青藏高原多年冻土区地下水特征及开发利用前景分析

通过分析青藏高原多年冻土地带地下水的特征，阐述了多年冻土地下水生存的类型，并结合青藏铁路勘察所获取的地下水水量、水质资料，对多年冻土区地下水的开发利用前景进行了分析并提出了地下水的开采参数。     

核磁共振测深方法在多年冻土区找水中的应用

通过核磁共振测深(MRS)方法在多年冻土区找水实例的分析、解释,并结合钻孔资料的综合研究,对在多年冻土区利用MRS方法探测地下含水层埋深、厚度及地下水涌水量的计算进行了详细的解析,并取得了良好的应用效果。阐明了该方法在多年冻土区找水具有含水信号反映明显、信噪比高和具唯一性解析结果等的独特技术优势,也指出了该方法在判断含水层岩性、涌水量计算等方面存在的不足,揭示了MRS方法在多年冻土区寻找地下水的良好应用前景,为在多年冻土区寻找地下水提供了一定的借鉴经验。     

多年冻土地下水及其变化研究进展

冻土的低渗透性改变了地表水下渗,导致寒区流域产汇流过程发生改变;其季节冻融及引起的活动层深度变化,改变了土壤含水量从而调蓄流域储水量。过去数十年,气候变暖引起冻土退化重塑了寒区水文地质环境、改变了地下水热状况;而多年冻土退化的后果是其所含有的固态冰向液态地下水转化,进而改变多年冻土地下水的时空模态、生态环境和工程设施基础,影响多年冻土的碳汇功能,以及释放封存于其内的温室气体并进一步加速气候变化。尽管水化学和数值模拟技术的发展提升了人们对于冻土地下水补径排和循环机理的理解,但冻土区恶劣的环境和直接监测地下水的困难,仍然使冻土地下水研究存在巨大挑战。本文通过梳理多年冻土地下水相关文献,刻画了多年冻土地下水的时空模态,探讨了冻土与地下水的相互作用,认为在未来的研究中,水化学方法应更加侧重于冻土地下水动态,数值模拟应更加侧重于地下水热过程。另外,还整合了气候变化背景下多年冻土地下水变化的相关研究成果,描述了从补给区-排泄区、冻土融化起始-长期退化至消失过程中地下水的赋存、补径排变化以及这些变化所带来的影响。最后,尝试性探讨了冻土地下水研究未来可能的发展,以期为多年冻土地下水水文、水资源和生态环...     

大小兴安岭多年冻土地区供水水源选择与评价

引言 大小兴安岭地处我国东北部,该区广泛分布连续多年冻土及岛状多年冻土。由于多年冻土的存在,使大小兴安岭地下水具有特殊的水文地质条件,并且与自然界中各种因素互相依存,互为因果关系,错综复杂地变化着,从而形成了连续多年冻土区地下水,岛状多年冻土区地下水。     

大兴安岭北部多年冻土环境中的地下水——以霍拉河盆地为例

与非多年冻土区相比,多年冻土区地下水的补给、径流、排泄具有很显著的特点,其原因就是由于多年冻土这一冷生隔水层的存在。本文试图从多年冻土对地下水的作用中探讨霍拉河盆地多年冻土环境中地下水存在的特殊性。     

青藏公路沿线多年冻土区的构造融区水资源及其供水意义

系统总结了青藏公路沿线多年冻土区重点城镇的供水现状,分析了构造融区水的供水水文地质条件,指出多年冻土区的构造融区水这一高原寒区特有的地下水类型对于沿线城镇的发展有着重要的战略意义,构造融区水将成为沿线地下水开发利用的主要方向。     

大兴安岭北部霍拉河盆地多年冻土与地下水的相互作用

多年冻土作为冷生隔水层,影响到地下水的补给、径流及排泄。融区的分布可增加地下水的交替强度和降低地下水的矿化度。在断层破碎带及其他富水性好的地段,多年冻土厚度变化较大。     

祁连山多年冻土区水文地质工作方法及找水方向

祁连山位于青藏高原北部,是我国多年冻土广泛分布的地区之一。 近几年来,我部在该区进行了1:20万区域水文地质普查工作,对多年冻土的一般特征,分布规律及多年冻土对地下水的控制     

论祁连山多年冻土区的地下水分类

多年冻土区的地下水分类,是水文地质基础理论研究方面的重要内容,对于合理开发利用地下水资源也具有重要的实际意义。作者根据在祁连山进行区域水文地质普查和勘探工作中积累的大量资料,对祁连山多年冻土区的地下水分类提出初步意见,供进一步研究时参考。     

青海哈拉湖东南缘多年冻土厚度及其影响因素研究——基于音频大地电磁探测

南祁连哈拉湖盆地是重要的含油气盆地,多年冻土分布广泛,具有良好的天然气水合物找矿前景,而多年冻土的分布特征是天然气水合物成藏的重要控制因素。应用音频大地电磁测深(AMT)对南祁连哈拉湖东南缘的多年冻土的下限进行探测,并对影响多年冻土厚度的因素进行了分析。结果表明:应用AMT能较好地划分多年冻土的厚度;区内的多年冻土厚度基本分布在30~130 m之间,整体呈现"中部与西北部厚,其他区域较薄"的分布特征,其中,中南部、中部与西北部的多年冻土厚度在80 m以上,为天然气水合物提供了良好的盖层条件;区内多年冻土厚度的主要影响因素为地形、坡向(向阳面/背阴面)与地表径流,同时,断裂构造和地下水含量对冻土厚度也有一定的影响。高地、背阴面、非地表径流段、非断裂构造区域有利于形成较厚多年冻土层。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.