Finite Element Simulation for Welding Residual Stress and Creep Damage of Welded Joint

基于大型有限元软件Abaqus及其用户子程序(Umat)功能, 开发了焊接残余应力与蠕变损伤耦合计算程序, 对高温用焊接接头残余应力作用下的蠕变损伤行为进行有限元模拟, 并与无焊接残余应力状态下的蠕变损伤情况 进行比较. 研究结果表明, 在炉管焊接状态下, 焊接残余应力最大值集中在焊缝和热影响区处, 并且轴向与环向 残余应力较高. 在高温环境下, 焊接接头初始态焊接残余应力较高, 虽然在短时间内应力松弛到较低的水平, 但 其蠕变损伤仍较大程度地受焊接残余应力的影响, 蠕变损伤分布与焊接残余应力的分布基本一致.     

核用SA508-3钢特厚板焊后热处理有限元分析

为了得到SA508-3钢特厚板焊接残余应力分布及焊后热处理对残余应力分布的影响,利用有限元方法对焊接及焊后热处理进行了模拟计算,计算结果表明:焊后热处理对试板焊接应力分布趋势影响较小,但焊后热处理可以大大减小接头应力数值,其中,纵向应力最大减小幅度为72%,横向应力最大减小幅度为70%;焊接接头存在应力分布准稳定区,且接头内部残余应力水平最小,其次为接头上表面,接头下表面应力水平最大;通过残余应力测定试验与模拟结果比对,两者结果吻合度很高,说明计算模型及计算方法可靠,可以指导实际SA508-3钢特厚板焊后热处理生产.     

P92钢焊接接头蠕变本构关系

通过热处理方法模拟焊接热循环,在 3.53 K/s 的升温速度下制备 P92 钢焊接热影响区各微区的模拟组织试样,通过单轴蠕变试验获得 923K 下 P92 钢熔敷金属、热影响区各微区和母材组织不同应力水平下的单轴蠕变数据,用最小二乘法拟合得到 P92钢焊接接头各区域组织在稳态蠕变条件下的蠕变本构方程.结果表明,相比焊接接头其它微区组织,试验应力较低时,细晶区的蠕变应变率最大,因此在低应力下细晶区容易发生蠕变开裂;随着应力水平的增加,焊接接头和母材蠕变速率逐渐超过细晶区,蠕变断裂易发生在焊缝或母材上.

Abstract：

The welding heat thermal cycle was simulated through the heat treating method, and the simulated microstructures of the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), fine grain heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) and intercritical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ)of P92 steel were prepared by using a furnace at 3.53 K/s of heating rate. The uniaxial creep data of the base metal, deposited metal and simulated CGHAZ, FGHAZ and ICHAZ specimens were obtained through the creep tests under the temperature of 923 K, and the creep constitutive equations of each material were obtained too. The result shows that the creep strain rate of FGHAZ is higher than the other zones of the welded joint under the low stress. So the creep rupture is easy to occur in te FGHAZ. In addition, the creep properties are obviously different among the CGHAZ, FGHAZ and ICHAZ, which indicate the HAZ has the obvious material heterogeneity.     

X80管线钢焊接接头氢分布的数值模拟

利用ABAQUS有限元软件,建立了三维有限元模型,对X80管线钢焊接接头的氢扩散行为进行了模拟. 通过对不同焊接条件下温度场、应力场、氢扩散的三场耦合模拟,研究了焊接工艺参数对焊接接头中氢扩散及分布的影响. 结果表明,焊接热影响区残余应力水平最高,是整个接头的应力集中部位,也是焊接接头中的富氢地带. 适当地提高预热温度和焊接热输入,均有利于焊接接头中氢的扩散逸出,降低氢在焊接热影响区的聚集程度,从而降低氢致裂纹的敏感性.     

球罐焊接残余应力数值模拟分析

利用有限元法动态模拟球罐环焊缝以及平板的焊接过程,分析了球罐焊接过程温度场的变化状况和焊接残余应力分布规律.结果表明,焊接热影响区范围很小,球罐环焊缝焊接残余应力是经向和径向坐标的函数,纬向焊接残余应力大于经向应力,两向应力的最大值均处在热影响区内,最大应力值超出了材料的屈服极限,是产生裂纹缺陷的原因之一等.用X射线衍射的方法测试了平板焊接接头的焊后残余应力,并将测试结果与有限元模拟计算结果比对,验证了模拟计算方法的可靠性和计算结果的正确性.     

