离心跑台运动对小鼠骨骼肌炎性因子、肌再生因子及血管再生因子表达的影响

目的:观察小鼠离心运动后骨骼肌炎性因子、肌再生因子以及血管再生因子的表达变化,探讨其在离心运动骨骼肌损伤修复中可能发挥的作用。方法:32只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为对照组(C组,n=8)和离心运动组(D组,n=24)。根据取材时间,离心运动组又分为3个小组(运动后1d,3d和7d组)。离心运动后不同时间点取双侧腓肠肌。HE染色观察骨骼肌形态学变化,比色法检测血浆肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,荧光定量PCR检测炎性因子、肌再生因子及血管再生因子基因表达的变化。结果:小鼠下坡跑后骨骼肌纤维结构无明显破坏,无显著炎性细胞浸润。与对照相比,血浆CK和LDH活性在运动后各时间点均无显著变化(P0.05)。从基因层面看,炎性细胞标志物(MPO—嗜中性粒细胞标志物;F4/80—巨噬细胞标志物)在下坡跑后显著上升。部分炎症因子(如肿瘤坏死因子-α、白介素-1β、白介素-6)在下坡跑后显著上调。而肌再生调节因子中,只有机械生长因子和白血病抑制因子在运动后出现显著上调。而肌再生关键细胞——肌卫星细胞的特异性标记分子(分子标志—Pax7,增殖标记—Myo D,分化标记—myogenin)在离心运动后未出现显著变化(P0.05)。此外,其他与肌肉和血管再生密切相关的再生因子(如:胰岛素样生长因子1、肝细胞生长因子、尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物、环氧合酶2、低氧诱导因子-1α、血管内皮生长因子、血管生成素1等)在离心运动后均未见显著变化(P0.05)。结论:从形态学表现、血清指标和基因表达综合来看,离心跑台运动并非小鼠骨骼肌损伤建模的理想方式。     

Socio-economic factors, lifestyle, and headache disorders - a population-based study in Sweden

Objective.— To study the association between socio‐economic factors, lifestyle habits, and self‐reported recurrent headache/migraine (RH/M) in a general population. Methods.— The study population comprised a random sample of men and women aged 18‐79 years. The data were obtained using a postal survey questionnaire during March‐May 2000. The overall response rate was 65%. The area investigated covers 58 municipalities with about one million inhabitants in central part of Sweden. The study is based on 43,770 respondents. Odds ratios for RH/M were calculated for a set of variables using multiple logistic regression models. Results.— The overall prevalence of self‐reported RH/M during the last 3 months was 10% among men and 23% among women and decreased with increasing age. Physically inactive subjects were more likely to suffer from headache disorders than physically active subjects. Smoking was only moderately associated with RH/M. There was an inverse relationship between heavy alcohol use and RH/M. Underweight and obesity were not associated with headache disorders when adjusted for socio‐economic factors. Subjects with frequent economic problems had almost twice the risk of RH/M compared with subjects with no economic problems. Poor social support was associated with headache disorders and subjects who had been belittled during the last 3 months were more than twice as likely to suffer from RH/M as subjects who had not been belittled. The effect of educational level was modest. Marital status and country of origin were not associated with headache disorders after adjustment for other socio‐economic factors. Dissatisfaction with work, worry about losing one's job, and absenteeism due to illness were strongly associated with headache disorders. Physical working conditions and working hours were not associated with RH/M. Conclusion.— Headache disorders mainly affect young and middle‐aged adults. There are, however, socio‐economic disparities in self‐reported recurrent headache and migraine. The relationship was particularly evident for economic hardship and psychosocial factors. Of lifestyle factors, physical inactivity was strongly associated with headache disorders independent of economic and psychosocial factors.     

