血清降钙素原联合C反应蛋白和白细胞计数检测在呼吸道感染中的应用

探究血清降钙素原(PCT)联合C反应蛋白(CRP)和白细胞计数(WBC)检测在呼吸道感染中的应用价值。选取我院2015年3月~2016年5月收治的84例呼吸道感染患者,依据是否存在细菌感染分为细菌感染组(n=31)与非细菌感染组(n=53),并选取同期28例健康体检者作为对照组,检测并对比各组血清PCT、CRP及WBC水平,并比较其诊断结果。细菌感染组血清PCT、CRP及WBC各指标水平均高于对照组和非细菌感染组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);非细菌感染组血清PCT、CRP水平均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);各指标联合检测诊断敏感性、准确性均高于应用血清PCT、CRP及WBC单一检测,特异性高于CRP及WBC,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。对呼吸道感染患者应用血清降钙素原联合C反应蛋白和白细胞计数检测,可显著提高临床诊断呼吸道感染的准确率,有效鉴别细菌性与非细菌性呼吸道感染。     

降钙素原与C反应蛋白检测在儿童呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)和C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)检测在诊断儿童呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值。方法选择2014年2月至2015年4月我院收治的呼吸道感染患儿76例,其中细菌性呼吸道感染患儿39例(细菌感染组),非细菌性病原体感染患儿37例(其他病原体感染组),并选择我院健康体检儿童29例为正常对照组,分别检测呼吸道感染患儿治疗前后及正常对照儿童血清PCT、CRP水平,对检测结果进行统计学分析。结果细菌感染组、其他病原体感染组和正常对照组间血清PCT、CRP检测结果差异均有统计学意义(H=61.603,58.959,P均0.01)。细菌感染组血清PCT、CRP检测结果均显著高于其他病原体感染组和正常对照组(ZPCT=-5.950,-6.549,ZCRP=-5.674,-6.591,P均0.01),其他病原体感染组血清PCT、CRP检测结果均显著高于正常对照组(ZPCT=-4.002,ZCRP=-3.708,P均0.01),且差异均有统计学意义。细菌感染组治疗前血清PCT、CRP检测结果均显著高于治疗后,且差异均有统计学意义(ZPCT=-5.415,ZCRP=-5.428,P均0.01);其他病原体感染组治疗前血清PCT、CRP检测结果均高于治疗后,且差异均有统计学意义(ZPCT=-4.565,ZCRP=-5.137,P均0.01)。治疗后细菌感染组、其他病原体感染组及正常对照组三组间血清PCT、CRP检测结果差异均无统计学意义(H=3.026,1.531,P均0.05)。细菌感染组、其他病原体感染组及正常对照组间血清PCT、CRP阳性率差异均有统计学意义(χ2=56.85,40.78,P均0.05)。细菌感染组及其他病原体感染组血清PCT、CRP阳性率均高于正常对照组,且差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。细菌感染组血清PCT、CRP阳性率均高于其他病原体感染组,且差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。血清PCT、CRP及二者联合检测诊断儿童细菌性感染的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.928,0.919和0.952,灵敏度分别为89.7%,88.2%和87.2%,特异性分别为84.8%,87.3%和95.5%,Youden指数分别为0.745,0.755,0.827。结论血清PCT、CRP检测可用于儿童呼吸道感染性疾病的诊断及鉴别诊断,两者联合检测较单独检测具有相对更高的临床价值。     

血清降钙素原与C反应蛋白联合检测在肺部感染性疾病中的诊断价值

目的分析研究血清降钙素原(PCT)与C反应蛋白(CRP)检测在肺部感染性疾病诊断中的临床应用价值。方法选取2013年1月~2014年12月我院收治的90例肺部感染性疾病患者,根据病原学结果,其中细菌感染组48例,非细菌感染组42例(真菌感染20例、病毒感染22例),选取同期在我院就诊的健康体检者50例设立为对照组。对比细菌感染组与非细菌感染组之间以及两组与对照组之间PCT与CRP水平的差异。比较组间PCT检测、CRP检测和联合检测的阳性率;并对细菌感染组PCT检测、CRP检测和联合检测的阳性率进行比较。结果三组治疗前的血清PCT和CRP水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05),细菌感染组血清PCT与CRP水平显著高于非细菌感染组患者与健康对照组检测者,均差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后细菌感染组患者的PCT与CRP水平较治疗前显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后非细菌感染组患者的PCT与CRP水平较治疗前无显著差别,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);结果显示,细菌感染组PCT、CRP检测和联合检测阳性率均高于非细菌感染组(P0.05),细菌感染组联合检测阳性率均PCT、CRP单组检测,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清PCT与CRP检测与肺部细菌性感染密切相关,联合检测血清PCT与CRP水平能显著提高肺部疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断的可靠性,可明确指导肺部感染性疾病患者选择合理的抗菌药物展开治疗,值得临床推广应用。     