Prediction of welding deformation of hull panel blocks using an advanced inherent strain analysis method considering the heat equivalent layer effect

When a large-scale structure is fabricated via a complex welding process, deformation and residual stress are challenges that must be resolved. In a thermo-elasto-plastic analysis, calculations are carried out from room temperature through the heating and cooling of the welded joint section where the base metal is melted by the welding heat. It is difficult to apply this type of analysis to large, complex structures due to the prolonged computational time and huge processing volume required. Inherent strain analysis is a more effective approach to analyzing welding strain, and enables the use of an elastic analysis instead of a thermo-elastoplastic analysis to predict the strain residual stress that occurs in the welded part. This study compares an existing method that analyzes the strain in the welded part by using the correlation between the zone affected by the heat and the adjacent zone constraining the heat-affected zone, and an advanced analysis method that is intended to enhance the accuracy of the results by considering the heat equilibrium zone that exists between the adjacent regions constraining the heat-affected zone. The advanced inherent strain analysis method is applied to obtain more accurate results for a hull panel block model, which is one of the most complex welding structures, by considering a restraint diagram organized according to the welding and fabrication sequence of the members.     

焊接残余应力对焊接接头蠕变性能的影响

应用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS及其RESTART功能,建立了焊接温度场模型、残余应力场模型和蠕变分析模型.使用焊接残余应力作用下蠕变的顺次耦合有限元计算方法,对Cr5Mo加热炉炉管焊接接头残余应力和蠕变进行了数值模拟.计算方法为掌握复杂的焊接残余应力对高温炉管焊接接头的蠕变影响奠定了基础.比较了考虑焊接残余应力和仅承受内压两种工况下的炉管接头蠕变情况.结果表明,虽然焊接残余应力在短时间内松弛,但焊接残余应力决定了炉管的蠕变变形,焊接残余应力是影响炉管蠕变的重要因素.     

Numerical Investigation on Residual Stresses of the Safe-End/Nozzle Dissimilar Metal Welded Joint in CAP1400 Nuclear Power Plants

The residual stress evolution in a safe-end/nozzle dissimilar metal welded joint of CAP1400 nuclear power plants was investigated in the manufacturing process by finite element simulation. A finite element model, including cladding, buttering, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) and dissimilar metal multi-pass welding, is developed based on SYSWELD software to investigate the evolution of residual stress in the aforementioned manufacturing process. The results reveal a large tensile axial residual stress, which exists at the weld zone on the inner surface, leads to a high sensitivity to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). PWHT process before dissimilar metal multi-pass welding process has a great influence on the magnitude and distribution of final axial residual stress. The risk of SCC on the inner surface of the pipe will increase if PWHT process is not taken into account. Therefore, such crucial thermal manufacturing process such as cladding, buttering and post-weld heat treatment, besides the multi-pass welding process, should be considered in the numerical model in order to accurately predict the distribution and the magnitude of the residual stress.     

基于正交试验设计的高温管道焊接工艺优化

P91耐热钢焊接接头广泛用于电厂管道,厚壁管道焊接残余应力分布比较复杂,而焊接接头残余应力的大小对其高温环境下运行的蠕变又有着较大的影响.文中运用正交试验设计方法,以焊接残余应力为评价指标,对P91耐热钢管道焊接的工艺参数进行优化没计,然后采用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS对最优焊接工艺的焊接残余应力进行数值模拟,获得了P91厚壁管道焊接接头的残余应力分布状况.结果表明,焊接速度对焊接残余应力的影响最为显著,其次电弧电压、焊接电流和坡口间隙等.研究结果为优化高温管道焊接工艺,有效控制焊接残余应力提供了可能.     

超声冲击处理对7A52铝合金焊接应力影响的数值模拟

利用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立了7A52铝合金双丝MIG焊的热力耦合数值模型,得到焊接残余应力场;随后利用数值传递方法,对焊接接头处进行超声冲击处理,建立焊接和超声冲击处理耦合模型,得到冲击后的残余应力场,分析了冲击前后残余应力分布特点和大小,并且通过改变冲击针移动速度分析其对残余应力的影响规律.旨在探讨超声冲击对7A52铝合金焊接残余应力改善的影响.计算结果表明,超声冲击处理能够显著改善焊缝和热影响区的表面残余应力,且随着冲击移动速度的增加,得到的焊接接头处压应力值逐渐减小.     