米非司酮联合米索前列醇对稽留流产患者血清和绒毛组织性激素、炎性因子、氧化应激因子的影响

目的研究米非司酮联合米索前列醇对稽留流产患者血清和绒毛组织性激素、炎性因子、氧化应激因子的影响。方法前瞻性选择2019年1月至2020年6月入住安徽皖北煤电集团总医院的MA患者60例,按照随机数字表法将60例患者分为试验组(n=30)与对照组(n=30)。对照组入院1 d给予米非司酮200 mg口服,服药前后禁食2h,第3天将卡前列甲酯栓1 mg经阴道置于后穹窿,1 h后行清宫术。入院1、2 d分别早晚给予米非司酮50、25 mg口服,服药前后禁食2 h,入院3 d晨给予米索前列醇0.6 mg,空腹口服,3 h后行清宫术。观察2组清宫术中出血量、麻醉时间、负压吸引压力、宫腔吸引时间、阴道持续出血时间等手术相关指标,入院时及清宫术前血清和绒毛组织β-绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-h CG)、孕酮(P)、雌二醇(E2)、程序性死亡分子-5(PDCD-5)、白细胞介素-18(IL-18)水平,入院时及清宫术前血清还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)、GSH/GSSG、活性氧自由基(ROS)水平和不良反应发生情况。结果试验组清宫术术中出血量、麻醉时间、负压吸引压力、宫腔吸引时间、阴道持续出血时间等均小于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。入院时,2组血清、绒毛组织β-h CG、P、E2、IL-18、PDCD-5、GSH、GSH/GSSG、GSSG、ROS水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。清宫术前,试验组血清、绒毛组织β-h CG、P、E2水平均高于对照组,IL-18、PDCD-5水平均低于对照组(P <0.05)。清宫术前,试验组GSH、GSH/GSSG水平均高于对照组,GSSG、ROS水平低于对照组(P <0.05)。2组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。结论米非司酮联合米索前列醇可缓解机体炎性及氧化应激反应,调节血清和绒毛组织性激素、炎性因子、氧化应激因子水平,促进胎盘组织脱离,为成功实施清宫手术创造条件。     

Risk factors,manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis in children

Cholelithiasis in children refers to cholelithiasis or choledocholithiasis in newborns, infants and adolescents, including a series of symptoms and complications related to stones. The incidence rate of cholelithiasis in children is far lower than that in adults. However, the detection rate of cholelithiasis in children has risen in recent years. The aetiology of cholelithiasis in children is complex, and the pathogenesis is still unclear. According to existing studies, cholelithiasis in children may be related to sex and hormones, obesity, drugs, haemolytic diseases, genetic factors, chemokines, abnormal biliary tract formation, ileal surgery, total parenteral nutrition and other factors. In addition, there is a large occurrence of idiopathic cholelithiasis in children with unknown aetiology. The clinical manifestations of cholelithiasis in children are not completely the same as those in adults, mainly due to the different ages and causes. At present, there is no consensus on the clinical treatment of cholelithiasis in children. Follow-up and observation, drug dissolution and surgical treatment are all treatment methods for children with cholelithiasis. This study reviewed the related literature reports of cholelithiasis in children and summarized the risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of cholelithiasis in children to improve the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of cholelithiasis in children.     

小鼠骨骼肌损伤修复过程中肌再生调节因子和血管再生因子的表达规律研究

目的:观察骨骼肌损伤修复过程中肌再生调节因子和血管再生因子表达规律,探讨肌再生调节因子和血管再生因子在骨骼肌损伤修复过程中可能发挥的作用。方法:40只雄性C57小鼠随机分为对照组(C组,n=8)和损伤组(S组,n=32)。骨骼肌钝挫伤后0d,1d,3d,7d,14d取右侧腓肠肌用于HE染色,左侧腓肠肌进行荧光定量PCR检测肌再生调节因子(Myo D,myogenin,IGF-1,MGF,HGF,u PA,Myostain,GDF11,LIF)和血管再生因子(HIF-1α,Angpt-1,VEGF)mRNA表达变化。结果:(1)骨骼肌钝挫伤后第3天有少量再生肌纤维,第7天显著增加,第14天基本恢复正常。(2)与对照组相比,生肌调节因子(Myo D,myogenin,IGF-1,MGF,HGF,u PA,GDF11,LIF)mRNA在损伤后表达显著增加(P0.05或P0.01),Myostain mRNA在损伤后表达显著降低(P0.01)。(3)血管再生因子(HIF-1α,Angpt1)m RNA在损伤后表达显著增加(P0.05或P0.01)而VEGF mRNA在损伤后表达显著降低(P0.05)。结论:骨骼肌钝挫伤后多种肌再生调节因子表达上调,可能促进骨骼肌再生。血管再生因子(HIF-1α和Angpt1)表达上调,可能参与了骨骼肌损伤后血管再生以及骨骼肌再生。     

