires at least 30 min after physical contact to manifest its activity on the ribosome. Although physical exposure to both antibiotics in the combination is simultaneous, the specific activity of each is in fact sequential, with ampicillin acting first. This explains the synergistic effect of the combination. It appears, therefore, that the synergistic or antagonistic affect of a drug combination is determined by the sequence and timing of the antibacterial manifestations of its components.     

Sites of in vivo extraction and interconversion of testosterone and androstenedione in dogs

The interconversion and extraction of testosterone and androstenedione across and within different tissues or areas have been studied by the constant infusion technique. The results were calculated using the (3)H/(14)C ratios and radioactive concentrations of testosterone and androstenedione obtained from afferent and efferent blood and tissues at equilibrium. In each tissue studied, the interconversion between testosterone and androstenedione inside the tissue was significantly higher than the corresponding interconversion across the tissue. The pulmonary contribution to the total interconversion between testosterone and androstenedione was far more important than that of any of the other tissues studied. The hepatic metabolic clearance rates of testosterone and androstenedione were not different from their metabolic clearance rates in the mesenteric area. The extraction of each of these compounds, although not negligible, was lower in the kidney and the femoral bed compared with the extraction in the liver and the mesenteric area. Finally, with the possible exception of the liver, testosterone and androstenedione were more completely metabolized when they originated from the cells than from afferent blood.The evaluation of these different tissue transfer constants provides more precise information concerning the relative importance of different sites in the metabolism of these interconverting hormones.     

纤维支气管镜在儿童咯血诊断与治疗中的应用

目的 评价纤维支气管镜术在儿童咯血病因诊断及治疗中的价值以及安全性.方法 应用用日本产Olympus BF 3c-40纤维支气管镜(最小外径3.6 mm)给58名咯血原因不明的患者行纤维支气管镜检查,并予镜下局部止血治疗.判断出血部位、观察病变情况和出血的原因、临床表现、其他辅助检查、治疗及转归等进行综合分析.结果 引起咯血的主要疾病为气管支气管、肺部的炎症24例(41.3%)、支气管内膜结核12例(20.7%)、支气管异物8例(13.7%)、特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症7例(12.1%)、支气管扩张4例(6.9%)、心肺血管发育异常1例,原因不明2例.诊断阳性率为96.5%.镜下发现有活动性出血18例,镜下局部止血治疗后显效者10例,有效者8例,有效率为100%.术中并发短暂低氧血症(SaO2＜85%,＜20 s)15例,加大吸氧流量后均改善;术后发热3例均为低热,24 h后热退.结论 纤维支气管镜检查可明确出血部位及原因并可进行局部治疗,且安全的有效.     

Evaluation of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in different in vitro and in vivo models of fibrinolysis, coagulation and thrombus formation

BACKGROUND: The serine protease inhibitor aprotinin and plasminogen inhibitor tranexamic acid are used in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery to reduce bleeding. Clinicians may consider these agents as readily substitutable regarding their pharmacological profiles. OBJECTIVE: These agents were evaluated in assays of hemostasis to elucidate their underlying mechanism(s) of action. METHODS: In human plasma, effects on both clot fibrinolysis and coagulation were spectrophotometrically quantified in vitro. Rat-tail bleeding and arteriovenous shunt thrombus formation models were conducted in vivo. RESULTS: Fibrinolysis was inhibited by aprotinin (IC(50), 0.16 +/- 0.02 micromol L(-1)) and tranexamic acid (IC(50), 24.1 +/-1.1 micromol L(-1)). In vivo, aprotinin dose-dependently reduced rat-tail bleeding time (minimal effective dose, 3 mg kg(-1) bolus plus 6 mg kg(-1 )h(-1) infusion); tranexamic acid reduced bleeding time (minimal effective dose, 100 mg kg(-1) h(-1)). In vitro, coagulation time was doubled by aprotinin at 3.2 +/- 0.2 micromol L(-1), while tranexamic acid showed no effect at concentrations up to 3 mmol L(-1). Aprotinin inhibited thrombus formation in vivo in a dose-dependent manner (minimal effective dose, 3 mg kg(-1) bolus plus 6 mg kg(-1) h(-1) infusion). Conversely, tranexamic acid dose-dependently increased thrombus formation and thrombus weight (minimal effective dose, 100 mg kg(-1 )h(-1) infusion). CONCLUSIONS: These data show that aprotinin and tranexamic acid have differential effects on hemostasis and are not necessarily substitutable with respect to mechanism of action. Although both agents have been shown to reduce bleeding in patients undergoing CABG, their divergent effects on thrombus formation observed in vitro and in vivo should be critically evaluated clinically.     

Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of alcohol in Chinese and Indians in Singapore

What is known and Objective:  Interindividual variability in alcohol pharmacokinetics is influenced by a number of factors, including polymorphisms in genes mediating alcohol pharmacology, ethnicity, sex and body size. Several studies have evaluated the population pharmacokinetics of alcohol from breath alcohol measures. None of these studies, however, have evaluated ethnicity and alcohol‐metabolizing enzyme genotypes as covariates in their population pharmacokinetic modelling. We aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model using clinical and genetic factors and to identify covariates that influenced interindividual variability in alcohol clearance and volume of distribution. Methods:  Hundred and eighty healthy subjects (90 Chinese and 90 Indians; 45 males and 45 females from each ethnic group) ingested a vodka–orange juice mixture to simulate social drinking. Subjects were genotyped for the ADH1B (Arg48His), ALDH2 (Glu504Lys) and CYP2E1 (c.‐1293G>C and c.‐1053C>T) polymorphisms. A base pharmacokinetic model was developed using the nonmem software (NONMEM Project Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA) to determine the alcohol clearance and volume of distribution. The model was extended to include covariates that influenced the between‐subject variability. Results and Discussion:  Body weight and sex significantly influenced absorption rate and volume of distribution of alcohol. Body weight and ADH1B Arg48His polymorphism significantly influenced alcohol clearance. The Michaelis–Menten elimination rate (V_max) was decreased by 10% in homozygous ADH1B*1/*1 subjects. Ethnicity was not determined to be a significant covariate in the final population pharmacokinetic model. What is new and Conclusion:  Gender and body weight were covariates that contributed most to explaining the observed interindividual alcohol pharmacokinetic variability. Of the four SNPs examined in this study, only ADH1B Arg48His polymorphism had a significant, though modest, effect on the pharmacokinetics of alcohol.     

Safety and efficacy of linezolid in 16 infants and children in Japan

Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria. It has been licensed for adult use in Japan since 2006 for MRSA infections, and has also been used off-label for pediatric patients. At our university hospital, a total of 16 infants and children (including one non-Japanese Asian) were administered linezolid owing to infection with multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, after consent had been provided. All patients had severe underlying diseases or indications for surgery. Eighty-eight percent of the causal microorganisms were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and all were sensitive to linezolid. Linezolid was administered because the antecedent anti-MRSA medications were ineffective or contraindicated, or intravenous-to-oral switch therapy was requested owing to cardiac or orthopedic surgical-site infections. The median duration of administration was 13 days (range 3-31 days). The overall efficacy was 91 % (10/11) in those for whom efficacy could be evaluated. Only two patients (both teen-aged) encountered linezolid-related adverse effects (13 %, 2/16). One patient showed elevation of liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), requiring that administration be withdrawn, but enzyme levels returned to normal after the patient had been switched to vancomycin. The other patient showed transiently decreased platelet counts. Linezolid is considered generally safe and effective for children in Japan, especially for those who cannot use other anti-MRSA medications or those who require oral antibiotics for infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria.     

血浆与血清同型半胱氨酸在不同检测条件下比较及稳定性研究

目的分析同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平在血浆与血清中的差异及放置不同时间检测的稳定性。方法分别以EDTA-K2抗凝管和分离胶管收集42例健康体检人员血液,于即刻及放置3h后分离血浆及血清。选EDTA-K2抗凝管立即离心分离血浆后于室温放置1h、3h、6h及2-8℃24h;分离胶管放置30min待血液凝固后离心分离血清于室温放置1h、3h、6h及2-8℃24h,使用直接化学发光法检测同型半胱氨酸浓度。结果分离胶管取血放置30min后离心分离血清同型半胱氨酸浓度较即刻分离的血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度高13.24%,结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);取血放置3h后离心检测血清或血浆同型半胱氨酸浓度明显高于取血后即刻离心检测的同型半胱氨酸浓度,两者相差12.47%和12.56%,结果差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。分离后血浆与血清在室温放置1h、3h、6h及2-8℃24h检测同型半胱氨酸浓度,结果差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血清同型半胱氨酸水平明显高于血浆,分离血清或血浆前标本放置时间对检测同型半胱氨酸浓度有影响,分离后血浆或血清在2-8℃保存,24h内同型半胱氨酸检测结果差异无统计学意义。在临床工作中,应尽可能快速分离血浆标本进行同型半胱氨酸检测或分别设立血浆与血清同型半胱氨酸浓度的正常参考范围。