Numerical and experimental study of thermally induced residual stress in the hybrid laser-GMA welding process

A model based on a double-ellipsoidal volume heat source to simulate the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) heat input and a cylindrical volume heat source to simulate the laser beam heat input was developed to predict the temperature field and thermally induced residual stress in the hybrid laser-gas metal arc (GMA) welding process. Numerical simulation shows that higher residual stress is distributed in the weld bead and surrounding heat-affected zone (HAZ). Effects of the welding speed on the isotherms and residual stress of the welded joint are also studied. It is found that an increase in welding speed can reduce the residual stress concentration in the as-weld specimen. A series of experiments has been performed to verify the developed thermo-mechanical finite element model (FEM), and a qualitative agreement of residual stress distribution and weld geometrical size is shown to exist.     

高温焊接对1.25Cr0.5Mo焊接构件疲劳寿命的影响

选取不同的温度(550,650,750,850℃)对1.25Cr0.5Mo钢进行高温焊接,在高温焊接及常温焊接后对焊件进行残余应力测试和疲劳试验.结果表明,550,650,750,850℃高温下焊接的试件,其焊缝热影响区的残余应力最大值(纵向、横向)比常温下焊接焊缝热影响区残余应力最大值(纵向、横向)都显著降低:纵向和横向降低幅度分为50.1%,48.9%;74.8%,67.4%;83.9%,79.4%;91%,89.7%.高温焊接试件的疲劳寿命的平均值比常温下焊接试件疲劳寿命的平均值分别提高31.02%,38.84%,47.23%和62.28%.结果表明,高温焊接能明显降低焊件的残余应力和提高焊件的疲劳寿命.     

Numerical simulation of stress and deformation of in-service welding onto gas pipeline

SYSWELD was used to simulate in-service welding process of gas pipeline of X70 pipeline steel. Welding thermal cycle, stress and deformation of in-service welded joint were studied. The results show that peak temperature of coarse grain heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） of in-service welding onto gas pipeline is the same with routine welding, but ts/5, ts/3 and ts/1 decrease at certain degree. For the zone near welded seam, axial stress and hoop stress in the inner pipe wall are compressive stress when welding source passes through the cross-section that is studied, but residual axial stress and residual hoop stress after welded are all tensile stress. Transient deformation and residual deformation are all convex deformation compared with the original pipe diameter size. Deformation achieves maximum when welding thermal source passes through the cross-section that is studied and then decreases during the cooling process after welding.     

Residual welding stresses in laser beam and tungsten inert gas weldments of titanium alloy

Abstract

The residual welding stresses in laser beam (LB) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) weldments of a titanium alloy in thin plate form were investigated experimentally in the present work. A hole drilling technique was used to measure the residual stresses in the weldments. The effects of the welding method and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the residual stresses were analysed. The results show that (i) the residual stress distribution in the LB welded joints is similar to that obtained for traditional fusion welding processes, although the distribution zone is much narrower in LB welding, (ii) the residual stress in the heat affected zone for LB welding is about 100 MPa lower than that for TIG welding, and (iii) PWHT in vacuum greatly relieves the welding residual stress.     

不同退火条件下304L不锈钢埋弧焊接头组织及性能分析

采用埋弧焊方法,进行了304L不锈钢厚板的对接试验研究.通过对焊接接头处的组织观察,并结合焊接接头的-196 ℃冲击韧性以及不同退火条件下残余应力测试,分析了埋弧焊304L不锈钢焊接接头组织和性能. 结果表明,热影响区组织为奥氏体,焊缝区则为奥氏体与少量的铁素体的复相组织;采用残余应力盲孔释放测量方法对焊接接头进行测试,随着退火温度的升高,焊缝及热影响区的残余应力得到进一步的释放;冲击试验中,热影响区-196 ℃冲击吸收能量随退火温度的升高急剧下降,焊缝区-196 ℃冲击吸收能量则呈平稳下降趋势.     