血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平联合检测对肝硬化腹水感染患者的诊断效能

目的 探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平联合检测对肝硬化腹水感染患者的诊断效能。方法 选取2015年6月～2019年6月我院收治的肝硬化腹水感染患者(阳性)93例为观察组,另选取同期收治的单纯肝硬化患者(阴性)90例为对照组。均行血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平检测,比较两组血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平、血清PCT、CRP、IL-6单独与联合诊断肝硬化腹水感染准确率。结果 观察组血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平联合诊断肝硬化腹水感染准确率为90.71%(166/183),分别高于血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平单独诊断80.87%(148/183)、77.05%(141/183)、79.23%(145/183),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 肝硬化腹水感染患者血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平可显著升高,联合检测可提高肝硬化腹水感染诊断准确率,为临床治疗提供数据参考。     

PCT等多项指标联合检测在老年患者急性呼吸道感染中的应用

目的评价联合检测降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、前清蛋白(PA)水平在老年患者急性呼吸道感染中的临床意义。方法检测110例急性呼吸道感染老年患者及40例健康体检老年人(对照组)血清PCT、CRP、PA水平。比较各组研究对象血清PCT、CRP、PA水平的差异。将110例急性呼吸道感染老年患者根据病原学分型检查和疗效分为细菌感染组(40例)、病毒感染组(34例)和混合感染组(36例)。结果治疗前细菌感染组和混合感染组患者PCT、CRP水平明显高于对照组,PA水平明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);病毒感染组患者各指标与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后上述各指标与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。3项指标联合检测急性呼吸道感染的灵敏度、特异性、准确度、阳性预约值、阴性预约值及约登指数均高于单项检测。结论 PCT、CRP、PA可作为老年患者急性呼吸道感染的诊断指标,3项指标联合检测可提高老年患者急性呼吸道感染早期鉴别诊断的准确性,对疗效的判断具有较好的临床价值。     

血清降钙素原与C-反应蛋白联合检测对恶性肿瘤患者早期感染诊断的临床价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)与C-反应蛋白(CRP)联合检测对恶性肿瘤患者早期感染诊断的临床价值。方法选取我医院2016年1月~2017年12月收治的126例恶性肿瘤患者,按照是否发生感染及培养结果分为观察组(感染者)和对照组(未感染者)各63例。采用荧光免疫分析法检测PCT水平,采用免疫散射比浊法检测CRP水平,比较两组CRP、PCT水平并加以分析。结果观察组CRP、PCT水平显著高于对照组(P0.05)。观察组CRP阳性率为76.19%,显著高于对照组的33.33%(P0.05),观察组PCT阳性率为74.60%,显著高于对照组的25.39%(P0.05)。观察组CRP+PCT联合检测阳性率高于CRP、PCT单独检测阳性率(P0.05),且观察组CRP+PCT联合检测阳性率为90.47%,显著高于对照组的34.92%(P0.05)。结论 CRP、PCT在恶性肿瘤早期感染患者水平均显著较高,CRP、PCT联合检测具有较高的检出率,是早期诊断细菌感染的有效指标,有利于及时对症治疗及判断预后。     