Cigarette smoking, socioeconomic status, and psychosocial factors: examining a conceptual framework

Inequalities in cigarette smoking prevalence exist, with smokers more likely to be poor and less educated. Higher socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher quit rates. The overall relationship between low SES and poor health, as measured by morbidity and mortality, is well established. However, research indicates that inequalities in health are not explained by SES alone; other variables, such as psychosocial factors, may play a significant role. Williams has developed a conceptual framework to examine relationships among SES, psychosocial factors, and medical care related to health outcomes. According to Williams, the interrelationships among these factors have yet to be determined. As such, the pathways among the variables within psychosocial factors are explored and the authors discuss application to public health nursing practice and areas for future research. Further understanding of these relationships in the context of smoking may inform prevention and cessation strategies.     

Contribution of individual, workplace, psychosocial and physiological factors to neck pain in female office workers

This study investigated the relative contribution of individual, workplace, psychosocial and physiological features associated with neck pain in female office workers towards developing appropriate intervention programs. Workers without disability (Neck Disability Index (NDI) score  8, n = 33); workers with neck pain and disability (NDI  9/100, n = 52) and 22 controls (women who did not work and without neck pain) participated in this study. Two logistic regression models were constructed to test the association between various measures in (1) workers with and without disability, and (2) workers without disability and controls. Measures included those found to be significantly associated with higher NDI in our previous studies: psychosocial domains; individual factors; task demands; quantitative sensory measures and measures of motor function. In the final model, higher score on negative affectivity scale (OR = 4.47), greater activity in the neck flexors during cranio-cervical flexion (OR = 1.44), cold hyperalgesia (OR = 1.27) and longer duration of symptoms (OR = 1.19) remained significantly associated with neck pain in workers. Workers without disability and controls could only be differentiated by greater muscle activity in the cervical flexors and extensors during a typing task. No psychosocial domains remained in either regression model. These results suggest that impairments in the sensory and motor system should be considered in any assessment of the office worker with neck pain and may have stronger influences on the presenting symptoms than workplace and psychosocial features.     

医院获得性耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染的特点、危险因素分析及预后

目的分析本院急诊重症监护病房院内耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae,CRKP)的耐药情况及其感染的相关危险因素。方法回顾分析2016年1月至2018年8月本院EICU内住院患者96例院内感染肺炎克雷伯杆菌(Klebsiella pneumomiae,KP)患者的临床资料。结果 2016-2018年EICU内医院获得性肺炎克雷伯杆菌对头孢他啶的耐药率分别是13. 64%,29. 03%,37.21%;对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别是18. 18%,25. 81%,37. 21%;对左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别是35.78%,58.06%,51. 12%;对环丙沙星的耐药率分别是27.27%,32.26%,32.56%;对厄他培南的耐药率22.72%,32.26%,37. 21%;对亚胺培南耐药率13. 64%,32. 26%,37. 21%;对美罗培南耐药率9. 1%,32. 36%,37.21%。单因素分析显示患者的基础疾病、侵入性操作、使用激素、肠外营养、急性生理与慢性健康评分(acute physiology and chronic health score,APACHE) Ⅱ、快速序贯器官衰竭评分(quick sequential organ failure assessment,qSOFA)>2分、营养风险评分(Nutric评分)>5分及感染前的抗生素的使用情况均是CPKP感染的相关危险因素(P<0.05)。多因素回归分析显示感染前使用碳青霉烯类药物是CRKP感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05),CRKP感染也是患者死亡的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 2016-2018年EICU内医院获得性肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢类、碳青霉烯类、喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药性呈逐年升高的趋势;但2017-2018年间变化趋显示增长速度放缓。在医院获得性耐碳青霉烯肺炎克雷伯杆菌感染相关危险因素分析中,感染前使用碳青霉烯类药物是CRKP感染的独立危险因素,而且CRKP感染影响患者预后,促进死亡。     