焊接结构学中的热–力耦合问题简析

针对热加工制造中的热力耦合基础问题,借助基本力学理论,分别研究了一维刚性约束杆、二维平板及满足刚性约束的3-Bar模型在升降温过程中的应力应变演化规律.结果表明,3-Bar模型中加热条带的宽度即为焊接塑性区的宽度;焊接塑性区的纵向残余应力接近材料屈服强度;塑性区大小,塑性区尺寸及其所在位置为焊后变形控制及焊接接头设计关键所在,焊缝塑性区应尽可能接近并对称于结构中性轴分布,以避免产生附加变形;将加热温度峰值与加热宽度输入3-Bar模型,可预测火焰调修控制变形效果.火焰调修时自第二个热循环作用起,残余应力与塑性应变均无法发生改变,调修中反复加热同一区域为无用功.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Laser Welded Joints of DZ125L and IN718 Nickel Base Superalloys

The microstructure and mechanical properties of the laser welded joint of DZ125L and IN718 nickel base superalloys were investigated. The results show that the fusion zone (FZ) mainly consists of fine dendrite structure with fine γ′, Laves phases and MC carbides inhomogeneously distributed. The high welding temperature induces the partial dissolution of γ′ in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of DZ125L and liquation of grain boundaries in both of the HAZs. After post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), fine γ″ and γ′ phases precipitate in the FZ, IN718 HAZ and IN718 base metal (BM), and fine γ′ precipitate in the γ channel of the HAZ and BM of DZ125L. With tensile testing, the joints after PWHT show higher strengths than that of the weaker DZ125L alloy. Plastic deformation mainly concentrates in the weaker DZ125L and the joint finally fails in the DZ125L BM.     

数值计算模拟工艺参数对电子束焊接残余应力的影响

电子束焊接残余应力的实测需要花费大量成本,因此采用数值模拟其焊接残余应力的大小和分布具有重要意义.利用三维有限元分析程序,建立了TC4钛合金板电子束焊接温度场和残余应力场的有限元分析模型,着重分析了高压和中压两种工艺参数对其接头焊接残余应力的影响.旨在探讨不同工艺参数对电子束焊接过程的影响规律,从而优化工艺,降低成本.计算结果表明,采用中压参数焊接的电子束焊接接头残余应力的峰值比采用高压参数的接头残余应力峰值高;而且其残余应力分布更集中于焊接接头中段.     

Prediction of heat-affected zone using Grey theory

The amount of deformation and the residual stress, which influence welded plates, are related directly to three aspects of the welding process: the method of heat input; the welding speed and the geometrical conditions; limitations of the weldment. The temperature behavior in the heat-affected zone usually determines the strength of the welded plate as a whole. It is important to carry out research into the temperature behavior in this zone, not only because the temperature in this area influences the material composition (the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram) but also because it can be used to supply a feedback signal to the welding system for monitoring and control of the welding process. This study uses Grey theory to predict the temperature message of the heat-affected zone. The first stage of the project is to use differential equations to construct a two-dimensional temperature model of the dynamic conditions during the welding process, and then to model the temperature distribution of the dynamic welding temperature field in order to obtain the range of the heat-affected zone. In addition, the modeled message of the heat-affected zone around the welded bead, and temperature data collected at a dynamic state measurement point, which moves at the same uniform speed as the heat source, are used as inputs to a Grey theory predictor. Using a G(1, 1) modeling method and a G(1, 1) unified-dimensional new message method the temperature behavior in the heat-affected zone is then predicted. The number of temperature data points collected and input to the Grey predictor models varies between 5 and 15. The weld heat input source is rated at 2800–5400 W. The welding speed is 0.6–1.2 cm/s. From the results, it is learnt that the higher the number of temperature data points input to the predictor models, the more precise is the prediction obtained. Additionally, it is found that the G(1, 1) unified-dimensional new message method is more accurate than the G(1, 1) method of prediction, and that the average error is approximately 0.2–0.3%.     

聚变堆用CLAM钢激光焊接接头显微组织及性能

对聚变堆用CLAM钢进行了激光焊接试验,并对接头进行740℃/1 h焊后回火处理,分别对热处理前、后接头的显微组织及性能进行了研究.结果表明,获得了成形良好、无缺陷的焊接接头;焊态下,焊缝由淬硬的板条马氏体和大量的δ铁素体组织组成.完全淬火区由板条马氏体和极少量的δ铁素体组成,其硬度高达545 HV;焊后热处理使焊缝及完全淬火区的板条马氏体分别转变为碳化物弥散分布的回火马氏体和回火索氏体组织.显著降低了接头的淬硬程度,最大硬度仅比母材高约15%;焊后回火热处理前、后接头的抗拉强度均高于基体母材,虽然焊后热处理使接头强度有所降低,但仍达到原始母材的98%以上.