非共沸混合制冷剂组分对冷凝器换热特性的影响

为了揭示非共沸混合工质在冷凝器内的换热特性,探明非共沸混合工质组分对制冷剂和换热流体间沿程温度的影响,通过建立冷凝器换热模型,对不同沸点差的二元环保型非共沸混合工质进行了理论分析.结果表明:由于非共沸混合工质比焓值与温度的非线性关系,换热流体间的沿程传热温差出现极值点;混合工质中富含低沸点组分时,冷凝器内部存在最小传热温差;反之,存在最大传热温差;混合工质沸点差增加,滑移温度的限制条件之差增大,窄点现象增强.     

热泵型空调器运行特性的实验研究

用空气焓差实验法,在制冷工况下对一台热泵型空调器进行最佳充注量的实验研究,同时,分别在制冷工况和制热工况下测量冷凝器和蒸发器管壁的温度分布。实验结果表明,空调系统中存在一个最佳制冷剂充注量,使得空调系统的制冷量和能效比达到最大值。根据实验结果,分别给出在制冷工况和制热工况下进行冷凝器和蒸发器换热计算时,制冷剂与管壁之间的平均温差。     

特种车用高温空调研究

针对高温和宽温带范围等特殊工作环境空气调节的需要,研发了HLD-45B高温空调。该空调使用R22/R142b混合制冷剂,采用常规空调制冷循环系统,冷凝器传热面积和风量的设计较常规空调增大15%~20%。进行了焓差法性能实验和宽温区运行实验。实验结果表明:在较宽的环境温度变化范围内HLD-45B具有良好的运行性能:1)标准空调工况至75℃高温工况,蒸发器回风温度与送风温度的差值变化平缓,制冷量最大衰减小于15%,在宽温区空调系统运行稳定、可靠;2)75℃高温工况的排气压力和排气温度分别为2.84MPa和121℃,在理想的安全范围。中高温混合制冷剂的合理使用可改善制冷系统的高温运行性能和可靠性,拓宽其运行温度范围。     

采用新制冷剂R134a和混合制冷剂R410A的板式蒸发器性能研究

采用分布参数法对波纹型通道板式蒸发器建立数学模型,并进行了数值模拟.通过计算板内局部蒸发传热系数和压降可以简化板式蒸发器内复杂三维网状流动的传热特性.针对应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂来比较和分析板式蒸发器在小的温差下的传热性能.在3种不同的计算工况下简要分析了各种热力参数的变化对蒸发器整体传热性能的影响.不同的制冷剂,其传热系数和压降差别较大,相同工况下采用R410A替代R22,板式蒸发器的传热性能可提高8.5%～10.0%,且压降可大幅降低.     

强化传热技术在空调中的应用

众所周知,提高空调机热力循环过程中制冷剂的蒸发温度、降低其冷凝温度均能提高空调器的制冷系数。但是随着冷凝温度的降低和蒸发温度的提高,空调器的传热温差将会随之降低,蒸发器和冷凝器的传热条件恶化。虽然增大蒸发器、冷凝器的换热面积能解决这一矛盾,但是由此必然导致空调器体积增大、能重比降低。解决这一矛盾最为明智的方法就是利用现有的传热强化技术、强化冷凝器和蒸发器的传热实现空调机蒸发器、冷凝器的低温差传热。本文将简要介绍强化传热技术及几种能在空调设计中应用的强化传热管。     

采用单U型换热器的潜热蓄热单元蓄热过程的数值研究

提出了一种采用单U型换热器的潜热蓄热单元结构形式。以焓—多孔介质法为基础建立了蓄热单元的三维数值模型,在考虑热传导及对流换热的情况下对蓄热过程进行数值计算,得到了蓄热单元内相变材料的熔化规律。以传热流体的温度和流量为研究对象,分析了不同工况下蓄热单元内部温度及液相率的变化。结果显示对流换热能加速相变材料的熔化过程。对于这种蓄热单元,传热流体的温度是影响蓄热性能的主要因素,而传热流体的流量对于蓄热性能的影响较小。     