Interactions between recovery in aphasia,emotional and psychosocial factors in subjects with aphasia,their significant others and speech pathologists

Associations between clinical and functional aphasia recovery and perceptions of emotional and psychosocial adjustment accompanying aphasia were examined in five subjects at 3 and 9 months post-onset of stroke using a range of objective and subjective measures. The subjective well-being and optimism of significant others of aphasic patients was also examined, and speech pathologists completed measures of optimism. Unique patterns of individual emotional and psychosocial adjustment were found over time in patients and their significant others, even in patients with similar aphasia type and severity. Individual variability in emotional and psychosocial adjustment and their impact on recovery from aphasia are discussed.     

Incidence,risk factors,and predictors of outcome of candidemia. Survey in 2 Italian university hospitals

In recent decades, Candida spp. emerged as the fourth most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. The incidence of candidemia was 0.13 per 100 persons. Eighty-three cases (61%) of candidemia were due to Candida albicans and 53 (39%) to nonalbicans Candida spp. Twelve strains of Candida (9%) had shown in vitro resistance to fluconazole, 5 (4%) to itraconazole, 2 (1.5%) to voriconazole, 12 (9%) to 5-flucytosine, and 1 (0.7%) to amphotericin B. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors showed that length of hospitalization, presence of a central venous catheter, previous episodes of candidemia or bacteremia, parenteral nutrition, and chronic renal failure were variables independently associated with the development of candidemia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of prognostic indicators showed that the independent variables associated with poor prognosis were inadequate initial therapy (P < .001) and high APACHE III score (P = .004). The inadequate initial therapy associated with mortality indicates the need for additional investigations to define high-risk patients for beneficial antifungal prophylaxis.     

焦虑、抑郁和焦虑抑郁共病社会心理因素研究及护理

目的探讨焦虑、抑郁和焦虑抑郁共病在整体护理影响因素中的心理社会因素,旨在为焦虑、抑郁和焦虑抑郁患者的整体护理有效实施提供可靠依据,对患者实施早期心理干预,改善患者心理状态,提高患者生存质量。方法利用生活事件量表（LES）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）、家庭环境量表中文版（FES-CV）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）、防御方式问卷（DSQ）对61例患者进行调查评定,同时对60名医护人员作为正常对照组进行测评比较。结果抑郁组、焦虑组、共病组负性生活事件频度及生活事件总频度得分、社会支持得分、神经质得分均高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;共病组社会支持分高于抑郁组,与焦虑组无差别;共病组存在家庭功能缺陷,但较抑郁组和焦虑组为轻;3组患者DSQ不成熟防御机制和中间型防御机制得分高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论抑郁、焦虑和焦虑抑郁一共病有着很多相似之处,都与心理社会因素有着密切的相关性,但又有各自的临床特点和表现形式,对抑郁、焦虑和焦虑抑郁共病在整体护理中心理社会因素实施护理干预提供了理论依据。     

The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: Incidence,impairments and risk factors

Purpose.?Describing the epidemiology of cerebral palsy (CP), its impairments and risk factors.

Method.?Literature review 1965?–?2004. Search terms: Cerebral palsy, incidence, prevalence, impairments, risk factors.

Results.?In the last 40 years the prevalence of CP has risen to well above 2.0 per 1000 life births. In this time span the proportion of low-birthweight infants rose, the proportion of diplegia decreased, while the proportion of hemiplegia increased. CP is more prevalent in more deprived socio-economic populations. The majority of people with CP have the spastic syndrome of which the diplegic group is the smallest. Dependent on the subgroup of CP, 25?–?80% have additional impairments. A large proportion has some kind of cognitive impairment; the prevalence varies with the type of CP and especially increases when epilepsy is present. Epilepsy is present in 20?–?40%; it is most common among the hemi- and tetraplegics. Sensibility of the hands is impaired in about half. Chronic pain is reported by more than a quarter of the adults. Up to 80% have at least some impairment of speech. Low visual acuity is reported in almost three-quarters of all children. Half of all children have gastrointestinal and feeding problems. Stunted growth occurs in a quarter, while under- or overweight problems are present in half of the children. Almost 70% of people with spastic CP have abnormal brain CT findings; abnormal cranial ultrasounds is most strongly associated with hemiplegia, normal cranial ultrasounds with diplegia. The most important risk factors for CP are low birthweight, intrauterine infections and multiple gestation.     

