LADA一级亲属GAD-Ab、IA-2Ab与CPH-Ab联合检测的价值

采用放射配体法检测128例LADA一级亲属的GAD-Ab、IA-2Ab和CPH-Ab，发现GAD-Ab和IA-2Ab的检出率与欧美高加索人及我国TIDM一级亲属接近，三种抗体联合检测可提高对LADA一级亲属筛查的敏感性。     

MICA微卫星等位基因A5.1与天津汉族LADA相关

通过PCR扩增后行变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病（LADA）组100例和正常对照组145名的组织相容性复合物Ⅰ类链相关基因A（MICA）（GCT）n多态性，发现LADA组最高等位基因频率是A5．1，为0．340，高于正常对照组的0．183（P〈0．05），提示MICA等位基因A5．1与天津汉族LADA相关联。     

用临床筛选工具鉴别LADA

国外学Spires Foudanos博士等报道了他们采用临床筛选工具鉴别成人自身免疫性糖尿病（LADA）的方法。择译部分内容供读参考作从糖尿病（DM）诊所选择30-75岁的LADA（n=102）及2型糖尿病（T2DM）（n=111）进行回顾性研究，97％为高加索人。全部对象面谈。[第一段]     

成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病胰岛素抵抗与β细胞功能的研究

目的 探讨成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病（LADA）患者的胰岛素抵抗（IR）与胰岛β细胞功能的关系。方法 对40例LADA、40例速发性1型糖尿病（T1DM）、50例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者和30例正常健康者（对照组）进行了身高、体重、空腹和餐后2h血糖、空腹胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、血脂、24h尿蛋白检测,并做眼科检查、周围神经电生理检查、下肢血管彩超,计算体重指数（BMI）、腰臀围比（WHR）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）和胰岛素释放指数（HOMA-IS）。结果 LADA患者HOMA-IR和HOMA-IS高于T1DM,低于T2DM（P均〈0．01）。LADA患者病程5a内下肢血管病变及其病变危险因素低于T2DM（P〈0．05）,与T1DM相似;微血管病变三组问比较无差异。结论 LADA患者既存在IR,又有胰岛β细胞分泌功能不足。     

血清三抗体及C肽检测对成人迟发型糖尿病诊断的意义

目的探讨谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GADA）、胰岛素自身抗体（IAA）、胰岛细胞抗体（ICA）和血清C肽检测对诊断成年迟发型糖尿病（LADA）的意义。方法对初诊为糖尿病的N0例患者进行血清GADA、IAA、ICA以及空腹和餐后C肽检测，并对抗体阳性及阴性患者的C肽水平进行比较。结果三抗体检测为阳性者58例，GADA阳性者21例（36．2％），ICA阳性者14例（24．1％），IAA阳性者6例（10．3％），双抗体阳性者15例（25．9％），三抗体阳性者2例，（3．4％）。抗体阳性患者的空腹和餐后C肽明显低于抗体阴性患者，双抗体和三抗体阳性患者的空腹和餐后C肽低于单抗体阳性患者，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论三抗体检测有助于在初诊糖尿病患者中筛选LADA，对其早期诊断具有重要意义。     

自身抗体的时间动态与表型耦合增加成年人自身免疫糖尿病的异质性：HUNT研究

成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病（LADA）的病因学尚未完全明了,目前主要以自身免疫标志物评价LADA。通过横断面的研究,来自挪威的研究者分别比较了1型糖尿病（T1DM）和LADA在糖尿病前期和确诊糖尿病的谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GADA）、蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶2抗体（IA-2A）和锌转运体8抗体（ZnT8A）的阳性率。     

糖尿病患者胰岛自身抗体与β细胞功能的关系

目的 研究胰岛自身抗体与糖尿病（DM）临床表现，β细胞功能的关系。方法 分析733例住院DM患者的临床和生化特征。测定血清C肽，胰岛细胞抗体（ICA），谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体（GADA）和蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶抗体（IA-2A）水平。结果 58例速发型1型DM中34.5%，GADA阳性，22.4%ICA阳性，27.3%IA-2A阳性，在临床初诊为2型DM的675例患者中，13.5%有一种以上抗体阳性，其中10.1%GADA阳性，2.7%ICA阳性，8.7%IA-2A阳性，在不同病程的成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病（LADA）中自身抗体阳性率无明显变化。而病程2年以上的1型DM患者中则呈降低趋势，随着病程延长，患者均有空腹和餐后C肽水平降低，但下降的速度以1型DM最快，LADA次之，2型DM最慢，多因素逐步回归分析表明，GADA是导致空腹与餐后C肽水平降低的危险因素。结论 在速发型1型DM和LADA患者中GADA，ICA和IA-2A阳性率不同，联合抗体检测有助于诊断，LADA患者β细胞功能衰退较慢，保护残存β细胞可有利于延缓病情进展。     

成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病患者T细胞亚群变化与胰岛β细胞功能相关性研究

目的观察成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病（LADA）患者T细胞亚群的变化,及其与胰岛β细胞功能的相关性。方法LADA组24例,经典1型糖尿病（T1DM）18例,健康对照（NC）组20例,应用流式细胞技术测定三组入选者T细胞表面分子CD4、CD8,以百分比表示各表面分子阳性T细胞占外周血淋巴细胞的比例。测空腹C肽（FC-P）和糖负荷后2h C肽（2hC-P）。测空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、应用HOMA公式计算胰岛素敏感指数（HOMA-IS）。结果LADA与T1DM组CD4^＋T细胞、CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值明显高于NC组（P〈0．01）,LADA与TIDM对比无统计学差异。CD4^＋T细胞与反映胰岛功能2hC-P呈明显的负相关。结论T淋巴细胞亚群失衡参与并介导了胰岛β细胞的损伤和LADA的发生。     

新诊断2型糖尿病患者谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体、胰岛细胞抗体和胰岛素自身抗体联合筛查成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病的意义

目的 研究新诊断T2DM患者中LADA的检出率,并分析其临床特征. 方法 测定152例病程＜1年,且非酮症起病的新诊断T2DM患者GADA、ICA、IAA、血压、身高、体重及BMI,同时检测血脂、FPG、胰岛素、C-P、HbA1c、促甲状腺激素（TSH）、甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TG-Ab）和甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）水平.观察LADA患者与T2DM患者临床特征与生化特征的差异. 结果 新诊断T2DM患者中LADA的检出率为7.89％;与自身抗体阴性组相比,自身抗体阳性组BMI、TC降低,胰岛素及C-P水平较低,嗜中性粒细胞计数TSH异常检出率与TPO阳性率增高（P＜0.05）. 结论 新诊断T2DM患者中存在一定比例的LADA患者;对于BMI较低、胰岛功能较差的新诊断T2DM患者应尽早测定GADA、ICA和IAA.LADA患者可能具有更高的免疫炎症因子表达及更低的TC水平.     

成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病患者罗格列酮治疗的三年观察

成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病（LADA）胰岛β细胞的免疫损害呈缓慢性，患者在病程早期往往具有一定的残余胰岛β细胞功能，这给干预治疗提供了一定的时机。目前，有学者提出LADA尽早使用胰岛素治疗，但国际上对于LADA患者合适的治疗方案还没有一个统一的认识。LADA的异质性很强，抗体滴度部分反映体内自身免疫程度，根据抗体滴度水平可将LADA患者分为LADA-1型（高滴度）和LADA-2型（低滴度）。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.