两种动力型分离式热管系统的试验研究

针对数据中心自然冷却需求,研究气体动力型分离式热管与液体动力型分离式热管,设计10kW复合空调样机,在标准焓差法试验室进行性能试验。结果表明:当室内外温差达到20℃时,即可利用气体动力型分离式热管替代蒸气压缩式制冷系统(相同制冷量),实现节能8%~10%;当室内外温差达到30℃时,液体动力型分离式热管系统制冷量可以达到设计指标,能效比EER为8.3,气体动力型分离式热管系统能效比EER为7.4;动力型分离式热管可以改善制冷剂在系统中的分布状态,液体动力型分离式热管可以提高蒸发温度,降低蒸发侧换热温差,气体动力型分离式热管可以提高冷凝温度和冷凝侧换热温差。     

管径变化对蒸发器性能影响的仿真与实验研究

家用空调换热器采用的管径不同,产生的传热效果等性能有差异。采用空气焓差法,对具有相同制冷量的5 mm管径换热器和7 mm管径换热器进行了蒸发工况的实验,并建立了不同管径换热器的仿真计算模型,分析了管径的变化对蒸发器制冷剂侧和空气侧的换热和压降的影响。对比实验与计算结果,发现:1)5 mm换热器空气侧表面传热系数提高了17%;2)在相同制冷量下,5 mm换热器的制冷剂质量流量减少了4.6%,质量流速增大了89.4%,同时由于管壁热流密度的增大,引起了蒸干点的提前;3)以制冷剂达到相同干度时的换热系数作为基准,随着干度的增加,5 mm管的管内换热系数增大到7 mm管的1.43~1.86倍;同时制冷剂的摩擦压降、加速压降和局部压降均为7 mm换热器的3倍,压降引起了蒸发温度降低1.1℃。     

大焓差蒸发冷却器传热性能试验研究

为增大蒸发冷却过程中空气进、出口焓差,提高蒸发冷却装置换热效率,提出一种大焓差蒸发冷却水冷冷凝装置,由盘管与填料组成的蒸发冷却器,水槽与肋片盘管组成的水冷冷凝器两者串联而成。在此基础上搭建大焓差蒸发冷却器传热性能试验台,通过测试喷淋水密度与空气流量对盘管内热流体出口温度和喷淋水出口温度的影响,研究蒸发式冷凝器管外水膜的传热性能。结果表明,随着喷淋水密度或空气流量的增加,喷淋水出口温度上升,盘管内流体温度下降。此外,根据实验数据回归分析,拟合出直径为12.7mm的紫铜管管外水膜换热系数与喷淋水密度关系式为:a_w=302(r÷d_0)~(0.67)     

采用多通道直冷板的两相循环冷却系统实验研究

本文搭建了以R1233zd(E)为工质的多通道直冷板两相循环冷却系统,并在冷凝温度为10、15、20 ℃,质量通量147~882 kg/(m2?s),热流密度7.73~39.75 kW/m2工况下对系统热力学循环和冷却性能进行实验研究。实验结果表明：质量通量上升,出口制冷剂焓值降低,热流密度上升,蒸发压力与出口制冷剂焓值升高。不同热流密度下冷板壁面温度随质量通量的变化趋势有所不同：当热流密度为7.73 kW/m2时,制冷剂质量通量由147 kg/(m2?s)增至735 kg/(m2?s),最大温差由2.9 K降至1.6 K;当热流密度为39.75 kW/m2时,最大温差由3.6 K增至5.2 K。不同质量通量下,换热系数随热流密度增加有不同幅度的升高：质量通量为147 kg/(m2?s)时,换热系数由1 843 W/(m2?K)增至4 528 W/(m2?K);而质量通量为588 kg/(m2?s)时,在相同条件下换热系数由1 536 W/(m2?K)增至3 569 W/(m2?K)。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.