The epidemiology of cerebral palsy: incidence, impairments and risk factors

Purpose. Describing the epidemiology of cerebral palsy (CP), its impairments and risk factors.

Method. Literature review 1965 - 2004. Search terms: Cerebral palsy, incidence, prevalence, impairments, risk factors.

Results. In the last 40 years the prevalence of CP has risen to well above 2.0 per 1000 life births. In this time span the proportion of low-birthweight infants rose, the proportion of diplegia decreased, while the proportion of hemiplegia increased. CP is more prevalent in more deprived socio-economic populations. The majority of people with CP have the spastic syndrome of which the diplegic group is the smallest. Dependent on the subgroup of CP, 25 - 80% have additional impairments. A large proportion has some kind of cognitive impairment; the prevalence varies with the type of CP and especially increases when epilepsy is present. Epilepsy is present in 20 - 40%; it is most common among the hemi- and tetraplegics. Sensibility of the hands is impaired in about half. Chronic pain is reported by more than a quarter of the adults. Up to 80% have at least some impairment of speech. Low visual acuity is reported in almost three-quarters of all children. Half of all children have gastrointestinal and feeding problems. Stunted growth occurs in a quarter, while under- or overweight problems are present in half of the children. Almost 70% of people with spastic CP have abnormal brain CT findings; abnormal cranial ultrasounds is most strongly associated with hemiplegia, normal cranial ultrasounds with diplegia. The most important risk factors for CP are low birthweight, intrauterine infections and multiple gestation.     

Inter-relation of coagulation factors and d-dimer levels in healthy individuals

Summary.  Recently, high levels of coagulation factor (F)VIII, FIX and FXI have been associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis. For several coagulation factors a substantial hereditary component was found. If regulatory genes are located outside the clotting factor genes, they may regulate the levels of several proteins in the coagulation system. Thus levels would then cluster in individuals. The aim of the present study was to assess the inter-relation among levels of the pro- and anticoagulant proteins in the coagulation cascade. We also investigated the relation between the coagulation factors and d -dimer levels (marker of coagulation activity). All analyses were performed in healthy subjects, the control population of the Leiden Thrombophilia Study (LETS), to eliminate the influence of a prior thrombosis on the interpretation of the results ( n  = 466). Using principal-components analysis, a method intended to explain relationships among several correlated variables, we found a clustering between the vitamin K-dependent factors (prothrombin, VII, IX, X) and FXI and FXII. FV and FVIII clustered with fibrinogen and d -dimer. FXIII remained relatively independent of the other factors. Adding the anticoagulant factors to the analysis resulted in minor changes in the clustering pattern. The anticoagulant factors clustered together. We found relatively independent clusters within the group of pro- and anticoagulant factors, which may suggest that the genetic basis for high or low levels of factors in the coagulation system may, at least partly, lie outside the genes coding for these factors.     

浙江省海盐县艾滋病流行因素分析

目的掌握海盐县艾滋病流行特征,分析其流行因素。方法利用现有监测资料进行统计,用描述流行病学方法进行分析。结果海盐县自2000年发现首例艾滋病病毒感染者以来,至2009年12月底累计发现感染者20例,其中男性13例,女性7例;发病年龄主要为20～40岁的青壮年,本地居民9例,外来务工人员11例。性途径传播18例。结论外来人群流动频繁、性观念开放、防治知识缺乏是海盐县艾滋病流行的主要原因。流行趋势为婚外向婚内转移;中年人向青年人转移;输血传播向性传播转移,外地人向本地人转移;高危人群向一般人群扩散。     

