沿岸上升流的变异对渔业的危害

作者通过几年的调查,发现在粤东和琼东存在夏季风生的沿岸上升流。众所周知,上升流把富含营养盐的下层水带到海洋真光层中,给含营养的海洋上层“施肥”,大大提高了海洋的初级生产力,因此海洋上升流区,通常是著名的渔场。在普遍注意到上升流对渔场的好作用的同时,作者认为还不能忽视上升流的变异对渔业所带来的灾害。本文就这个问题谈一些看法。     

我国第一部关于上升流渔场的专著──《闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区生态系研究》

由洪华生、丘书院、阮五崎、洪港船等著，科学出版社1991年出版的《闽南－台湾浅滩渔场上升流区生态系研究》一书，包括海洋地质、海洋水文气象、海洋化学、海洋生物、渔业生物学、计算机数据处理等六大部分，共对篇论文总计103万字。海洋地质论述了闽南－台湾浅滩渔场上升流区的形成与演化、矿物特征、沉积环境、地形地貌、沉积硅藻、矿物组合与分布、残留沉积物等。海洋水文气象论述了温盐结构与上升流、水团的模糊聚类划分；海流、风场、上升流的二维及三维数值研究，数值实验统计分析；温盐气压的日变化、暖涡等。海洋化学论述了上升流…     

用沿岸上升流指数分析中国东南沿岸风生上升流的特征

对1968年1月到2007年12月中国东南沿海(17°N～30°N,109°E～123°E)上升流指数月平均数据进行分析,结论如下:(1)风生沿岸上升流主要在4-8月间发生于海南岛东部、雷州半岛东部、汕头以北至浙江沿岸.(2)风生沿岸上升流的强度具有时空分布变化特征,其中海南岛东部沿岸上升流最强,浙江沿岸其次;整个中国...     

《闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区生态系研究》文集出版发行

由洪华生等著的文集《闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区生态系研究》已由科学出版社出版。本文集反映了1987～1989年厦门大学海洋系、亚热带海洋研究所、福建海洋研究所和福建省水产研究所联合对闽南-台湾浅滩渔场上升流区生态系进行调查的研究成果。录用77篇论文,计103万字,内容十分丰富,通过多学科的研究,证实     

东海鲐鱼资源和渔场时空分布特征的研究

根据1998~2003年我国东海大型灯光围网企业生产统计数据,利用灰色关联评价等数理方法对东海鲐鱼资源和渔场的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,主要作业渔场在经度上分布无差异,85%以上产量分布在122°E~124°E海域,而作业渔场在纬度上分布差异明显,但主要分布在26°N~28°N和30°N~31°N海域。较高平均网次产量(20 t/net)的海域主要集中在123°E~124°E、26°N~28°N及123°E~124°E、30°N~31°N海域。灰色关联度表明,6年间,以1999年鲐鱼资源状况最好,其次为2002年,2000年最差,1998年、2003年和2001年处于中间水平。分析认为,2000年鲐鱼资源最差可能与1999年捕捞产量过高造成亲鱼量急剧下降、夏季渔场水温偏低和鲐鱼资源的周期性波动等因素有关。     

南海主要上升流及其与渔场的关系

<正>南海是我国的重要渔业产区,目前我国每年在这一海区的捕捞产量大约3×106 t。无论在南海北部还是在南海中部和南部海域都分布有优良渔场,这些渔场往往与上升流存在着密切关系。上升流是一种海水垂直向上的运动现象,通常因表层水体辐散所致,是海洋环流中的重要组成部分。上升流涌升速度与水平流速相比甚小,一般只有10–4~10–2 cm/s[1]。上升流可以把底层营养盐带到表层,为浮游植物的生长提供物质基础,进而为浮游动物、鱼类、虾类等     

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场叶绿素a分布及其与渔场的关系

根据收集到的2000-2007年我国各渔业企业生产数据和卫星获取的叶绿素a浓度环境数据,分析了西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场的叶绿素a与渔场的分布特点及二者之间的关系.研究表明,近8a西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼中心渔场均位于58°W～61°W、44S°～46°S海域,1～5月渔荻量随月份的推移呈现季节性周期变化趋势,3月是渔汛...     

南海中西部渔场上升流时空变化特征分析

南海中西部海域是我国外海渔业开发的潜在渔场之一,摸清该海域的物理环境特征可为我国开发中西部渔场提供参考。本文以遥感风场和海温数据为基础,分析了2003~2012年西南季风期起止时间的年变化、上升流中心位置时空变动以及风场对上升流中心位置变动的影响。结果表明:在南海中西部海域,西南季风期通常从5月份开始,到9月份结束,西南季风持续天数平均值为129.4 d,其中,风向角呈51°~60°的天数最多,占总季风天数的21.98%,西南季风期持续时间有增加的现象。上升流中心位置变动范围为11°~15°N,109°~112°E。西南季风期平均风速减小时,年平均上升流中心在经向上向近岸移动,在纬向上向高纬度移动;平均风速增加时,年平均上升流中心在经向上向离岸方向移动,在纬向上向低纬度移动;当西南季风期平均风向角减小时,年平均上升流中心向低纬度移动,平均风向角增大时,年平均上升流中心向高纬度移动。此外,发现厄尔尼诺年此上升流面积显著大于非厄尔尼诺年,而最低温度比2003~2012年平均最低温度低1.3℃。     

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼资源时空分布研究

通过了解西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illexargentinus)资源丰度年间变化规律,从而对阿根廷滑柔鱼的资源可持续开发与管理打下基础。作者根据2012～2017年西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼生产统计数据,利用灰色关联评价等数理方法对西南大西洋资源渔场的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,2012～2017年间西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场重心主要在经度上分布于58°W～63°W海域,纬度主要集中在41°～44°S、47°～48°S两个区域,高平均网次产量(10 t/网)的海域主要在57°W～67°W、41°S～42°S和57°W～67°W、44°S～50°S海域。灰色关联度表明:6年间,以2015年滑柔鱼资源状况最好,其次是2014年,2012年最差,2013年、2016年和2017年处于中间水平。利用灰色关联分析的阿根廷滑柔鱼资源丰度变化趋势可用于其资源的可持续开发与管理。     

秘鲁外海茎柔鱼渔场时空分布分析

秘鲁外海茎柔鱼是重要的经济性种类,掌握其渔场时空分布规律有助于资源的合理利用。本文根据2003—2004年和2006—2009年我国鱿钓船在秘鲁外海的生产统计和海洋表面温度(SST)等资料,使用空间距离和聚类分析的方法,对其各年间渔场时空分布进行分析比较。结果表明,各年产量重心的分布都存在一定差异,产量重心在经度上随月份整体上呈现向西移动的趋势,在纬度方向上1～6月整体上呈向北移动的趋势,7～12月则表现出向南移动的趋势。聚类分析表明,2003、2006和2008年;2004、2007和2009年空间分布格局各为一类。空间距离分析表明,2006和2009年产量重心差异最大,其中前者平均产量重心为82°23′W、12°53′S,后者为81°47′W、14°27′S,南北相差约1.5个纬度。研究认为,渔场分布的月间变化是由茎柔鱼南北洄游所引起的,年间渔场分布差异与SST等海洋环境关系密切。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.