血清PCT、CRP和IL-6联合检测在肝硬化合并腹水感染的诊断研究

目的探究血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)联合检测对肝硬化合并腹水感染患者的诊断价值。方法选取2014年5月至2016年6月该院80例肝硬化合并腹水感染患者(肝硬化腹水感染组)和80例单纯肝硬化患者(单纯肝硬化组),另选取同期健康者80例作为健康对照组。检测所有研究对象的血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析单项指标,以及联合指标检测对肝硬化合并腹水感染患者的诊断价值。结果肝硬化合并腹水感染组患者血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平均明显高于其他2组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与健康对照组比较,单纯肝硬化组患者血清PCT水平较高,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但血清CRP、IL-6水平较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。ROC曲线对PCT、CRP、IL-6单独检测对肝硬化合并腹水感染的诊断价值分析,PCT、CRP、IL-6单独检测的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别是0.751、0.599、0.627,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。IL-6+CRP、PCT+CRP、PCT+IL-6、PCT+IL-6+CRP联合检测的AUC分别是0.764、0.797、0.848、0.908;3项指标联合检测的灵敏度为96.9%,诊断符合率为90.8%,阳性预测值为0.941,阴性预测值为0.889。结论血清PCT、CRP、IL-6等指标均能对肝硬化合并腹水感染作出诊断,单项指标以PCT的诊断价值最高。3项指标联合检测可显著提高肝硬化合并腹水感染的灵敏度,同时也能弥补单项指标诊断率不高的缺点,对疾病的早期诊断及预后具有重要的临床意义。     

血清C反应蛋白、降钙素原检测在血液病合并细菌感染中的诊断价值

目的探讨血清C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)检测在血液病合并细菌感染诊断中的临床价值,为临床治疗提供依据。方法随机抽取血液病合并细菌感染患者57例和同期收治的非细菌感染患者60例分别作为合并细菌感染组和非细菌感染组,检测两组外周血WBC计数和血清CRP、PCT水平,并对检测结果进行统计分析。结果合并细菌感染组外周血WBC计数及阳性率明显高于非细菌感染组,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。合并细菌感染组血清CRP、PCT水平及阳性率明显高于非细菌感染组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。合并细菌感染组血清CRP和PCT阳性率明显高于非细菌感染组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。合并细菌感染组中,血清CRP与PCT阳性率相同;非细菌感染组中,血清CRP阳性率较高,血清PCT阳性率较低。结论血清CRP和PCT可反映血液病患者细菌感染情况,在血液病合并细菌感染的诊断中具有重要的临床价值;而且血清PCT比CRP的诊断特异性更强,更易于细菌感染的诊断。     

CRP和PCT检测在儿童下呼吸道感染早期诊断中的应用价值

目的 浅析在下呼吸道感染患儿的早期诊断中检测血清降钙素原(PCT)与C反应蛋白(CRP)的临床意义。方法筛选2018年7月～2019年6月间我院收治的下呼吸道感染患儿198例,根据感染病原体不同分为细菌感染组和病毒感染组各99例,另选取同期入我院接受健康体检且评定为健康的99例儿童为对照组。检测三组受试者血清CRP及PCT差异,评估此二项指标与疾病发生及发展的关系。结果 细菌感染组、病毒感染组患儿CRP、PCT水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);病毒感染组CRP、PCT水平均低于细菌感染组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);抗生素治疗后,细菌感染组CRP、PCT阳性率逐渐下降,且治疗后3d、7d与治疗前比较,治疗后3d与治疗后7d比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);病毒感染组PCT、CRP阳性率分别为25.25%、67.68%,分别高于对照组,且低于细菌感染组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 联合PCT与CRP检测,对疑似下呼吸道感染患儿行早期实验室诊断,临床意义积极,可予推广。     

降钙素原、C反应蛋白及白细胞计数在呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及白细胞计数(WBC)在呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值。方法随机选取呼吸道感染性疾病患者142例,测定其PCT、CRP及WBC水平,分析三者在呼吸道感染性疾病中的诊断价值。结果细菌感染组的PCT、CRP及WBC水平显著高于支原体感染组和病毒感染组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),PCT、CRP及WBC对呼吸道感染性疾病的诊断效率分别为95.07%、56.34%、66.90%,革兰阴性菌组患者的PCT水平显著高于革兰阳性菌组患者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),革兰阴性菌组患者和革兰阳性菌组患者的CRP及WBC水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血清PCT、CRP及WBC的检测对细菌性感染性疾病的早期诊断具有重要的应用价值,作为较为理想的感染性疾病标志物,PCT检测更具有特异性。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."