浙江省宁波地区流动人口结核病耐药现状及影响因素研究

目的 初步了解宁波市流动人口结核病耐药状况及相关因素,为流动人口结核病控制策略的完善提供参考依据。 方法 将宁波市2007-2010年结核病耐药监测资料中的流动人口痰培养阳性肺结核病例作为研究对象,并对所有分离培养阳性菌株进行菌型鉴定及利福平、异烟肼、链霉素及乙胺丁醇敏感性测试,分析流动人口耐药结核病耐药状况及相关因素。 结果 研究共纳入痰培养阳性肺结核患者562例,其中结核分枝杆菌复合群501例(占89.1%),非结核分枝杆菌61例(占10.8%);总的耐药率为31.9%(160/501),耐多药率为6.9%(35/501);新发患者的耐药率为28.0%(124/442),耐多药率为4.8%(21/442);复治患者的耐药率为61.0%(36/59),耐多药率为23.7%(14/59)。经单因素及多因素分析,化疗史是耐药及耐多药结核病的相关因素。 结论 宁波地区流动人口结核病耐药率较高,需根据流动人口特点加强结防工作。     

桂林疗养区自然疗养因子的调查分析及应用

目的探讨桂林疗养因子特点及作用,为充分利用该地区的自然疗养因子提供理论依据。方法查阅相关资料,对该地区自然疗养因子及其效用作调查分析。结果气候特点：桂林属亚热带季风性湿润气候,春夏多雨,冬暖夏凉,温差较大,空气中负离子浓度较高。景观特点：“桂林山水甲天下”,漓江恰似一条青色绸带,蜿蜒漂流于丛山奇峰之中。荔浦丰鱼岩是驰名中外的“亚洲第一洞”,冠岩自然天成,鬼斧神工。气候疗养作用：桂林气候宜人,空气清新,负离子含量高,对呼吸、神经、免疫、代谢等系统均有调节作用,可提高机体的适应能力和代偿能力。景观的作用：景观对大脑皮质和心理状态有良好的调节作用．对疾病防治、增强体质起着综合的医疗保健效应。结论桂林气候温和、自然疗养因子丰富,在健康疗养、疾病矫治、康复疗养方面都是一个难得的疗养胜地。     

护士评判性思维能力的调查及其相关因素分析

Objective To investigate and analyze the nurses' critical thinking abilities and its related factors, and provide basic data for developing nurses' critical thinking. Methods 210 nurses accepted CTDICV and EPQ questionnaire investigation in a top hospital in Nantong. Results The total score of nurses' critical thinking was (276.41 ± 26. 107); Single factor analysis results revealed that the critical thinking scores of nurses were significant in different education background(266.5 ± 22.200,277.03 ± 25. 750,292.92 ± 24.841;F = 19. 168, P ＜ 0. 01 ), professional title, length of nursing working and different departments; The length of nursing service and the E scores were positively correlated with the scores of critical thinking; The P, N scores ( r =0. 292,0. 221 ,P ＜0. 01 ) were negatively correlated with the score of critical thinking( r = -. 0142, -0. 196,P ＜0. 05 or P ＜0. 01 ); Multivariate analysis showed that nurses' critical thinking abilities were correlated with the nurse education background, length of service, different departments and the E scores ( P ＜ 0. 01 or P ＜0. 05 ). Conclusions Nursing managers should pay attention on improvement nurses' critical thinking abilities.Nurses critical thinking abilities may be developed by individualized training according to their specific circumstances.     

Prevalence, serotypes, and risk factors for pneumococcal carriage among HIV-infected adults

From March 2000 through April 2001, 385 HIV-positive individuals were evaluated to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharynx carriage, to determine antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes, and to study factors associated with carriage. Each patient was interviewed, and a nasopharyngeal culture, HIV viral load, and CD4 lymphocyte count were obtained. Of 385 patients studied, 64 were carriers of S. pneumoniae (17%). Intermediate susceptibility to penicillin occurred in 18 isolates (28%) and there were no resistant isolates; 50% of the isolates belonged to 3 serotypes (14, 6B, and 9V). One isolate belonged to clone Spain(9V)-3. Tobacco use and intravenous illicit drugs were associated with carriage; HIV viral load and CD4 lymphocyte level were not significantly associated with carriage. The use of the same unaltered antiretroviral regimen for a year or more was associated with a lower risk of colonization, suggesting that prolonged use of highly effective antiretroviral therapy lowers pneumococcal carriage and may lower the risk of infection.